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Te Montly Journal
MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Vol. 60 No. 7 Pages 52
May 2012
CONTENTS
Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message o Rural Development to all people. It serves as a orum or ree, rank and serious discussion on the
problems o Rural Development with special ocus on Rural Uplit.The views expressed by the authors i the articles are their ow. They do ot ecessarily refect the views o the govermet or the orgaizatios they
work or.
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l RuRal TouRism PaTh To Economic
& REgional DEvEloPmEnT in inDia Dr jt mkerjee 3
l FaRm BasED RuRal TouRism in KERala Dr. gr Je 7l RuRal TouRism a Global View T. Prk
Dr. m. Per 11
l EnlaRging ThE PoTEnTial oF RuRal
TouRism in inDia Br mk 13
l TouRism : an EnginE To Economic
GRowTh in The RuRal economy of
himachal PRaDEsh Dr. J s Prr 17
l agRi TouRism: an innovaTivE n B ube
incomE gEnERaTion avEnuE h v Brte 21
l icT: a caTalyTic inTeRVenTion foR
empoweRinG RuRal india ap hzr 27
l RuRal solid wasTe manaGemenT:
issuEs anD acTion Pr cdr mr 30
l RGGVy: TuRninG The wheel of RuRal india myk arw
gr mk 36
l hydRoponics: a boon foR Drt Prd
incREasED agRiculTuRal PRoDucTion a R 38
in climaTE changE ERa
l hiTech TechnoloGy foR culTiVaTion Dr. R.s. ser 42
of some VeGeTables in soilless culTuRe Dr. s gpt
Kp ser
Dr. m. Pdey
l doctor farmer Drt Prd 44
mEnTha: a mEDicinal PlanT a R
l aGRomeT adVisoRy seRVices foR The faRmeRs srt Brr 48
CHIEF EDITORRINA SONOwAL KOULI
EDITORKAPIL KUMAR
JOInT DI RECTOR
VINOD KUMAR MEENACOVER DESIGnANJU ShARMA
EDITORIAL OFFICEROOM NO. 661, NIRMAN BHAVANA-WING (GATE NO.5),MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT,NEW DELHI-110011
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Kurukshetra May 201222
InsIde
Rr tr rrety te f f ttet trt te wrd
d be rezed prtt tret f rwt fr te
rr ey. Per re Rr tr, w de
e tr d fr tr t ree e pprtte fr te rr
pepe.
i id were 70 per et f te ppt e rr re d re
depedet ey rtre, ewer pprtte eed t be reted d
Rr tr erty tp f te rt f ff t dre.
w , t , r tr t rrt r
te t jrty f te ppt.
Rr id t ffer beyd rtre. it ret ptet fr
dfferet eet f tr ke e tr, detre tr, et tr,
fr tr, tre tr, tr tr, re tr d te ke.
w tr gr grg t rt 4 r t, tr trv
prt f rr tr rw t rte f 10 per et t 30 per et.
stde te bjet e ded tt tere edee tt Erpe rr
tr de prtt trbt t rr e bt t te ee f te
v rr r t t. w t r
bttt fr rtr e, t deered ppeetry e d
ter-etr ke.
Te prte f tr retr f jb pprtte be dertd
fr te ft tt id eery e eted tr rete 47.5 jb
drety d rd 85-90 jb drety. i pr, rtre rete y
44.6 jb d ftr ere 12.6 jb. mreer tr te trd ret
fre exe erer fter e d jeweery d redy de ret.
E prt, rb pepe wt t ee rr id be e tt
were tey be.
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Kurukshetra May 201233
wt tr ee pprty
te wrd er, tere bee f
reet yer rr tr d
e tr. it eery reed tt f prpery
ped, deeped d ed, rr tr
r e tr pre te tdrd
f te ppt we pprt te
rvt t tr t. w
tr eered dy dtry
id, te ee t tke dte f te
tt by er bet e f te tre
et.
oe y k wt rr tr? Te
RuRal TouRism
Path to Economic & REgional
DEvEloPmEnt in inDia
Dhurjai Mukherjee
eret tke brd ew. ay fr
f tr tt we rr fe, rt, tre
rtg t rr , tr gte ty ey d y
g tr t t trt
d te fr re er tr
experee, be tered rr tr,
Tr mtry py pper pted t. Rr
tr vt tk
pe te tr. it t
et fr/rtr tr, tr tr,
tre tr, detre tr d etr.
a gt v tr, rr tr
rt t rtr: it xr-
th uis pliy pl l phsis n uis, spilly h uninus s h
Nh es n h Hilyn gin s ls h islns h ann & Nib n Lkshwp
p h nul sus hs s n vlp h s p n vll sgy ipv
the economic condions of the people of these regions.
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rt; t r t, t
predty tr eret d t
t rrv tr, rtg
tr.
Ecoourism
nt eerye ppe brd
deft. Etr -- w er wt te
preert f te eret -- bee
fbe tee dy. ad e eret
d te tr dtry wd ke t f
etr rter t rr tr, w d
e dw-rket, r-t-t tt.
Etr d rr tr re t exty te
e bt be bbed teter fr reter
beeft.
o r tt k tte Ert st tw dede bk, pter
13 f aed 21 f te b beprt fr tbe
deepet w deted t t fre
eyte d tbe t deepet
wt pe ep t d y
trr. T gt r t vt
tr t trt k t r
id.
seer reer prre d prjet
e bee rred t wt t d rr
re te f fr frter tr deepet.Te t tr py trded 2002,
detfed rr tr f re t eerte
epyet d prte tbe ed
tr deepet f rt, rft, tre,
erte, d, et. ard t te 2002
py, pe trt w t be prted t rr
tr d tr etteet, were
zbe et f r tre d tr wet
ext.
Te tr py ped t f ep
etr, pey te t ref te nrt Et d te hy re
te d f te ad & nber d
lkdweep t tp te tr rere f
tee re d deep te prt f er
trtey t pre te e dt f
te pepe f tee re. hweer, te
teret f trt fr tee pe rety
bee te re t t deepet
f frtrtre e f te re tke
pe, pey te fr-f rete re.
