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Turbines
Water
under
pr"..Er"
contains
energy.
Turbines
convert
thd
energy
in
water
into
rotating
mechanical
energy.
lmpulse
turbines
convert
the
kinetic
energy
of
a
iet
of
wafer to
mechanical
Reaction
tuibines
convert
potential
energy
in pressurized water
to
mechanical
energy.
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Selected References
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lm,pulse
Turbines
.:1
Tolerate
sand.
Easy
to
fabricate.
Efficient
at
wide a
range
of
head
and;flow.
A
nozzle
converts
pressurised
water
into a
high-speed
jet
of water.
:t
t
a
.t-i*n:yo.
by
Scott
Devis
.
Microhvdro
Desiqn
Manual
bY
Adam
Harvey
Waterturbine.com
for
picohydro
u
nits
BC
Hydro
Handbook
l
Idaho
National
Labs
a
o
lr
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lmpulf,tsTu
Pelton
-
Low Flow
-
Medium
to
High
Head
Turgo
-
Medium Flow
-
Medium
to
High
Head
Crossflow
-
High Flow
-
Low to
Medium
Head
Pehon
Turbane-Canyon
lndusfies
3
rt
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Pelton
Turbines
At least
one
jet
of
water
strike the buckets
at
atmospheric
pressure.
Maximum
jetrdiameter
about
t13
bqcket width.
More
jets
increase
flow
and
are use
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'S-pear
Valves
a'
'.
n spe#valve
changes
the
nozzle
size
withbut
stopping the
turbine.
Expensive.
]
(t
lr
beflectors
.
.Deflectors
can
be
used
to
vary
flow.
a
.
-Usually'used
for
emgrgency
stop
without causing
water hammer.
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a
Cressflow
Turbines
t
-
.
Banki or Mitchell tutbine.
.
Shaft orientgd
horizontally.
.
Rectangular
noizle
forms the
a
a
a
Cros$ow
Turbines
I
I
A draft
tube
increases
head.
Longer
blades
increase
flow and
power.
Part
flow
is
achieved with partition
vanes.
jet'
,,,..
Water strikes the blades twice.
a
A
control
vpne changes
jet
si
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Turbine Manufacturer3
Reaction Turbines
Expensive blade
manufacture.
High flow rates.
More site specific than
impulse.
Uses
pressure
drop across
turbine.
Cavitation
must be avoided.
High
turbine
speed at low head.
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Harris Hydro
-
Pelton
ES&D
-
Turgo
Platypus
-
Pelton
Canyon
-
Felton
Dependable,: Pelton, Turgo
Tamar,Designs Pty. Ltd.
-
Pelton, Turgo
HTSf Crossflow
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Reaction
Francis
,
-
Medium
Head
Propeller
and Kaplan
-
Low
Head
,
Pump
as
Turbine
-
Medium
Head
Francis
-*
Guide
vanes may
be
adjusted by
governor.
Efficiency decreases as
flow decreases.
,i
Water flow is radial from
exterior to
interior.
Clow
changes
giaouatty
from
radial
to axial.
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Propeller Turbine
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Pump as Turbine
Has
guide
vanes si{nilar to
Francis
Turbine.
A Kaplan
Turbine has
variable
pit-ch
blades.
Part
flow
efficiency
is
poor.
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a
Centrif&gal
pumps
may be used as
turbines.
,
Lqfv cost
due to
mass
production
No
dirgct
correlation
betwgen
pump
characteristics
and tu
rbi
n J cha
racteristics.
Flow i's fixed
for a
given
head;
Some
hanufacturers
have tested their
pumps
as
turbines.
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Turbine application
.
G&od for
grid-tie
with induction
motors.
Other
Turbines
Aquair
Gorlov
Helical
Turbine
Water Wheels
-
Otershot
-
Undershot
a
o
a
a
;
t
Turbine
'
j
Head
(pressure)
High
130m
+)
Medium Low
(
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Generators
Types of Generators
-
Synchronous
-
lnduction
.
