PARTS OF SPEECH1. Noun2. Adjective3. Pronoun4. Verb5. Adverb6. Preposition7. Conjunction8. Interjection
ADDITIONAL PARTS1. Article2. Demonstrative3. Existence
PART OF SPEECH
1. NOUNName of thing (person, place, time, and entities in the word)– Vocabulary– Andi, Padangsidimpuan, tonight, stone, father,
book, table, etc.
2. AdjectiveModification of noun– To explain, to indicate, and modify noun in order
to get more.– Quantitative• Cardinal• Ordinal– Qualitative• Color (pink, red, • Size • Behavior• Attitude
3. PRONOUNOther names of noun
- As references (Semantics)
S (SUBJECT)
O (OBJECT)
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE
POSSESIVE PRONOUN
REFLEXTIVEPRONOUN
IWEYOUTHEY
HESHEIT
ANDIRINA
MEUS
YOUTHEMHIMHER
ITANDIRINA
MY…OUR…
YOUR…THEIR…
HIS…HER…ITS…
ANDI’S…RINA’S…
MINEOURS
YOURSTHEIRS
HISHERS
ITSANDI’SRINA’S
MYSELFOURSELVES
YOURSELF/VESTHEMSELVES
HIMSELFHERSELF
ITSELFHIMSELFHERSELF
4. Verb = Doing words (process)
NO V 1 V2 V3 Ving Meaning
1 read read read reading membaca
2 write wrote written writing Menulis
3 speak spoke spoken speaking Berbicara
4 listen listened listened listening Mendengar
5 see saw seen seing Melihat
5. Adverb=Modifies Verba. place (…continued in preposition)b. time (…continued in preposition)c. mannerd. Frequency
d. Adverb of Frequency
The extent of time and place• Time
every Usually Always SometimesSeldom Rare Never almost …Example:I go home on evening always/usually/every Sunday/sometimes/seldom/rarely/never/almost never
• PlaceClose Near Far/further very farvery close so far so near so close
here thereover here over there
Example: 1. I am not so close/so far/very far/very close/so
near with him2. I am here/there/over here/over there
6. Preposition= modifies adverb (place and time)
Example: in = general time/placeon = Between (…relative)at = Specific place/time
1. Timeat = It is at 07.00 o’clock
It is about 07.00 o’clock It is around 07.00 o’clock
in = I was the student in 2009on = day, date month
I was born at 02.00 am on Wednesday, ….. August, … .. 15th
in 1984
2. Placeat = village, ….Sreet (at Mongunsidi street)in = City (general place)on = … ( there should be reason)
I am on position (sedang berada di posisi)
I am on you (saya mendukungmu)I live at Manunggang Jae, Perintis Street in PadangsidimpuanRamadianto lives at Sutomo street, Marancar Village in PadangsidimpuanOn Above
under below
7. Conjunctiona. is relational wordsb. To relate language elementsc. To relate
1. Words – words (Andi and Rina) - Phrases (Andi and his father/his kind
father)2. Phrases – phrases (My Uncle and his young son)3. Clauses – clauses (I love reading when I have free time)4. Sentences – sentences (I like banana. So I plant it in the
garden)5. Paragraph- paragraph
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE1. Word is combination of letters that has meaning2. Group is combination of one dependent and one
independent word3. Phrase is combination of two or more independent words4. Clause contains one process/verb than subject, object or
adverb5. Sentence is combination of words, groups, phrases and
clauses started by capital letter and ended by full stop. 6. Paragraph contain mean idea and supporting idea or
conclusions and 7. Text is word, group, phrase, clause, sentence or
paragraph that convey meaning
Folk language and Linguistic Terms
Meaning Semantics/Pragmatics
Words Morphology
Groups/Phrases/Clause/
Sentences/Text
Syntax/Grammar/Lexicogrammar
Symbols/Sounds Phonetics and Phonology
LANGUAGE LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS
8. InterjectionExpressions of feeling and thinking (laugh, tear, sad,
happy, etc) expressed immediately/directlyNormally is coded by Exclamative mark (!), Quotation
(‘_’) and double quotation (“_”) in written form.Analysis of direct speech.1. Word : Hi!!!, Hello!, Bye!, Ok!, Wow!, ‘yes’, No’, etc.2. Group/Phrase: “Thank you”, Of course!, good
morning!, 3. Clause: How do you do!.
9. ArticleIs dependent word that functions to decide noun. The, a and an.1. A
is used for singular noun that started by consonant sound/letter.A Couple, A glass, A car, etc.
2. An is used for singular noun that started by vowel sound/letteran egg, an umbrella, an hour, an organ, an eye, etc
3. The is used for both, singular and plural, but, it is pronounced different. - The boys, The car - The eggs, The Umbrella, the organs, etc.
10. Demonstrative Pronouna. Is pointing/referring noun/Pronoun. b. Pointing and reference. c. 1. This is/was
is used for singular noun that can be touched by hand.-This is my book, this was my candidate school in 2007.
2. That is/wasis used for singular noun that cannot be touched by hand-That is my book, that was my candidate school.
3. These are/were is used for plural noun that can be touched by hand
-These are my books, These were my bags4. Those are/were
is used for Plural noun that cannot be touched by hand-Those are my books, Those were my bags
Singular Plural
This That These Those
Demonstrative Pronoun
Tim
es/t
ense
Is/was
This is
Are/ were
11. Existencea. Adab. To show the existencec. There + Be (is, am, are/was, were)
1. There is a car in the garage2. There was a child there two days ago3. There are many people in the campus4. There were many people in the party
yesterday