Rr tr rt rt
rt rt t r. etr rr
tr re te e y ee. Tey re
rey. Rr tr y t eery
t rttr r rv. it
re ty-reted we etr
r r vrt
rt vt.
Te pt bt ty eet w
m md, g gt
eeer d
deepet ty
tt te mtry f
Tr ked t ete
te rr tr ee.
it rrt,
J 2007 r v r
r, rv:
i rder t ke te
ee re ef,
t ery prtt tt
te tee e
be ded wt te
ty befre te
trt f te prjet.Fer f te kw
e w , bt
t dppered te
prjet dertke.
Xepb bee
reed fr te d
f te pepe, te
reprt ted.
Fear of Foreigners
at t ,te fer f freer w
jt e f te b e
tt r t
f trt t te te
e by te eret
d te unDP. Fr te
trt, te te d te
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Kurukshetra May 201255
vtg tr rt, r, tr,
e d tr bety. Bt dre ded
k rtrtr g t,
rkg tr ; k
; k
wree bt te prte d te eed fr de.
mt f te e e bee ddreed.
wt t trvt t mtr Tr,
tere bee derbe e, te mtt
mDd reprt ted. Te rr tr
ee bee be ee t br te
tte rr tkeder t wt te
tr etr t ree epyet. Te
reprt pted t: Rr tr t te ed,
bt te e t tte e rwt,
t ree te bty f derdeeped
t, d t pre te tdrd f
ppt. oe t dey te ft ttwt prper frtrtre pe, rr tr
etr erty te ptet t
eerte re-e epyet. i ft, te
deepet f tr ptfr rd te
ept f rr tr deftey ef fr
try ke id, were er 70 per et f te
ppt rede t x e.
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Kurukshetra May 201266
Boomline
yt rg t r tr
q rtt. ar , tr t t t
ber f trt y pk t te Tj m
d Kjr. Tdy, d te b e
wdw, tr bee key fre-exe erer. ard t mtry f Tr
gr, rg-xg rg r tr r
t r us$15 rt t
tt r trt vg i r t
t rd 7 t 8 .
De t etr, t y be dertd
trv t rg, r r .
it ep edte te treer we t te e
t vt grt r rv
vt t r, tr g
t . etr vr , rtrtr r
gr, t r r rv.
Bt te etr d tte eret e
repbty t f ew re tt te
rg t tr r .
i id, t a tre, t
t g t
vrt rv trt rr vt
t vrt v . mt
re d re bee e bee ppr
te bt reet yer prk, brd tre d
rt v rt z r trt.
it eery te preet t te wrd te wder
tt i t tr
tr t tr vz
tt w br, bred d beked ere.
a eery reed, rr tr e f te
drer f e rwt d epyet
gr r t 80 tr. it t
t rg rr vrt,
epyet f we bede trete te
tt rr r, rg rg
exe et. a , t eery t rete tergt vrt t rt fdi tg
t rqr g t rrk
tg t r t t rt. it
r tt rg k k
prjet t etr t y ree te pbty
rg rx t tbe berk
fr te ftre.
dvg t t, i vr
eted tr rete 47.5 jb drety d
rd 85-90 jb drety ( b etr ke
t rtrt, trrt t.),
rtre rete 44.6 jb d ftr
ere 12.6 jb. mreer tr te trd ret
rg xg rr r g jr
d redy de ret.
a -tr vt, g
ere prded by re f pper, rr
tr re were tr pb-prte
rtr r rt, rr
e te ber f tre beyd tr -- fr
expe, rr deepet, tre, eret
d trb wefre -- tt d be fy ed. it
rt t r tt t u
Tr mter reety ed p te prte
tr t tk v rt tr vtr trt t nrt et
tr tt rkg t
rg .a e fred tt
x t tr
bdet fr te nrt Et d re fd wd be
de be reqet fr prte pertr
d tte eret.
Rr tr t et te id
bt t bd t rw. Tere e rket t
tere. Te experee f y tre w tt
rr tr be ee terte ref ed d epyet. Te prbe
wt rr tr re, f re, te e wt
y rr deepet prjet. str e-ee
t, tk t x
t rjt t, g g
g rr tr.
T t t jtre, we tere r
debte er te wrd te eed fr tbe
vt r -r
v t, t rv t gv -
rd ereet t etr d rr
tr wy tt t d be ed by
t t tr trvr ,
tr, ep te pre f rr deepet f te
try.
[th uh is ln wi n
vlpn issus, bsd in Kolkaa.
e-il: [email protected]]
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Rr tr epe brd re f
v t t t
wt fr tr w rrety te
trgt er. i
tre, epey ter gery, tere
g tr rr tr rg
r. agrtr rg
deepet pe trt Erpe e
rt gt r r-rt
tr v. Vg Kr v kt t tt t t tr
FaRm BasED RuRal TouRism iN KERala
Dr. Gracious James
rg t rt r trt, rg
fr Tr g v
rv tr rt. wt r
t t r t tr jr
trt t r r-t, , rr
d rd, Ker dbtedy id t
rtt t tt. Kr t
r t r t r rr, t,
r. T r r tgtr
6.89 k , g r 31.58 r tf te et rpped re te tte d 43 per
Villgs in Kl hv kil is hspiliy wih h iinl wy ing attract more tourists, creating a heady concoction called Farm Tourism.
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et f te re der tee rp te try.
Ker re t r rr
91 r t, r 75 r t, 22
per et dr te yer 2008-09. Ker re
t r t 5 rt rg 2008-09.
Ker, be rtr dted tte,
tr t r vg fr Tr
g tt vtt
Ker 30.22 k etre f r
rpped re w 56.78% f te stte tt
erp re. Te stte bt 350,000
k tr r tvt. wt
teret, tee be erted
t trt ttrt rder t trfer te
beeft f tr drety t te frer. Fr
bed Rr Tr effete ed fr
tbe rr deepet, et rr
perty d ft rr epyet. iKer te rtr etr w ted
wt rr eret, trbte y 13% t
t tt t rt (sdp) t
prry etr trbt p t 17%. Te Fr-
bed Rr Tr Ker t ret
te ptt etr tr ddt e
eert d bt te e f rtre
etr. it t te ret f yer f
epyet pprtte fr te edted
epyed te rtre etr w
terwe pt fr -rtre tte.
