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Ground level Ozone : Issues andconcerns in India
31st Jan 2014
IIT- Delhi
Sumit Sharma, Fellow, TERIEarth Science and Climate Change
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Our atmosphereOur atmosphere
r o u on: ny a mosp er c cons uen presen as a resu o an ropogen cactivity or natural processes that causes adverse effects to humans,animals, vegetation, or materials.
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Air pollutionAir pollution-- certainly not a new problemcertainly not a new problem1700-1840 ( Steam engine, Industrial revolution)
100 time increase in Britain coalconsum tion durin 1800-1900 leadin to 7times more deaths due to air pollution inBritain than world-wide (Clapp, 1994)Industries centered around coal combustiondeveloped globally (US, Europe, Japan,Australia, Russia, S. Africa)3 primary causes of death in Cincinnati 1881
, , -lung related
- ,Railway Clauses Consolidated Act, Public
Health Acts1875,1891, Smoke Abatement Act, , .
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Air pollution disastersAir pollution disasters London Smog of 1952 : 4,000
excess deaths
replaced by diesel-powered buses
combustion of oil and coal-factoriesMeteorological conditions
, , ,
Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Smog (= smoke + fog): still aroblem in man cities world-wide
: Atlanta, LA, Houston, Mexico City,Tokyo, Beijing, Athens, etc.
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Critical air pollution episodesCritical air pollution episodes
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Air pollutionAir pollution- - How it worksHow it works
em stry
Emissions
Pollutant Distributions
Meteorology
r ua y ea mpac s
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Pollutant formations and impactsPollutant formations and impacts
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PollutantsPollutantsPollutants Sources Effects
Nitrogen dioxide Combustion processes (heating, Bronchitis in asthmatic children.,
Particulate Matter(PM2.5, PM10)
Major sources are vehicles,
industrial sources, domestic fuel-
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, ALRI,
COPD., ,
Carbon monoxide(CO)
Incomplete fuel combustion (as inmotor vehicles)
Reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, causesheadaches, nausea, dizziness. Can lead to death at high levels
up ur ox e(SO2)
urnng o su ur-con anng uesfor heating, power & vehicles.
ec s respraory sys em an ung unc on. oug ng, mucussecretion, asthma and chronic bronchitis. Causes acid rain.
Lead Petrol and industry (such as Affects intellectual development of children, and at very high, . , .
Benzene Combustion & distribution- petrol. Exposure over a long time can lead to cancer
1, 3 Butadiene Petrol and diesel combustion Exposure over a long time can lead to cancer.Ozone formed by the reaction of NOx
and (VOCs) in sunlightBreathing problems, asthma, reduce lung function. Ozoneis one of the most damaging pollutants for plants.
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t1
t2
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Slide 9
t1 chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseteri, 15-10-2010
t2 Acute lower respiratory infecitonteri, 15-10-2010
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GL Ozone formationGL Ozone formation
O 3 O 2UV radiation Stratosphere
Troposphere
O 3NO
h
NO
OHHO 2, RO 2, s
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Why it is a global concern ?Why it is a global concern ?
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GLO warms also GLO warms also
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PM2.5 is 5th Leading Mortality Risk FactorPM2.5 is 5th Leading Mortality Risk Factor
Ambient PM 2.5caused anestimated
, eat s 6% of alldeaths in 2010
GBD-Lancet, 2012
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Effects on crop productivityEffects on crop productivity
Reduced photosynthetic activities due to exposure to Ozone
,
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Air PollutionAir Pollution-- Indian contextIndian context
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Growth of IndiaGrowth of India
mes
3.5 times
50 times
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Urban centresUrban centres
agglomerates
47 cities withpopulation morethan 1 million
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New DelhiNew Delhi
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Older fleetsOlder fleets
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Air quality inAir quality in IndiaIndia
10
1
e n c e
0.1 E x c e
e
.
SO2 NOx RSPM
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Centre for Environmental studiesCentre for Environmental studies Source: CPCB,NAMP dataMore than 80% cities violate the standards of RSPM
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Satellite view (AOD)Satellite view (AOD)
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Urban air ualit DelhiUrban air ualit Delhi - - PM10PM10 xx ve c esve c es
vehiclesShift industries
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Ozone in DelhiOzone in Delhi
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OzoneOzone- - Civil lines(Delhi) (9Civil lines(Delhi) (9- -1414 thth Feb 2013)Feb 2013)
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OzoneOzone- - R.K.R.K. PuramPuram (Delhi) (9(Delhi) (9- -1414 thth Feb 2013)Feb 2013)
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Diurnal variationsDiurnal variations- - O3O3
50
60
30
40
c e n
t r a
t i o n
10
20 C o
0 0 6
1 2
1 8 0 6
1 2
1 8 0 6
1 2
1 8 0 6
1 2
1 8
O3 (ppb) NO2 (ppm) NO (ppm)
Higher values during daytime 6-7 am GMT= 11:30- 12:30 AM ISTEarth Science and Climate ChangeDecentralized Electricity Solutions
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OzoneOzone simulationssimulations
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