LECTURE 1: BASIC NAVIGATION
PREPARED BY:MOHD ‘ARIFF BIN ABDUL JALILB. ENG. (AEROSPACE)(HONS) -
IIUMAVIATION MANAGEMENT COLLEGE
RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM
Lecturer Information
Name : Mohd ‘Ariff Bin Abdul JalilE-mail : [email protected] : IIUMMajor : Aerospace EngineeringContact No. : 017 - 3289572
Consultation hour( 8.30 am – 5.30 pm)
2 RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
•Students have the name tags with them•No slippers , No round collar t shirt,•Observe the 15 Minutes rule,•Explain the 80% attendance rule,•No laptop for email or website playing in lectures.•Display the course outline, the goals and benefits of the course.•Explain the marking scheme and the breakdown of assessments for the module.
IMPORTANT THINGS3 RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
ATTIRE & DRESS CODE4
• To wear a name tag is a must.• NO Slippers• NO round collar t-shirt
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
15 MINUTES RULES5
• Come to class BEFORE 9.15 am or 2.15pm• Cannot enter class starting 9.16am 2.16pm (unless have solid reason)• If you come late and still want to enter the class and want to learn, ask permission from the management.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
80 % ATTENDANCE RULES
6
• We have 2 HOUR class per week.• We have total 14 lectures.• Who fail 80% attendance is not allow to take your midterm test.
YOU WILL BE BARRED FROM
THE MIDTERM EXAM
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
7
FREE MARKS WILL BE GIVEN UPON YOUR
ATTENDANCE
5% FREE MARKS FOR 100% ATTENDANCE
THIS 5% FREE MARKS WILL DETERMINE EITHER
A OR A-EITHER D OR E.
8
How to SCORE my subject?
Regularly ATTEND the class
Give 100% ATTENTION to the lecture
Do and submit ASSIGMENT Participate and active in class (Be
sporting & Don’t be shy)
Ask question.
Try to answer
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
STUDY in the group.
SEE ME to discuss any problem.
Take IMPORTANT NOTE from my lecture.
Think out of box
How to SCORE my subject?
10THE MOST IMPORTANT
THING JUST DO IT
I’m here to assist you, but you are the one who will make a
decision =)
Lesson Timeline
4 CREDIT HOURS 14 Weeks in July Semester 11 LECTURES TO BE COVERED Midterm Exam on (Date will be decided
later) Midterm Examination will be up to LECTURE
6
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
FULL CARRY MARKS - RESULTS
Attendance: 5% Mid Term Test: 10% Public Speaking: 10% Assignment: 15% Final Exam: 60% TOTAL: 100%
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
AMC GRADING SCALE
Mark Grade Grade Points
(80–100) A 4.00
(75-79) A- 3.67
(70-74) B+ 3.33
(65-69) B 3.00
(60-64) B- 2.67
(55-59) C+ 2.33
(50-54) C 2.00
(45-49) C- 1.33
(40-44) D 1.00
(0-39) F 0.00
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
GPA CALCULATION
Credit Hours Grade Grade Points
3 B (3.00) 9.00
3 B (3.00) 9.00
4 B (3.00) 12.00
4 B (3.00) 12.00
Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Course Outlines
Lecture 1: Introduction to RAN Lecture 2: Radio Theory Lecture 3: Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) &
Non Directional Beacon (NDB) Lecture 4: VHF Omni Directional Range (VOR) Lecture 5: Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Lecture 6: RADAR Lecture 7: Global Positioning System (GPS) Lecture 8: Instrument Landing System (ILS &
MLS) Lecture 9: Global Proximity Warning System
(GPWS) Lecture 10: Traffic Collision Avoidance System
(TCAS) Lecture 11: Approach Lightings System (ALS)
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Course Outline
Objective and OutcomeRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
MOTIVATIONAL QUOTESRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
MOTIVATIONAL QUOTES
You decide your future.
Your choices determine what
you’ll be.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Define Navigation Describe basic methods use for navigation List navigational aids system for aircraft
during departure, en-route and approach.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
INTRODUCTIONRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Do you know what is this subject is all about?
RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS??
INTRODUCTIONRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
What is NAVIGATION?
Navigation is the art and science of getting from one destination to another in the least possible time without losing your way.
Navigation: The process of plan and direct the route of aircraft by using MAPS or NAVIGATIONAL AID SYSTEMS.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Air Navigation – The action of plotting and directing the route of an aircraft through the air from one place to another. Adapted from the United States Air
Force Dictionary.
What is NAVIGATION?RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Objectives of navigation
Know your position Efficient use of fuel Maintain a flight schedule Avoid other air traffic Avoid ground-to-air missiles Minimize exposure to enemy
radar
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
1927: Charles LindberghFirst flying across the Atlantic ocean
(New York-Paris) using the Spirit of St. Louis
His journey cover 5,815km and took about 33 and 1/2 hours. Fly without
any navigation instruments
Basic Air Navigation
The type of navigation used by pilots depends on many factors.