Farm Tourism-A non-seasonal approach
Fr bed rr tr -e
tr prdt d t t be prted .
E-tr Ker be ked wt rr
tr t jv t rr
t trw pe tr re fr trt t by
rg t trt r rg r
rrvg t , g t
r. m r v v vv
ret f te deepet f fr tr. Tey
re:
Fr tr etre Fr e d fr p
sef-ded fr tr
e vt tr
ntr t rk trg
r eer rtre tp
fr str : ex r qt
Rdde td e fre fr prdt d
r t
Pre f fr prdt d e
a dy pt fr tr t ret ke b
by tree
fr s t t rr k c r mr
mtre ve
Fr Tee Pyrd fr cdre
art r t v, r rt
v, g r-rg, g
g, r v r. Tr
rg t rkt r r- rr tr
epey fr fre trt Ker. Te t f
, , rr trv t
Fr-Tr w wde te trt be. Te
r vg rt vg e d te rty t er bt re f
fd, pt, , rw ter ke wd,
r, gg, tr, tr, r
d rr fetye. Fr-Tr w ree
rd frer, e d rtre te
t t t rt t gt
. Rr g, v, , r
t tr rv vr trtt
t t r . p r tt r
f pr-tre e t ke fe re peef.
ayred w pr-tre ed ppr
rt e. Tr e fr
rg . p trqt
re bt Fr-bed Rr Tr t wy
fr rb re d e t tre.
Vg rv vrt rr t
rt trg v r.
artr eret rd frer d te
r r r rt rt
rb dweer. Pe f rtr
prte ke et rp yed fr, et
yed fr, pre t d fr
r v tr r t t
trt. Fr-bed Rr Tr d retewree bt rr fe d kwede bt
rtre ee rb dre.
Trg gt r r t vgr t
p. Te frer etert te et we
etert ef te pre. he t ke
xtv tr t
ftte e tr tpere. Tere
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ree te ber f trt preferr -
rb trt pt. hee, tere pe fr te
r -r trt t trr
e by etb Fr-bed Rr Tr
etre.
Farm-based accommodaonTrt vr
fr d y f tee re redy preet
Kr, g xv vv
e. Bt tere t betwee be
trt t tt trt
t Ker. atg rr tr
vrt vr t , t
t r r tr
te rr re fr. i y tre fr-
rrt gt
rr t tt . fr
expe, rd 18 peret f trt bed pe
atr re ted fr. at preet, 50 peret
t Kr trt
Erk d Trtpr dtrt.
a grtr r trt
derbe teter wt te dper f trt
tr. o vrg, 850 trt
r eed t be dded e yer t eet te
rwt ded er te ext tw dede. at
preet, t bkwter rert d ebt
re t te ed f te pre petr d
eqety t f re f te ere trt,
t rg. Kr rgtr g grt r vr t
wt ty er 47 per et f 33.38 rre pepe
vg t, rg t t 2011
e. Pepe rr re fe fr 74.04
per et 2001 t 52.30 per et 2011. Tee
ft pt t te prpet d eety f
Fr-bed Rr Tr deepet.
Green Farms Kerala project
Green Farms Kerala vv rjt
eed by geret f Ker. T prjet
rr t fr/pt Krt reee trt ew f ret te
rtre etr tr tr wt
etet. it w ret dret d dret
epyet f pepe t t ew tre f
tr be. uder t prjet dd
r rp w t et 10 re f fr r 50
r t t r r trt tr,
r etbed trt rt r jr
trprt rrdr, be prt fGreen Farms Kerala
rvt t t tr. T rjt
t rr t grt
r tr r/t. a rt t rjt
te frer w e t deep ter fr d
t rr Kr
Tr. T r/t r Green Farms
Kerala be erted t tr prdt by
dd eer pet rder t ke te
re trt-fredy d t ebe wer t
gt t t t t. a rt t
rjt, t rr j t t
vtg g r t r
by te geret. T ere te tbty f
te ppred Green Farms Kerala t, tere w
be peret e tt tr ter
v.
a v t t t 25% r t
trgg xv t
te trt, bjet t x f R. 5.00 k
w be e t te wer f te prjet. a t
derGreen Farms Kerala w be rketed by Ker
Tr tr te prt d eetr ed. n
qt vtt t
by te geret. ietet w deped te
g t , trr r
r t tt rv . T
ery pprprte te bkrd f te
geret de f w 5% f te fr
re fr tr prpe. it w be bt t te
Tr tr Kr trg t tr
f te ew tr prdt Fr Tr b
tt vtt.
Kerala Farm Tourism Desnaons
Pathanamthia tre farm ourism
desnaon trp derty dred
t r grtr r t,
, t, vr vgt
ke rd, pepper et. re exteey
vt. at 80% t trt deped t drety r drety. Koayam
farm tourism desnaon prtt
er etre f Kerala, tk t t
tret prder f rp. mt f
id tr rbber rte fr te re
-kt t r Koayam.
Vagamon, t g t ikk-K
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Kurukshetra May 20121010
brder, prde fr te eeker f pee
d trqty d bde f tre d
deep farm tourism desnaon in Kerala.
Maupey, t r tr
Munnar, tted t et f 1700 be
e ee, 13 K fr te tw. Maupey we kw fr t y pezed dry
r. Tr r vr 100 vr g
g t t z r r t
Maupey d tr re wed t tree
t v t t r. T r
fr qe e f t kd wt eer
vr g-g g rr.
Tr q rg vtr t cr
Palakkad dtrt tt dertke te
t rg k t t g g
f nr, r dered t be f ret e
fr te etre pt f ew. spred er re f 18 re, te nr r E Fr
r cr Palakkad dte et
vtr t . Idukki dtrt Ker
bee kw fr t pe d treer rd
te wrd e jreyed ere fr trd
pe. Kr t r trg rr
tr prjet t Kumbalangier K wt
te fr te Deprtet f Tr,
geret f id. Kumbalanghi perfet
r tr vg tr
Ker, e t te prt tw f c w
t tret f bkwter eted byterk wterwy t te we f Ker.
a dy Kumbalanghir tr
v t rr; trt r t
eye d te d.
