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CAB 2012 - HSECAB 2012 - HSE
Heat, Temperature and Pressure Hazards
Heat, Temperature and Heat, Temperature and Pressure HazardsPressure Hazards
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Lecturer : Nurul Azrin Amiruddin
Dept : Geos. & Pet. Eng
Cont. no : 05-3687075
Lecturer Lecturer : : NurulNurul AzrinAzrin AmiruddinAmiruddin
Dept Dept : : GeosGeos. & Pet. Eng. & Pet. Eng
Cont. no : Cont. no : 0505--36870753687075
Heat, Temperature and Pressure Hazards
Heat, Temperature and Heat, Temperature and Pressure HazardsPressure Hazards
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Part I:
Heat and Temperature Hazards
Part II:
Pressure Hazards
Part I:
Heat and Temperature Hazards
Part II:
Pressure Hazards
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Identify the information on heat, temperature and pressure hazards at workplace.
To overcome the hazards associated with the extreme heat, temperature and pressures.
Identify the information on heat, temperature and Identify the information on heat, temperature and pressure hazards at workplace.pressure hazards at workplace.
To overcome the hazards associated with the To overcome the hazards associated with the extreme heat, temperature and pressures.extreme heat, temperature and pressures.
OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE
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Part I:
Heat and Temperature Hazards
Part I:
Heat and Temperature Hazards
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HEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDSHEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDS
Operations with high potential of causing heat stress normally involve high temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects.
The American Conference of Government Industrial hygienists 1992 (ACGIH) states that workers should not be permitted to work when their deep body temperature exceeds 38 C.
Operations with high potential of causing heat stress normally involve high temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects.
The American Conference of Government Industrial hygienists 1992 (ACGIH) states that workers should not be permitted to work when their deep body temperature exceeds 38 C.
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Example :
!Iron and steel foundry
!Electrical utilities (boiler room)
!Bakeries , food canneries
!Chemical plants
!Construction, refining, asbestos removal
!Hazardous waste site (require wearing impermeable protective clothing)
POTENTIAL HEAT STRESS OPERATION
POTENTIAL HEAT STRESS OPERATION
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DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) that can be measured using a thermometer.
Heat A form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another system as a result of temperature difference (from high to low temperatures).
Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) that can be measured using a thermometer.
Heat A form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another system as a result of temperature difference (from high to low temperatures).
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WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)
WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)
Most accurate measurement of heat hazards
Takes into account humidity, radiant heat and air temperature
Reading lower than regular thermometer
Testing should be done under normal working conditions as close to the work as possible
Most accurate measurement of heat hazards
Takes into account humidity, radiant heat and air temperature
Reading lower than regular thermometer
Testing should be done under normal working conditions as close to the work as possible
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WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)
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BODYS RESPONSE TO HEATBODYS RESPONSE TO HEAT
Factors affecting Heat Stress:
! Intensity of the heat
! Duration of the exposure period
! Tasks involved
! Person performing the tasks
! Presence of other stresses
Factors affecting Heat Stress:
! Intensity of the heat
! Duration of the exposure period
! Tasks involved
! Person performing the tasks
! Presence of other stresses
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CAUSAL FACTORSCAUSAL FACTORS
Personal Factor:
Age, weight, degree of fitness, degree of acclimatization, metabolism, use of drug or alcohol, type of clothing worn, hypertension
Environmental Factor:
Radiant heat, air movement, conduction, relative humidity
Personal Factor:
Age, weight, degree of fitness, degree of acclimatization, metabolism, use of drug or alcohol, type of clothing worn, hypertension
Environmental Factor:
Radiant heat, air movement, conduction, relative humidity
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EFFECTS ON PERSONNELEFFECTS ON PERSONNELThe severity at which a person will burn is based mainly on the depth to which the burn penetrates, which is dependent on:
Intensity of thermal energy transfer through-
* Radiation
* Convection
* Conduction
Absorptivity of the skin
Length of exposure
The severity at which a person will burn is based mainly on the depth to which the burn penetrates, which is dependent on:
Intensity of thermal energy transfer through-
* Radiation
* Convection
* Conduction
Absorptivity of the skin
Length of exposure
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Conduction Conduction
Convection Convection
RadiationRadiation
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMHEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM
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HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS
A. Heat Cramps
Involve muscular pains and spasms, cold sweating and vomiting. Generally occurs due to a depletion of salt and potassium.
Action: Replenish the bodys salt and potassium supply orally. (ie. Commercially produce liquids with proper quantity of salts, potassium, electrolytes and other elements).
A. Heat Cramps
Involve muscular pains and spasms, cold sweating and vomiting. Generally occurs due to a depletion of salt and potassium.
Action: Replenish the bodys salt and potassium supply orally. (ie. Commercially produce liquids with proper quantity of salts, potassium, electrolytes and other elements).
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B. Heat Exhaustion
Next step after heat cramp. May lose the ability to stand erect. Water or salt depletion. Body becomes dehydrated.
Action: Move person to a cool, but not cold environment and allowed to rest lying down. Fluids should be taken slowly but steadily by mouth until the urine volume indicates that the bodys fluid level is once again in balance.