The navigation method used depends on Where the pilot is going. How long the flight will take. When the flight is to take off, The expected weather. Type of aircraft. The on-board navigation equipment, The ratings and currency of the pilot.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
To navigate a pilot needs to know the following: Starting point (point of departure) and
Ending point (final destination) Direction of travel + The distance Aircraft speed, aircraft fuel capacity Aircraft weight & balance information
With this information flight planning can commence and the proper method of navigation can be put to use.
Basic Air NavigationRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Ways of Navigation
There are three common ways for aircraft navigation. PILOTAGE DEAD RECKONING RADIO NAVIGATION
The two most fundamental methods of finding your way in an airplane are pilotage - the identification of present position and direction of flight by seeing features on the ground, and Dead Reckoning.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
For a non-instrument rated, private pilot planning to fly VFR (Visual Flight Rules) in a small, single engine airplane around the local area on a clear day; the navigation is simple.
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Pilotage is the using known landmarks in an attempt to navigate.
This also is very dangerous unless other navigational tools are employed.
This is because occasionally a suspect known land mark might not be correct.
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
For hundreds of years the delivery of pilotage has been an act of singular artistry – an extraordinary demonstration of knowledge and skill channeled through one individual – the pilot.
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Pilotage
Pilotage: navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints
Pilot uses a chart and flies from one visible landmark to another.
Requires relatively low altitudes so that landmarks can be seen and recognized more easily
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
To a great extent, current pilotage services continue to be delivered in this manner.
Delivering pilotage services in this classical fashion has proven efficient but it has nonetheless been marred with preventable accidents, many of which were due to an inherent weakness - single point failure.
The consequences of some of these accidents have been very serious not only for the ship and its‘ crew but the environment and the individual pilot involved.
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Advantages: Easy to understand and perform. No special equipment needed (Just use eyes
capabilities.)
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Disadvantages: Direct course is usually impractical as it is
often necessary to follow a zigzag route to well-known landmarks, resulting in longer flights. (See the animation on the next slides).
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
MFC
Mak Teh
Corner
Econsave
Econsave
Giant
Let say from AMC you want to go to Taman Tasik Chempaka. Because of limited information of landmarks in B.B.Bangi, your navigation process might end up in zig-zag route such in the diagram. (click mouse to see)
But, if you really know about the landmarks, you will get a straight route to Tmn Tasik Chempaka as shown in Green Arrow. (click mouse to see)
AMC
Tmn Tasik
Chempaka
Disadvantages: Sometimes, we might do mistakes in
recognizing any landmarks and lead towards wrong navigation. (Example: Misinterpret between KLCC and KL Tower)
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Disadvantages: Not practical to be used during night or
during bad weather as the visibility is limited.
PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Dead Reckoning
Dead Reckoning is another basic navigational method used by low speed, small airplane pilots.
It is based on mathematical calculations to plot a course using the elements of a course line, airspeed, course, heading and elapsed time.
“Dead Reckoning: navigation of an aircraft solely by
means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance,
and direction.”
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Manual or electronic flight computers are used to calculate time-speed-distance measurements, fuel consumption, density altitude and many other en route data necessary for navigation.
The estimated time en route (ETE) can be calculated using the flight distance, the airspeed and direction to be flown.
If the route is flown at the airspeed planned, when the planned flight time is up, the destination should be visible from the cockpit.
Dead ReckoningRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Navigating now by dead reckoning would be used only as a last resort
Advantages: straighter line courses possible
Disadvantages requires calculations prior to flight may be inaccurate as weather changes rapidly
on some cases More typically, a course is determined and
flown by calculations made from dead reckoning, and then backed up by pilotage during the flight
Dead ReckoningRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Radio navigation
Radio navigation: the location of the airplane is determined by referring to instruments such as VOR, ADF, or GPS.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Flight ProfileRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Navigational Aids System
• For En-Route/Cruise, the navigational aids system are:• NDB (Non Directional Beacon) & ADF (Automatic Direction Finding)
• VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)• DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
• RADAR(Radio Detection & Ranging)• GPS(Global Positioning System)
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Navigational Aids System
• For Approach and Landing, the navigational aids system are:• ILS (Instrument Landing System)• MLS (Microwave Landing System)• ALS (Approach Lighting System)• RADAR(Radio Detection & Ranging)
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Instrumentation
Aircraft Installations: Indicator System in the Cockpit Aircraft’s Antenna
Ground Installations Ground Antenna
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Indicator System in the Cockpit
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Aircraft’s AntennaRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Navigational Aid Systems
ILS
MLS
NDB
VOR
DME