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Manfred SymphonyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The ManfredSymphony in B minor, Op. 58, is aprogrammaticsymphonycomposed byPyotr
Ilyich Tchaikovskybetween May and September 1885. It is based on the poem "Manfred" written
byLord Byronin 1817. It is the only one of Tchaikovsky's symphonies he completed that is not
numbered (theSymphony in E flatis a conjectural work left unfinished by the composer) and was
written between theFourthandFifth Symphonies.
Like the fantasy-overtureRomeo and Juliet, Tchaikovsky wrote the ManfredSymphony at the behest
of nationalist composerMily Balakirev, who provided a program written by criticVladimir Stasov.
Stasov had sent the program to Balakirev in 1868, hoping that Balakirev would write a symphony
based on it. Balakirev did not feel capable of carrying out this project and sent the program to French
composerHector Berlioz, whose programmatic works had genuinely impressed him. Berlioz refused,
claiming old age and ill health, and returned the program to Balakirev. Balakirev kept the program
until he reestablished contact with Tchaikovsky in the early 1880s.
The ManfredSymphony is the only programmatic symphonic work by Tchaikovsky in more than one
movement. He initially considered the work one of his best, and in a typical reversal of opinion later
considered destroying all but the opening movement. The symphony was greeted with mixed
reviews, some finding much to laud in it, and others feeling that its programmatic aspects only
weakened it. Manfredremained rarely performed for many years, due to its length and complexity. It
has been recorded with increasing frequency but is still seldom heard in the concert hall.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Form
2 Orchestration
3 Overview
4 Analysis
5 Key signatures
6 Critical views
7 Recordings
8 Bibliography
9 References
10 External links
Form[edit]
1. Lentolugubre. Manfred wanders in the Alps. Weary of the fatal question of existence,
tormented by hopeless longings and the memory of past crimes, he suffers cruel spiritual
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pangs. He has plunged into occult sciences and commands the mighty powers of darkness,
but neither they nor anything in this world can give him the forgetfulness to which alone he
vainly aspires. The memory of the lost Astarte, once passionately loved, gnaws his heart
and there is neither limit nor end to Manfred's despair.[1]
The musical embodiment of this program note is presented in five extensive musical slabs
spaced out by four silences. A brooding first theme, briefly unharmonized, builds to music
both spacious and monolithic. A second theme leads to a second musical slab, this time
pushing forward with the loudest climax Tchaikovsky ever wrote. The music in the third slab
seems calmer, while the fourth slab marks the appearance of Astarte. The fifth slab
culminates in a frantic climax and a series of abrupt, final chords .[2]
2. Vivacecon spirito. The Alpine fairy appears before Manfred in the rainbow from the spray of
a waterfall.[1]
Tchaikovsky's efforts in exploring fresh possibilities in scoring allowed him to present his
music with new colors and more refined contrasts. In this scherzo, it seems as though the
orchestration creates the music, as though Tchaikovsky has thought directly in colors and
textures, making these the primary focus. Put simply, there is no tune and little definition of
anyharmonicbase, creating a world alluring, fragile and magical. The point becomes clear
when an actual and lyrical tune enters the central section of the movement.[3]
3. Andantecon moto. A picture of the bare, simple, free life of the mountain folk .[1]
Thispastorale opens with asiciliana, then the three-note call of a hunter. The opening
theme returns. We hear a brief and lively peasant dance, then an agitated outburst, before
the opening theme returns. The opening pastoral theme eventually returns more spaciously
and in a fuller, more decorative scoring. The hunter sounds his horn; the music fades.[4]
4. Allegrocon fuoco. The subterranean palace of Arimanes. Infernal orgy. Appearance of
Manfred in the middle of the bacchanal. Evocation and appearance of the shade of Astarte.
He is pardoned. Death of Manfred.[1]
Many critics consider the finale to be fatally flawed, but the problem lies less with music than
with the program. Up to this point Tchaikovsky has done well at reconciling the extra-musical
requirements for each movement with the music itself. Now, however, the program takes
over, beginning with afugue, which is by its nature academic and undramatic, to depict the
horde's discovery of Manfred within their midst.[5]
The result, though in many ways becoming
a condensed recapitulation of the latter half of the first movement ,[6]
becomes a fragmented
movement with musical disruption andnon-sequiturs, ending with the Germanic chorale
depicting Manfred's death scene.[5]
Orchestration[edit]
Woodwinds
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3Flutes(3rd doublingpiccolo)
2Oboes,
Cor anglais
2Clarinetsin A, B-flat
Bass clarinet
3Bassoons
Brass
4Horns
2Cornets
2Trumpets
3Trombones
Tuba
Percussion
Timpani
Bass drum
Cymbals
Tam-tam
Triangle
Tambourine
Bells
Keyboard
Harmonium(usually played onOrgan) featured in the climactic coda of the finale.
Strings
ViolinsI & II
Violas
Cellos
Double basses
2Harps
Over
vi
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