PARTS OF SPEECH1. Noun2. Adjective3. Pronoun4. Verb5. Adverb6. Preposition7. Conjunction8. Interjection

ADDITIONAL PARTS1. Article2. Demonstrative3. Existence

PART OF SPEECH

1. NOUNName of thing (person, place, time, and entities in the word)– Vocabulary– Andi, Padangsidimpuan, tonight, stone, father,

book, table, etc.

2. AdjectiveModification of noun– To explain, to indicate, and modify noun in order

to get more.– Quantitative• Cardinal• Ordinal– Qualitative• Color (pink, red, • Size • Behavior• Attitude

3. PRONOUNOther names of noun

- As references (Semantics)

S (SUBJECT)

O (OBJECT)

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE

POSSESIVE PRONOUN

REFLEXTIVEPRONOUN

IWEYOUTHEY

HESHEIT

ANDIRINA

MEUS

YOUTHEMHIMHER

ITANDIRINA

MY…OUR…

YOUR…THEIR…

HIS…HER…ITS…

ANDI’S…RINA’S…

MINEOURS

YOURSTHEIRS

HISHERS

ITSANDI’SRINA’S

MYSELFOURSELVES

YOURSELF/VESTHEMSELVES

HIMSELFHERSELF

ITSELFHIMSELFHERSELF

4. Verb = Doing words (process)

NO V 1 V2 V3 Ving Meaning

1 read read read reading membaca

2 write wrote written writing Menulis

3 speak spoke spoken speaking Berbicara

4 listen listened listened listening Mendengar

5 see saw seen seing Melihat

5. Adverb=Modifies Verba. place (…continued in preposition)b. time (…continued in preposition)c. mannerd. Frequency

d. Adverb of Frequency

The extent of time and place• Time

every Usually Always SometimesSeldom Rare Never almost …Example:I go home on evening always/usually/every Sunday/sometimes/seldom/rarely/never/almost never

• PlaceClose Near Far/further very farvery close so far so near so close

here thereover here over there

Example: 1. I am not so close/so far/very far/very close/so

near with him2. I am here/there/over here/over there

6. Preposition= modifies adverb (place and time)

Example: in = general time/placeon = Between (…relative)at = Specific place/time

1. Timeat = It is at 07.00 o’clock

It is about 07.00 o’clock It is around 07.00 o’clock

in = I was the student in 2009on = day, date month

I was born at 02.00 am on Wednesday, ….. August, … .. 15th

in 1984

2. Placeat = village, ….Sreet (at Mongunsidi street)in = City (general place)on = … ( there should be reason)

I am on position (sedang berada di posisi)

I am on you (saya mendukungmu)I live at Manunggang Jae, Perintis Street in PadangsidimpuanRamadianto lives at Sutomo street, Marancar Village in PadangsidimpuanOn Above

under below

7. Conjunctiona. is relational wordsb. To relate language elementsc. To relate

1. Words – words (Andi and Rina) - Phrases (Andi and his father/his kind

father)2. Phrases – phrases (My Uncle and his young son)3. Clauses – clauses (I love reading when I have free time)4. Sentences – sentences (I like banana. So I plant it in the

garden)5. Paragraph- paragraph

ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE1. Word is combination of letters that has meaning2. Group is combination of one dependent and one

independent word3. Phrase is combination of two or more independent words4. Clause contains one process/verb than subject, object or

adverb5. Sentence is combination of words, groups, phrases and

clauses started by capital letter and ended by full stop. 6. Paragraph contain mean idea and supporting idea or

conclusions and 7. Text is word, group, phrase, clause, sentence or

paragraph that convey meaning

Folk language and Linguistic Terms

Meaning Semantics/Pragmatics

Words Morphology

Groups/Phrases/Clause/

Sentences/Text

Syntax/Grammar/Lexicogrammar

Symbols/Sounds Phonetics and Phonology

LANGUAGE LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS

8. InterjectionExpressions of feeling and thinking (laugh, tear, sad,

happy, etc) expressed immediately/directlyNormally is coded by Exclamative mark (!), Quotation

(‘_’) and double quotation (“_”) in written form.Analysis of direct speech.1. Word : Hi!!!, Hello!, Bye!, Ok!, Wow!, ‘yes’, No’, etc.2. Group/Phrase: “Thank you”, Of course!, good

morning!, 3. Clause: How do you do!.

9. ArticleIs dependent word that functions to decide noun. The, a and an.1. A

is used for singular noun that started by consonant sound/letter.A Couple, A glass, A car, etc.

2. An is used for singular noun that started by vowel sound/letteran egg, an umbrella, an hour, an organ, an eye, etc

3. The is used for both, singular and plural, but, it is pronounced different. - The boys, The car - The eggs, The Umbrella, the organs, etc.

10. Demonstrative Pronouna. Is pointing/referring noun/Pronoun. b. Pointing and reference. c. 1. This is/was

is used for singular noun that can be touched by hand.-This is my book, this was my candidate school in 2007.

2. That is/wasis used for singular noun that cannot be touched by hand-That is my book, that was my candidate school.

3. These are/were is used for plural noun that can be touched by hand

-These are my books, These were my bags4. Those are/were

is used for Plural noun that cannot be touched by hand-Those are my books, Those were my bags

Singular Plural

This That These Those

Demonstrative Pronoun

Tim

es/t

ense

Is/was

This is

Are/ were

11. Existencea. Adab. To show the existencec. There + Be (is, am, are/was, were)

1. There is a car in the garage2. There was a child there two days ago3. There are many people in the campus4. There were many people in the party

yesterday