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3 - 2Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer Hardware
Chapter
4
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3 - 3Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Identify the major types and uses ofmicrocomputer, midrange, andmainframe computer systems.
2. Outline the major technologies and usesof computer peripherals for input, output,
and storage.
Learning Objectives
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Learning Objectives
3. Identify and give examples of thecomponents and functions of a computersystem.
4. Identify the computer systems andperipherals you would acquire or
recommend for a business of yourchoice, and explain the reasons for yourselections.
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What is a Computer?
Definition: All computers are systems of input,
processing, output, storage, and control
components.
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Types of Computer Systems
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Microcomputer Systems
Personal Computer (PC) microcomputerfor use by an individual
Professional Workstation a powerful,networked PC for business professionals
Laptop small, portable PC
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Microcomputer Systems
Network Server more powerfulmicrocomputers that coordinatetelecommunications and resource sharing
in small local area networks and Internetand intranet websites
Computer Terminals depend on serversfor software, storage and processingpower Ex. Network terminals &Transaction Terminals
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Microcomputer Systems
Network Computers low-cost, sealedmicrocomputers with no or minimal diskstorage that are linked to the network
They use only Internet & CorporateIntranet.
Information Appliances hand-heldmicrocomputer devices
Blackberry PDA & Apple iPhone.
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PC Features
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Midrange Systems
Definition: Primarily high-end network servers and
other types of servers that can handle the
large-scale processing of many businessapplications.
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Mainframe Systems
Definition: Large, fast, and powerful computer
systems
Advanantages : MIPS, High Storagecapacity
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Supercomputer Systems
Definition: Extremely powerful computer systems
specifically designed for scientific,
engineering, and business applicationsrequiring extremely high speeds formassive numeric computations
Facility: Mass Parallel computing,
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Hardware Organized by System Functions
Input Devices convert data into electronicform for direct entry or through atelecommunications network into a
computer system
Processing Components primarily the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) - perform
arithmetic and logic functions required toexecute software instructions
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Hardware Organized by System Functions
Output Devices convert electronic informationproduced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end users
Storage Devices store data and softwareinstructions needed for processing
Control Componentsprimarily the CPUs
Control Unit which interprets softwareinstructions and transmits directions that controlthe activities of the other components of thecomputer system
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Computer Processing Speeds
Millisecond thousandth of a second
Microsecond millionth of a second
Nanosecond billionth of a second
Picosecond trillionth of a second
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Computer Clock Speeds
MIPS million instructions per second
Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles per
second
Gigahertz (GHz) billions of cycles per
second
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Throughput
Definition: Ability of a microprocessor to perform usefulcomputation or data processing assignmentsduring a given period of time
Depends on:
Buses size of circuitry paths that interconnectmicroprocessor components
Registers that process instructions
Cache high-speed memory
Specialized Processors
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Moores Law
10-18 Transistors in 2003Power is doubling per 18-24 moths
Price is reducing half per 18-24 months
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Computer Peripherals
Definition: Generic name given to all input, output,
and secondary storage devices that are
part of a computer system, but are notpart of the CPU.
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Peripherals Advice
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Input Technologies
Keyboard Pointing Devices
Pen-Based Computing
Speech Recognition Systems Optical Scanning
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Pointing Devices
Touchpad Small rectangular touch-sensitive surface which moves the cursorin the direction of finger moves on thepad.
Touch Screen Video display screen that
emits a grid of infrared beams, soundwaves, or a slight electric current that isbroken when the screen is touched.
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Speech Recognition Systems
Discrete user must pause between eachspoken word
Continuous software can recognizeconversationally-paced speech
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Optical Scanning
Definition: Devices that read text or graphics and
convert them into digital input for your
computer
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Definition: The machine identification of printed
characters through the use of light-
sensitive devices
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Other Input Technologies
Magnetic Stripe devices that read datastored in the magnetic stripe on the backof cards
Smart Cards devices that read amicroprocessor chip embedded in a card
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Output Technologies
Video Output
Printed Output
Voice Response
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Video Output
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) similar tovacuum tubes in television
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) electronicvisual displays that form characters byapplying an electrical charge to selectedsilicon crystals
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Storage Trade-Offs
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Binary Representation
Definition: Data are processed and stored in a
computer system through the presence or
absence of electronic or magnetic signalsin the computers circuitry or in the mediait uses
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Bit vs. Byte
Bit binary digit, which can have a valueof either zero or one
Byte basic grouping of bits that thecomputer operates as a single unit,typically eight bits
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Storage Capacities
Kilobyte (KB) one thousand bytes Megabytes (MB) one million bytes
Gigabytes (GB) one billion bytes
Terabytes (TB) one trillion bytes Petabytes (PB) one quadrillion bytes
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3 - 41Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Binary Number System
Definition: Number system used by computers to
perform computations since it has only
two digits
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Binary Number System
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Direct vs. Sequential Access
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Semiconductor Memory
Characteristics: Small
Fast
Shock Resistant Temperature Resistant
Volatile contents of memory is lost when
power is interrupted Used for Primary Storage
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RAM vs. ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM) eachmemory position can be both sensed andchanged
Read Only Memory (ROM) can be readbut not erased or overwritten
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Firmware
Definition: Frequently used programs which are
permanently burned into ROM during
manufacture
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Magnetic Disks
Characteristics: Fast
Large
Reasonably Priced Used for Secondary Storage
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Types of Magnetic Disks
Floppy Disks single disk inside aprotective jacket
Hard Disk Drives several disks, accessarms and read/write heads in a sealedmodule
Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks(RAID) - disk arrays of interconnectedmicrocomputer hard disk drives
F i Di k
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Formatting Disks
H d Di k D i
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Hard Disk Drives
M i T
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Magnetic Tape
Definition: Read/write heads of magnetic tape drives
record data in the form of magnetized
spots on the iron oxide coating of theplastic tape
O ti l Di k
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Optical Disks
O ti l Di k
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Optical Disks
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Summary
Major types of computers includemicrocomputers, midrange computers,mainframe computers andsupercomputers.
A computer is a system of informationprocessing components that performinput, processing, output, storage, andcontrol functions.
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