The pros and cons of farm based ruralourism
Fr-bed rr tr w rete
epyet fr te rr pepe d eerte
r t. T v
re f e wt ter rtr
. wt t r tr ,et et w re. Te pre f te rtr
d w re. Ded fr ter d d ere
w ree d tere w be preet te
rv. Trg t r
trt, t.
Te rr pepe w er t deep ety
vrt t rr t, r,
trt, t, t. T r
t preere te tr btt, b-derty
tr et. mrket fr r prdt
r v rr r t
rr r v rt tt
wt te ter.
at rr tr br r
t r v, t g
g . T t
g t r trrr.
T rt tr rvr
etr rert, te d tr pertr
r ; tk t
t rt. f, rk r rt
w be prted fr tde d t prded
y. Te rr pepe be expted by rb
trrr. l r t t.
Tere w be ree te pre f r/fr prdt. Te trt y expt tr
rere w w e ey pt te
vrt. pr tr t
te er. it drpt te rr tre. it
t t tr tr r,
grtr tr v.
Conclusion
i rder t eet te deepet eed
t , t rv t t
rt tr rr . wt trg
t r G tr,
t tr vt ,
Kr xt t t v t
tr dtry tr fr-bed rr tr.
w t tk t t t
t r rgr tt t
t rjt rt vt vt
w et t erdte rr perty d
epyet. Fr bed rr tr t t
be ted t rry pty ee. i Ker1,
eery e bt f t et e r tw
tr prjet. Ker e-d tre edet
er rr fe. Te eret d prte
fr-bed rr tr t ere tbe
rr vt v g.
(The author is Asst. Professor, Post Graduate
Department of Commerce, Government Arts
cllg, thiuvnnhpu, Kl, -il:
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strtee t e tr tret
f rwt rr r rg rt
text. Tey re, t ert, bt eb
rr prder t rede ree rtre,
gg rt tt r
v t r g rkt,
r tr rt (r r gt).
Regeneraon in the face of agriculturaldecline
i Erpe, tr bee dered
tyt fr regeneration f rr re,
RuRal TouRisma global viEw
T.Prakash & Dr.M.Perumal
prtry were trdt rr dtre
r (w s 1998, hggrt,
br bk 1995). st rr tr r
predty et wt Erpe (d
etr er) r nrt ar txt,
f rey det tr d e
retrtr. Fr fte d frtrtre( trrt) r , t t
trtey t dpt te fr tr prpe,
rket te rr ttrt, d drw et,
prtry det tr, fr te te. Tere
edee tt Erpe rr tr de
There is evidence that in Europe rural tourism has made important contribuons to rural incomes both
at the level of the individual farmer and more widely in the local community .
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prtt trbt t rr e bt t
te ee f te dd frer d re wdey
t t (eTb 1991). w t
eery bttt fr rtr e,
t deered ppeetry e d ter-
etr ke. T ppr t rr tr reeed prrty ttet Eter Erpe
e te f f te r rt d te pe
f . Te eed fr rr reeert
bee ee. i te ery 1990 tre
Eter Erpe eeded t repd qky t
prey kw rte: ee
f dtr re, f set-tred
rket, brek dw f te -pette d
er-tffed rtr etr d eqety
epyet, pre ft d
d tdrd. h epyet
de t prtt f ree rtr -
perte, ped wt ew
freed t e t rb
etre eerey deppted
rr re. at te e te
te ee f det tre
w ery reded de t
f trt, trt fr
te tde wrd, d f
f bde fr pre
fr f tr.
iterre tre, w
frer Eter B tre
depeded ey, w reded
t .
at t , trt wtr vtr
rv tr r
r r. T r 1990 r
rtered by re-e, rt-ty tr,
r Gr, t rr -
tre te cze Repb. at,
t vrg r r
, prg, rr tr
ee e Eter Erpe eery re
rr t wtr er ( tr v
r, -tr rtr).
Rr r t et t r
g rt t t wt rrt
deeped d prted. Frterre, rr re
r r rgr t
perte rket ey.
Rural diversicaon of under-developedareas
i deep tre, te e f
py-ker fe re diversicaon
t rgr t rr . i t
text, te prbe t te trtr
grtr, t t
rtr ed, d te er fr ew
re f rwt d e pprtty.
sder fr f rw trt.
i t text, tr prted
vt, tr t
rtre. at bd
xg t r
, t t r
tg xg
frtrtre t ew prpe.
new et d frtrtre
re rby eeded. Tr
e f br te
tt f edeepet (frtrtre,
, rv)
t der-deeped re.
Tere re f re e rr
re tt e redy bee
trr t , vvg
rg rt t r: .g.
afr, te m-mr Key, te nrr
crter Tz, te ok Det Btw
Krgr n prk st ar r -
kw expe.
(The First author is Ph.D Research Scholar
and the Second author is Associate Professor,
PG& Research Department of Economics,
Uuu dhnlkshi cllgtihy-19, -il :
tourism is promoted as
a new activity, which
is supplementary to
agriculture. Although
building on existing
assets where possible,
i is no a maer ofsimply switching existing
infrasrucure o a new
purpose.
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Kurukshetra May 20121313
Te ee f rr tr w trted
2002-03 wt te bjete f t
rr fe, rt, tre d erte t
rr vg v r
t rt, r, , tx
tr vrt. T t t t t
ty ey d y we
t tr t trt
r t rg xr. T
r vg tr tr
grg rv r rr trg
trt t, w y tp exd fr rr t
rb re.
arg t wr Tr orgz.
Te ept f tbe tr deepet
ENlaRgiNg ThE PoTENTial oF RuRal
TouRism iN iNDia
Barna Maulick
tt w eet te eed f preet trt
d t rg rtg g
rt r t tr. it vg
ed t te eet f rere
tt , t
tg tr tgrt,
r g r, g vrt rg t.
at tr trted ree e
r t , t rr tr
vr gv rrt. wr tr rk
t gt rv grg tr xt
t tr. s, t tr t rt
t rt te f trt tt te
prpe f t d be dertd d yed.