B. Heat Exhaustion
Next step after heat cramp. May lose the ability to stand erect. Water or salt depletion. Body becomes dehydrated.
Action: Move person to a cool, but not cold environment and allowed to rest lying down. Fluids should be taken slowly but steadily by mouth until the urine volume indicates that the bodys fluid level is once again in balance.
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS
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C. Heat Stroke
More serious than heat cramps or exhaustion. Patient will have a temperature of 105 F(40.5 C) or more, with corresponding hot skin, but it will be dry, with no perspiration.
Action: Immediately reduce his or her body core temperature. Victim should be immersed in chilled water if facilities are available.
C. Heat Stroke
More serious than heat cramps or exhaustion. Patient will have a temperature of 105 F(40.5 C) or more, with corresponding hot skin, but it will be dry, with no perspiration.
Action: Immediately reduce his or her body core temperature. Victim should be immersed in chilled water if facilities are available.
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS
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CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING HEAT STRESS
CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING HEAT STRESS
" Engineering controls: ventilation, shielding, cooling fans etc.
" Work practise : provide plenty of drinking water, first aids training
" Alternating work and rest periods
" Acclimatization to the heat through short exposure
" Employee education
" Heat Stress Card : OSHA publication 3154
" Engineering controls: ventilation, shielding, cooling fans etc.
" Work practise : provide plenty of drinking water, first aids training
" Alternating work and rest periods
" Acclimatization to the heat through short exposure
" Employee education
" Heat Stress Card : OSHA publication 3154
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CLASSIFICATION OF BURN SEVERITIES
CLASSIFICATION OF BURN SEVERITIES
Tolerance to Burns:
The ability of a person to survive exposure to heat is governed by two factors:
Tolerance to pain
Heat-exposure level at which second-degree burns begin
Tolerance to Burns:
The ability of a person to survive exposure to heat is governed by two factors:
Tolerance to pain
Heat-exposure level at which second-degree burns begin
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SEVERITY OF BURNSSEVERITY OF BURNSFirst-degree burn: Only cause a redness of the skin, which indicates a mild inflammation. The most common is sunburn. All are considered minor.
First-degree burn: Only cause a redness of the skin, which indicates a mild inflammation. The most common is sunburn. All are considered minor.
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Second-degree burn: Blister of the skin will form, and in severe cases, fluid will collect under the skin. Sometimes more painful than 3rd degree based on nerve endings not damaged. Considered minor when only 15% of the body is covered
Second-degree burn: Blister of the skin will form, and in severe cases, fluid will collect under the skin. Sometimes more painful than 3rd degree based on nerve endings not damaged. Considered minor when only 15% of the body is covered
SEVERITY OF BURNSSEVERITY OF BURNS
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Third-degree burn: Burns the skin, subcutaneous tissue, red blood cells, capillaries, and sometimes muscle are destroyed. Burned skin may be white, light gray, or even charred black. Considered minor when only 2% of the body is covered
Third-degree burn: Burns the skin, subcutaneous tissue, red blood cells, capillaries, and sometimes muscle are destroyed. Burned skin may be white, light gray, or even charred black. Considered minor when only 2% of the body is covered
SEVERITY OF BURNSSEVERITY OF BURNS
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Part II:
Pressure Hazards
Part II:
Pressure Hazards
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Pressure Hazard - Hazard caused by a dangerous condition involving pressurePressure Hazard - Hazard caused by a dangerous condition involving pressure
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BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDSBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
Boiler: A closed vessel in which water is heated to form steam, hot water, or high temperature water under pressure.
Common types of failures:
Cracking
Leakage
Explosion
Rupture
Common types of failures:
Cracking
Leakage
Explosion
Rupture
Corrosion
Creeping
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BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDSBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
Common Hazards associated with rupture / leakage:
Blast effects
Fragmentation
Suffocation
Poisoning
Common Hazards associated with rupture / leakage:
Blast effects
Fragmentation
Suffocation
Poisoning
Fire
Chemical burn
Thermal burn
Explosion
Fire
Chemical burn
Thermal burn
Explosion
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The Ultimate FailureThe Ultimate FailureBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDSBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
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BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
Potential causes of hazards :Design, construction, and / or installation errors
Poor or insufficient training of operators
Human Error
Mechanical breakdown / failure
Failure or blockage of control and / or safety devices
Insufficient or improper inspection
Improper applications of equipment
Insufficient preventive maintenance
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Proper design
Proper training
Proper housekeeping
Continual inspection
Visual observation (for detecting cracks)
Use of appropriate safety equipment
Periodic testing
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
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NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS
! Visual Examination visually check for sign of corrosion, erosion or hydrogen blistering
! Liquid Penetration Test use liquid penetrantover an area and letting it seep in. When removed, some of penetrant remains in the area of discontinuities
! Magnetic Particle Test applying fine particles of ferromagnetic material to surface of vessel. Discontinuity can cause disturbance in magnetic field
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!Radiography Test Use X-ray negative on a given portion of vessel. Irregularities (eg. Holes, voids) or discontinuities appear darker on the X-ray negative
!Ultrasonic Testing short signal induced into the material. Waves reflected back from discontinuities are detected by transducers
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS
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Heat, Temperature and Pressure Hazards
THE ENDTHE END
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