• Particle pollution is linked to adverse health effects

• ~350,000 premature deaths a year within the EU are related to exposure to particulate matter (PM) (WHO, 2006)

• Concentrations levelling off

• National air quality objectives exceeded

Sokhi (2007)

PM10 = Particles <10µm in diameter

EU Objective WHO Objective

• Road transport is major source of atmospheric particles

• Accountable for 70% of the atmospheric particles in London

• Exhaust Emissions (Regulated)

• Non-Exhaust Emissions (Un-Regulated)

Road Surface WearTyre Wear Brake Wear Resuspended Dust

•Non-exhaust source contributions to the total PM10

emissions can range from 30-90%

•The majority of available data is based on simulated driving tests

•Non-exhaust emission contributions are currently underestimated

•Lack of real world data to establish evidence-based policy.

• Identify and quantify non-exhaust emissions within the urban atmosphere

• Improve non-exhaust emission calculations to assist with air quality assessments

• Provide a dataset for non-exhaust sources for use within emissions models

Tunnel Sampling

• Methodology developed at UH• Two sampling stations at the entrance and inside the tunnel• Samples collected every 12 hours for 5 weeks • Two sampling campaigns

Equipment Used

•2 HiVols•2 Partisols•2 DSFUs• Weather St’n•Traffic Monitor

Traffic VolumeParticle

Concentrations

Wind Speed

Tunnel Sampling

PM2.5

Concentrations

Organic Concentratio

ns

Mass Emission Factors

Source Emission Factors

PM10

Concentrations

Coarse

Concentrations

Metal Concentratio

ns

Chemical Analysis

Receptor Modelling

Traffic & Met Data

Traffic & Met Data

•Second phase of the project will provide unique tracers to reduce uncertainties.

• Development of methodology to measure non-exhaust emissions

• A unique and possibly the first UK dataset of this type for source apportionment of non-exhaust sources

• Users include Greater London Authority (GLA) and DEFRA

•Educate the general public regarding air pollution

•Make people aware that emissions not only originate from exhaust pipes

•Create a Facebook group and produce a website, which will provide an information portal

•Promote environmental science in classrooms by visiting schools

• NERC & BOC Foundation (Funding & Facilities)• Institution of Environmental Sciences• Prof. Sokhi, Dr. Mao, Dr. Luhana & Dr. Ravindra• Dr. Ian Bull and Dr. Emma Tomlinson• Sampling Assistants & Douglas Prain• Hatfield Tunnel Authorities & Highways Agency