Rural tourism can be harnessed as a strategy for rural development. The development of a
sng pl un h np ul uis is inily usul uny lik Ini
where almost 74 percent of the population resides in its 7 million villages.
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Kurukshetra May 20121414
T rg trt rrv (fTa) i
reed fr 4.43 2006 t 5.78
2010. Tr te t py prtt
re fre exe erer fr te try.
i 2010, rg xg rg (fee) r t
tr r us $ 14.19 r t
us $ 11.39 2009, rgtrg grt
24.6 peret.
Table 1: Foreign Tourist Arrival (FTA) in India
(1981, 1991, 2001-2010)
Year FTAs in India (in lakh)
1981 12.79 (2.0)
1991 16.78 (-1.7)
2001 25.37(-4.2)
2002 23.84(-6.0)
2003 27.26(14.3)
2004 34.57(26.8)
2005 39.19(13.3)
2006 44.47(13.5)
2007 50.82(14.3)
2008 52.83(4.0)
2009 51.68(-2.2)
2010 57.76(11.8)
nte: Fre te pretee dete perete f
rwt
i te t dede tere bee rerkbe
ree te rr f fre trt.
Terefre, rr tr ret ptet
d er reee er ftre. Te
e qty f re de t w rere
t prde r e, w prde
ee f pt d t te
re fr te. Te e qty f
re deepet te bty f te re
t t t tr rere ptet d
qte f eret dr perd f
te. T, tr deped p , t
t repd t te eed f te trt, eed
f te te, be -e
d try we ped d erety
d. T b tr detty f tee pepe
d t be derey ffeted. s te rr
tr t:
l ipre te qty f fe f te rr
pepe
l Prde d experee t te trt
l mt te qty f eret tt
eet fr bt trt d te
ty
Infrastructural Development is needed for
Rural Tourism: Rr tr be reed
trtey fr rr deepet. Te deepet
f tr ptfr rd te ept f rr
tr deftey ef fr try ke
id were t 74 peret f te ppt
rede t 7 e. Te tred f
dtrzt d deepet e d
rb etr ppr r te wrd. a
wt t, te tree f rb fe tye e edt ter rbzt ydre. T ed t
rw teret rr re. o te ter d,
te rw tred f rbzt ed t f
Table 2: Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) from Tourism in India
Year FEE in Rs. crore FEE in US$ Million
2001 15083(-3.5) 3198(-7.6)
2002 15064(-0.1) 3103(-3.0)
2003 20729(37.6) 4463(43.8)
2004 27944(34.8) 6170(38.2)
2005 33123(18.5) 7493(21.4)
2006 39025(17.8) 8634(15.2)
2007 44360(13.7) 10729(24.3)
2008 51294(15.6) 11832(10.3)
2009 54960(7.1) 11394(-3.7)
2010 64889(18.1) 14193(24.6)
nte: Fre pretee repreet perete e er te pre yer
sre: id Trt sttt
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f e ee, eer jb pprtte ed
t deert f e. Rr tr d be
t t. ag t t, rg v
wree, rw teret erte d tre
d pred ebty d eret
e re te prte f
rr tr. i te deeped tre, t
rt t tr vg vg
g t xr v rx t
fe tye.
Terefre, t prte e tr
prry tr prdt d t pred tr
- t t rr
erp re, key erp re wd
r vt rr tr.
T t trg
vrg t trt
tr. art r t, t wd be t tp te rere be der
rt mtr Rr dvt,
stte geret d ter mtre/
Deprtet f te geret f id.
Challenges in rural tourism
Te jr ee re eed t preere
te eret d tr rere, te eed
r , rr rtg r t
trt d pepe, d te eed t eerte
r vt t
v t rt tr vt.
a t t trg,
r r, rvt t t
dpe d te b frtrtre, t ree
t vgr qt rg t
vrt. T rv t rr
tr v r rgg
v t rr r. l
tr tr t gv t tr
ter w ety, f tey e eq tke
d trty eet d deepet.
Along with these challenges, there are
Legislaon Problems- Tr prt f
trtt t, t g
ee re py txe t te
eret. Bt rr tr rr pepe
w be ed, tere d be pr f
tx dy.
Lack of Trained Manpower- Pepe tred
te eet wd t ke t t te rr
re t w e t deped rr pepe w
re reqred t be tred t ter t te eed
t trt. T rt rt t trt,
weter t tre tr, et tr r
r tr, eerye expet qty ere
t rgt . Gvrt trt rt tr
ty re t deep te pwer t rry
t t.
Insucient Financial Support- geret
jt trt rg rr tr. ctr
stte eret d ere rr tr
rvg rt t trt t rjt. it
w rete epyet rr re d w
r r t rr. it
rvg t gr r rr
r t r r. st rt
rqr r vt k
rr, rt r rg,
bd f py frtrtre, d d e
eet.
Lack of Local Involvement - se te rr
pepe k kwede d k, tey y et te
jb f ked wrker. Te b ept bed
rr tr t z r
rr . bt r r
ed ed de k, p d
g . mt t rr t e kwede f tr, d re ed
by tde etr w pe t tke t f te
t r rr r. cqt,
pepe bee fed bt wt kd f
tr tey wt t etb ter w re.
Illiterate Populaon- vt jrty f te rr
r t trt t
r t tr v t.
Tr tr, rg, r v trg
tr t vr. T
t r k t k ttr tr j tr t r rrv
r t d re t tereted t tke p rk. Bt
r gz v t rr
t t grt , t
py prtt re te
det f te rr er. Tr tee
tey t expre t dfferet prdt d
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Kurukshetra May 20121616
ere. Tey re exped t dfferet tey
prdedtr eret r -eret
tte. Fr deepet f rr tr rr
pepe eed tdertd te rbte.
Lack of Communication Skills- le
d edt te b dre t. Te bty t te
effetey ery eet. m f e w
deped yr bty t e wr wee t
trt. after ee tr te r bd
f trt eerte e teret t kw re
d f tere e t wer te qet,
t w rete ete pt. ver w e
t dertd te trt wt d eed. Tere
d t be y t p betwee
te et d te t.