-
DC
generatois-
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Characteristics of Generators
Selecting a Generator
Voltage Reguiationl
Governing
(speed
arid frequency)
-
Mechanical ,
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lnductio,n
Generator
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,-
Just an induction motor,with negative
slip.
UseU
most often
with
gridtie
systems.
Used
by some
for
bAttery
based
systems.
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,,-l
lnduction
Generator
Simple and robust.
Readily
available
qlrd
inexpensive.
Requires external excitation
trom
t$e
gr,id
or
from
i
capacitors.
I
,
Control is more difficult, especially foFinductive
loads.
It requires frequency controls
if nottied
to the
grid
o:
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+.
T.
t
Synchronous
Generator
Used in,almost
all stand-alone
applications.
Single
phase
used
up
to
10
kW.
Most
three
phase
are
smaller
than
equivalqnt
single
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'r
DC
Alternator
.
Produces rectified
alternating
cUrrent.
.
Readily
available.
.
Easy to service.
.
f
rheostat
controls
pxcitation.
,'
:,
Selecting a Generator
,.
A larger
generator:
-
makes
up
for
transn$sion losses
-
is required
for reactive loads.
.
An oversi4ed generator
-
is more
efficient.
\
'
-
allows for future
expansion.
-
runs
cooler.
Centripetal
t-. ,
during
over:speed can
damage
generators.
I.,r\)
Selecting 4,Generator
Type
(synchronous,
induction)
-
Stand-alone or
grid-tie
Single'or Three
phase
-
Loads
i
-
Generator
size
I
Voltage
.
-
Loads
-
Transmission
RPM )
-
Size and
availability
t
Size
I
'
Mechanical
Governing
.
Mechanical flow control is
not
common.
-
More expensive
-
Slower
reacting
I
-
Fine
for very large systems
.
Mechanical
d$lectors are used
for
emergency shut down.
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Electrpnic Gqaerning
o.
Frequency
goyprfring
is used for
synchronous
generators,
.
Voltage
governing
is
used$or
ind
generators
I
9
*
.
Diversion
Loads
-
A
load must
ahrvays be
present.
-Wder
h6ating
orair
heating.
.
Diversion
lmds
may
be
useful
loads.
'.
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':
l+.
-
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,*
$
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-*
)
Diver$n
Controllers
Thomson
and
Howe Energy
Systemsl
Digital Load
Control
Governqr
for AC.
Thyristor
based.
Does
cause line
noise.
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;S.
ip
'E
.{.
i .
dr,
t
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.,,..
,
**,
O
Batteries
and Charge
tontrol
Sr
ri
:l
PurPose_of Batte1lg
Storage Battery T$rrns
tead Acid Batteri&
la"n"ryv"t;;;:
$
-
Battery
Capacity$
-
Battery Cycle Lifdrand Float'Life
I
.
B,attery
Charge
Control
,6
$
Vottage
set;p-oints
-
Three
stage charging
-
Equalization
{.
-
Temperature
Compensation
Batteries
.
Peaft
capacity
-
Simultaneous
loads
.
Surge capacity
It
-
Motor starting
t'
Provide
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Diversion
Loads
.
Heating
elements
-
Water
t^
-
Alr
.
Light
bulbs
can
burn
out.
,
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Diversion
Charge
C.ontrollers
.
Prevent
battery
overcharging.
.
Mangfacturers,
I
-
Xantrex/Trace
C-60/40/35
-Applied
Power
Enermaxer
lll
Jtolar
ConverterS
LDR.
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Dutf
Ratings
ord
Surge
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#verters
have
both
a
Continuous
rating
and
a
Surge
rating.
Surge
represents
motor
starting,
abilitY.
Surge ability dePends
i
on
input
voltage.
ln
general,
a
low
frequency
inverter
has
better
surge
characteristics.
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