Myers’ Myers’ EXPLORINGEXPLORING PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) (6th Ed)
Chapter 10Chapter 10
MotivationMotivation
James A. McCubbin, PhDJames A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson UniversityClemson University
Worth PublishersWorth Publishers
MotivationMotivation
MotivationMotivation a need or desire that energizes a need or desire that energizes
and directs behaviorand directs behavior InstinctInstinct
complex behavior that is rigidly complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species patterned throughout a species and is unlearnedand is unlearned
MotivationMotivation
Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates the idea that a physiological need creates
an aroused tension state (a drive) that an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the needmotivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducingbehaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive(hunger, thirst)
MotivationMotivation
HomeostasisHomeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal stateconstant internal state regulation of any aspect of body regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular levelchemistry around a particular level IncentiveIncentive
a positive or negative environmental a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviorstimulus that motivates behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds
begins at the begins at the base with base with physiological physiological needs that must needs that must first be satisfiedfirst be satisfied
then higher-level then higher-level safety needs safety needs become active become active
then then psychological psychological needs become needs become activeactive
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
Motivation - HungerMotivation - Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hungerof hunger
Motivation - HungerMotivation - Hunger
GlucoseGlucose the form of sugar that circulates in the form of sugar that circulates in
the bloodthe blood provides the major source of provides the major source of
energy for body tissuesenergy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel when its level is low, we feel
hungerhunger
Motivation - HungerMotivation - Hunger
Set PointSet Point the point at which an individual’s the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly “weight thermostat” is supposedly setset
when the body falls below this when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weightrestore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy body’s base rate of energy
expenditureexpenditure
Motivation - HungerMotivation - Hunger
The The hypothalamhypothalamus controls us controls eating and eating and other body other body maintenancmaintenance functionse functions
Weight ControlWeight Control Effects of a severe dietEffects of a severe diet
Caloric intake
in caloriesper day
Body weight
in kilograms
Metabolism:Oxygen
consumptionin liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
0 8 16 24 32
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140
Days Days
26
25
24
23
22
218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32
Weight ControlWeight Control
Most lost Most lost weight is weight is regainedregained
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5
Weightchange
in pounds
Posttreatment
Years of follow-up
Startingpoint
Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight
loss regained
Weight ControlWeight Control
Obesity Obesity was more was more common common among among those who those who watched watched the most the most televisiontelevision
<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s study
Boys Girls
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)
Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and when a normal-weight person diets and
becomes significantly (becomes significantly (>>15%) 15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starvecontinues to starve
usually an adolescent femaleusually an adolescent female Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exerciseuse, fasting, or excessive exercise
Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation
Sexual Response CycleSexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding the four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson described by Masters and Johnson excitementexcitement plateauplateau orgasmorgasm resolutionresolution
Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation
Refractory PeriodRefractory Period resting period after orgasm, during resting period after orgasm, during
which a man cannot achieve another which a man cannot achieve another orgasmorgasm
Sexual DisorderSexual Disorder a problem that consistently impairs a problem that consistently impairs
sexual arousal or functioningsexual arousal or functioning
Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation
EstrogenEstrogen a sex hormone, secreted in greater a sex hormone, secreted in greater
amounts by females than by males amounts by females than by males in nonhuman females, levels peak in nonhuman females, levels peak
during ovulation, promoting sexual during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivityreceptivity
Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation
TestosteroneTestosterone most important of the male sex most important of the male sex
hormoneshormones both males and females have it, but the both males and females have it, but the
extra testosterone in males stimulates extra testosterone in males stimulates growth of sex organs in the fetus and growth of sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex development of the male sex characteristics during pubertycharacteristics during puberty
Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation
Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own sex members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)sex (heterosexual orientation)
Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation
Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishmenta desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideasfor mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standardfor attaining a high standard