Lack of Proper Physical Infrastructures-nery f f te e te try d t
e weter rd. Jt ett t e f
tee e ery dfft tk. i rtet
tte, ke a dpe ery betf,
bt de t ey rf t ebe fr
deep tr epey dr ry e.
Fr deep tr rr re , t y
-weter rd bt fe drk wter,
eetrty, teepe, fety d erty, et. re
eeded.
Lack of Basic Educaion-Te rr tery
69 peret per te ce reprt 2011 we t
w 59peret 2001 d 44 peret 1991
rr id. cty, tr x dede te
rr tery rte id bew te ere.
ard t 2011 e, we te rb tery
rte 84.97 peret d tt tery rte
74.04 peret, te rr tery rte t bew
te ere. Terefre, k f b edt
rr re jr dre rr tr.
Language Hindrance- Tere re 16 rezed
e d 850 det id. at
hd ff e, bt y prtf id pepe d t dertd t. Eter te
rr pepe e t prde teee t
te wt te trt r tey w t et
beeft fr te rr tr. a wt
t, er w e t dertd hd t
tert wt te id ter d E t
te wt te fre ter.
Business Planning Skills-Fr y be,
te kwede d k reqred t rze
t t. wt t ep f eret r
-gvrt rgz,
rr. bt, t vgr rt
vg g t rjt rrtr, tr t t gv t
t t rr . avrt
r vr rtt r rg
r rg t tr. it
be prted tr prt ed, brre,
r t.
trained touris Guide-Te depy ery
rtt r rg trt. T g
d e tr kwede bt te pe
d e r e d be t eerte teret
te d f trt t t te te. Te de t , v , rr t e
kwede bt te pe. Tede d be
tgt t rt t trt
v g k g
rrt g t. drtt Tr
eet d tr te de d te prde te
ee.
i - tr t
vrt trt r . i
r, re d tr pt reted
v rttr t, t t
f et. Te t bee tt
er id t t e d id t
r q xr t rjvt. Tr
e f te et reee er etr f id
d rr tr w bee eeted fr
vt t t. Rr i r
tr rt, r tr g t t
r vrt. Trr, t rr
tr t t rg t rg
trt. Rr tr rjt i
v 310 trt t.
(The author is Research Scholar, Patna
Univsiy, n rsh assi in cn
Economic Policy and Public Finance (a research
wing of the Department of Finance, Government
of Bihar), Asian Development rsh Insiu,
Patna, e-mail : [email protected] )
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Tr eered e f te wrd
ret ere dtre wt zbe
t. wt t rg
-r, v tg
deet, derp e d te de-
rg r tr, t trv tr
t trg t rv (Gdp)
Gr d prt r j r
te wrd ey. T ed t te preet
tr rt tr trrt,
tr rt t. T wTTc (wr Trv
Tr c) t tt t trv
tr etr w t fr 9.9% f b gDP
(wr e r, 2008). i , r
tr t r rgt r, grg
231 jb, r ery e t f eery 12 jb
g (wTTc, 2009). T b tr dtry
TouRism : aN ENgiNE To EcoNomic gRowTh iN ThE
RuRal EcoNomy oF himachal PRaDEsh
eer prtt drer f rwt d
rrt, t gr, r
e d preet be f pyet.
Tourism and rural economy ofHimachal Pradesh
Te ey f te tte f h Prde
grtr, rtr, rt
r. T gr-rtr r
dtre, w bed dtre, ertre d
erb bed dtre re te dtre f te
tte f h Prde. Te er reere
t t v t tt t r r
tr kg
ee te ee dery w wdey
ted wt tbe tr deepet
gr tr rr. T
Dr. Jai Singh Parmar
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redet py t re tr deepet
bee tey e derbe dret experee f
t t tr tr rv r
t r r t t tr
r. fr t t r wr Tr
orgz (wTo) rgz t rtf rr tr. Rr tr pre epey
tdr prt tr, r tr, etr,
detre tr, tr tr et. Tr
tr rr vt trtg rv
rt r trrr t
d d te ter y deeped e
tr be e ty t ter deepet
trtee ftr.
Rr re re rw te trt
eter te tte f h Prde bee
tey e expereed dee trdt
dtre er te t few dede. T derfy
ter ee, rr ee e be t
dpt ew e trtee tt bd ter
tr d tr rere. hee, tr
bee dered ee f edeepet d prted effete re
f e d epyet rr re f te
tte f h Prde. Tee rr re
te tte e ret ptet t ttrt trt
w re er f tet tr d tr
rere. Te prt f tr bee
pr f te ey f te tte f h
Prde fr y yer. Te ere tr
e w ree er te yer. Te
rwt f bd tr h Prde
Table-1 District-wise tourist inflow in Himachal Pradesh (2008-2010)Year
2008 2009 2010
Disric Indian Foreigner Total Indian Foreigner Total Indian Foreigner Total
Bilaspur 683761
(7.30)
190
(0.05)
683951 886495
(8.03)
170
(0.04)
886665 962061
(7.50)
86
(0.02)
922147
Chamba 644309
(6.87)
3953
(1.05)
648262 686136
(6.22)
3353
(0.84)
689489 786163
(6.12)
3253
(0.72)
789416
Hamirpur 279745
(2.98)
53
(0.01)
279798 432433
(3.92)
34
(0.01)
432467 554970
(4.33)
12
(0.003)
554982
Kangra 1275155
(13.61)
70819
(18.80)
1345964 1403963
(12.72)
75549
(18.86)
1479512 1631232
(12.73)
91709
(20.22)
1722941
Kinnaur 147754
(1.58)
20773
(5.51)
168527 271287
(2.46)
13811
(3.45)
285098 384963
(3.00)
18742
(4.13)
403705
Kullu 2001674
(21.36)
112910
(29.97)
2114584 2224649
(20.16)
119514
(29.84)
2344163 2395990
(18.70)
133707
(29.48)
2529697
Lahaul Spiti 172931
(1.85)
41398
(10.99)
214329 251415
(2.28)
65101
(16.25)
316516 362660
(2.83)
59125
(13.03)
421785
Mandi 603086
(6.43)
9154
(2.43)
612248 869904
(7.88)
8070
(2.01)
877974 1006418
(7.86)
10485
(2.31)
1016903
Shimla 2061539
(21.99)
112917
(29.97)
2174456 2175314
(19.71)
108981
(27.21)
2284295 2485564
(19.40)
127737
(28.16)
2613301
Sirmaur 575798
(6.14)
1785
(0.47)
577583 653668
(5.92)
2090
(0.52)
655758 748599
(5.84)
2712
(0.60)
787311
Solan 480125
(5.12)
2693
(0.71)
482818 586388
(5.31)
3811
(0.95)
590199 673932
(5.26)
5780
(1.27)
679712
Una 446820
(4.77)
91
(0.02)
446911 594920
(5.39)
99
(0.03)
595019 819461
(6.40)
268
(0.06)
819729
Total 9372697
(100.00)
376736
(100.00)
9744 433 1103657 2
(100.00)
400583
(100.00)
11437155 12811986
(100.00)
453616
(100.00)
13265602
Source: Directorate of Tourism and Civil Aviaon, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
(Figures in parentheses denotes percentages to the column totals)
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detrted ted rwt tert
trt rr betwee 2000-2011. hweer,
te tr dt ree ret ftt
te ber f tert rr, w re
ete t tert eet. hee, te
py ker d dertd te tty f
ere trt rr d fd wy d e
t tbze te ey d ety ddt t
pr te deepet f te dtry.
Trend of tourist inow
Fr te t few yer, h Prde
rgg vrt r t trt
t rgr. T r
tr re re er te yer d te tte
eret wrk er te 20 Year Tourism
Master Plant rt r r trt. wt
te rwt rte f er 13% trt rr, te
tr dtry eer jr trbtr
t t gr tt rt (Gsdp) r t
yer t e. Ery 1.50 rre trt ted te
tte dr 2011, t 1.32 rre 2010 wt
ree f 13.74%.
The new policy iniave and aconarea
Te rw tr dtry eer
ee t e rwt te rr
re f h Prde. i rder t derfy
tr tte wt ew t prt rr
tr, te eret f h Prde
ed ew tte Har Gaon Ki Kahanit
expt te tr ptet f te e w
e r tr fe. i tee eeted
e te f d be te prt f
tre d ptty by prd b
ete d ter reqte frtrtre tt
te e be beefted wt epyet
d ddt e. Te tr deprtet
eed t k tee e wt dett
tt te trt kee t e peep t te
rr fetye t tee pe. i rder t k
tee e t te ppr trt dett
te eret eed t rete frtrtre ke
ptwy, retrt f tr wter re
d ter deepet wrk tee eeted
e. Frter, rder t e ew de
t rr tr, te eret d wrk t
effete p fr er d preer te
tr erte. Te et ry f tepe,e, erte d tr bd d
pe eed t be retred.
crg t t tr
te tte, te eret eed t deep
t trtg t xt xt
re er were te ty
Table-2 Tourist Arrival in Himachal Pradesh(2000-2011) (in lacs)
yr
Domesic Percenage
increase/
decrease
Foreigner Percenage
increase/
decrease
Total Percenage
increase/
decrease
2000 45.7 1.11 46.81
2001 51.11 11.84 1.33 19.82 52.44 12.03
2002 49.6 -2.95 1.44 8.27 51.04 -02.67
2003 55.44 11.77 1.68 0.17 57.12 11.91
2004 63.45 14.45 2.04 21.43 65.49 14.65
2005 69.28 8.42 2.08 1.96 71.36 08.96
2006 76.72 10.74 2.82 0.36 79.54 11.46
2007 84.82 10.55 3.39 20.21 88.21 10.90
2008 93.72 10.49 3.77 11.21 97.49 10.52
2009 110.37 17.77 4.01 6.37 114.38 17.32
2010 128.12 16.08 4.54 13.22 132.66 15.98
2011 146.04 13.98 4.84 6.60 150.89 13.74
Source: Directorate of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
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vv t re t te pepe f te
re. Te pb eet tr retedvt v r tt t
ty d te er rezed te
rt t r tr rt
v.
Te fret ret e, ty w re ted
te rr d terr re d be deeped
rr tt -tr v
v trt. T t t
et e d be prded wt te reqte
k t ere te ptty etr d t e
prfey tee ret e.
aqt trg
eet eed t be treteed r
trt . mr tr r
tr t rgz t
t jv t tr t gt g
trt trvg r t vt rt .
T tr r tr rv
beere, fd te d k t te retrt
t rebe pre t te trt.
[Dr. J.S. Parmar is Associate Professor,
Himachal Pradesh University Business School,
Summer Hill,SHIMLA-]
Table-3 Occupancy rate in hotels of Himachal Pradesh (2000-2010)
Year No. of Hotels/
Gues Houses
Percenage
increase/
decrease
Bed capacity Percenage
increase/
decrease
2000 1434 31296
2001 1504 4.88% 32302 3.21%
2002 1562 3.86% 32947 1.99%
2003 1643 5.19% 36389 10.45%
2004 1710 4.08% 37948 4.28%
2005 1768 3.39% 39214 3.34%
2006 1852 4.75% 41511 5.86%
2007 1899 2.54% 45345 9.24%
2008 1992 4.90% 48233 6.37%
2009 2139 7.38% 51928 7.66%
2010 2150 0.51% 56023 7.89%
Source: Directorate of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Government of Himachal Pradesh
FORTHCOMING
ISSUES
Eret d Rr ie - Je 2012
Rr Derpy - Jy 2012
Rr het - at 2012
Rr Edt - septeber 2012
Rr irtrtr (s i)- otr 2012
F nrt-Et - neber 2012
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Kurukshetra May 20122121
i
ndias tourism industry is experiencing a strong
period of growth in high spending foreign
tourists, and coordinated government campaignsto promote Incredible India. Tr tered
trt r t gr, vrt
v t vt.
pr agr-Tr t
eree wt Rr Tr, E-Tr, het
Tr, adetre Tr d ry detre.
agRi TouRism:
aN iNNoVaTiVE iNcomE gENERaTioN aVENuE
N B Ubale and H V Borate
a v t rv
vg r t v vtr t tt
. agrtr t t vg rkg r r grtr, rtr, r
gr r r t r jt,
, r v vvt t v
t r r r. i gr agr Tr te
r rg vtr t r rr
fr rtr prpe.
agi uis giulul uis, is n lniv ipving h ins n pnil
economic viability of small farms and rural communities. India is an agriculture country and most
of its people live in villages.
Present concept of travel and tourism is limited to urban and rich class which constitutes only a
small portion of the population. However, the concept of Agri tourism takes travel and tourism to
the larger population, widening the scope of tourism due to its cost effectiveness.
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it d be derbed - Rural/Agricultural
Environments + Farm Commodies + Tourism
Services = Agri tourism
ar tr r rtr tr e
trv r rvg t t
e bty f fr d rr
. i grtr tr t
t v vg. a vg
t t t t vg
frer wrk. se e re b, we ter
r rv r. T r gr t
r t v rt k . a
re ery te r, we te t te weet
g r. w j t t t rg
t t rz t grr
rd, re te r pere tt bd
te tryde. Te er e ety, peef
fe. Etbet f ar tr t w prte
ed erty tr pr te derty
d erty f rere, k d tee
tt r v t grtr . it
ep t ee e, epyet d e
tt rr i. it
g rg v, rv
rv rr rr t rt r
trt t ter re t prde pprtty fr
r t gt k t t rt. T rg
d w te tre f te artre d
Rr rt tt i
t grtrt (frr) r t -rv
rt t t tr
t fy d trde t ept f ar
tr t t ur cz , e
Rr, etrtt rt.
Present status in India:
ar tr dered te ftet
rw etr te tr dtry. Te ept bee efy peeted tte ke
mrtr, Ker, Rjt, Jrkd, gjrt
d h Prde. it bee ew ee
fr er te e fr te rr frer.
i mrtr, rr re e fred
rgz ed mrtr stte ar
Rr Tr (maRT). Tr r t 150
ar tr eter te tte wrk wtt
t t gvrt .
i Ker, te eret pyed key re
g t rr t tr. Rjt
t rrr vtr t rt t rgtr. i h Prde, te tte eret
vg rg t rr t rt
rqr rr r r tr r.
Features of Agri tourism:
Te etbet f ar tr t te
ert f id .e. rr pe w e pt
t - v
tt t rr. it rv rt
fr-
. crv t vrt
. crv rt r
. Gr rv
d. Br e derty
. R g
f. ipre dertd f frer d
ter fe
g. ut tr
. ipr -e tt f frer
. mk v tr
j. Prte deepet
k. iree eret wree
. Prde tr wt per experee f
tre d tre
Scope of Agri tourism:Aecon with rural life style
T r vg rt vg
wy rty t er bt re f fd,
t, , r tr k , r,gg, tr, tr, r rr
fetye. ar tr w ree rd frer,
e d rtre t t t t
rt t gt .
Ls xpns pph
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T t , , rr
d tre et ar tr. T wde te
trt be. Preet ept f tre d tr
t t r r tt
r t . hvr, t
ept f ar tr tke tre d tr tt rgr , g t tr
t t t v.
Bning wih h ing ulu
c r grg t t t vg.
Vgr r grg t r j
t eek te frt f der fe. ay pprtty
t vt vg t r
rt. bt, t r
wy prbe. ar-Tr ep t ere
t prbe.
Components of Agri tourism
see bee, d er. T
experee bed ept te ere f ar
tr. artr eret rd frer
t r r r rt
rty rb fe. ar tr
kwede tee tbe wy f tr
w be te pere f tr
wt er experee f re f rtrpet. ar tr de pepe
py t t r ty te fr t experee te rr
r t rt rg v.
Pe f rtr prte ke et
rp yed fr, et yed fr,
rg t, r r v tr
r t t trt. agrtr rt k
fr te fre rket, preed fd, r fd
d re te rb trt. a ret f t r-
tpere te e, tere pe t deepar tr re ke r-pp, ry tr,
pk d w yr tree/pt, bderty prk,
r de f wtered deepet, de
-tr rv, r tr rvg,
rery eet (ret,ed, frt
r, vgt r), gr, rt rg
t, ptry t, ptre t, ertre
t, bed d brekft, pk d py, bk rt
rg, rg, g, g, r k,
rr g t (rv) tr.
For beer enjoyment, group of members canspend some me on the farm while lodging and
camping prr fr pe prpe d be
rred der te e tee fw-
yt
fr v (r t, g ,
kg rt/vgt)
Dy trp/p
wg, r,
special events and fesvals
m v
h r
c r
hrvt v
Rr fv/Jatra
Daily acvies in the agriculture farm:
1. a Feed
2. gded crp /veetbe / Frt fr td tr
3. wtg h t r
r
4. u-pk or
5. hrvt v
6. mk te cw
8. agrtr rgr: t gr
ere, frt, eetbe et.
o the farm visits :
l Frer rket t t pe
l T mk c tr
l Rdde prde td
l Re Tepe vt et.
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Free facilies:
Rural Games, Bicycle Rides, Bullock Cart Ride,
Tractor Ride, Farm Tours, Bird watching and jungle
terk, Local Site Seeing, Evening Entertainment
programs like rr k , , r & t
g.
Agro tourism Resources:
1) Natural resources
l w
l wtr
l Vgt
l Fr d f
l cte
l ldpe
2) Built cultural resources
l idtr erte
l aet et
l Re bd
3) Agro tourism event resources
l sprt
l htr
l ctr
Customer or visitors sasfacon depends on:
1. lte, dertd d repd t
cter
2. prvg srr qt .3. Reqre r, fredy pepe t deer t.
4. arrt .
5. w xt rr r, v
r r rqr
6. cr r vrt
7. T dertd et eed, ter ter
p d et, t prtty,
t gt t rv
prded.
Benets for Communies
fr t rv, agr tr
be ee fr-
l Grg rv r
bee d ere fr trt;
l ugrg/rvtzg t r
redet d tr;
l irg rt rr
d tr eret fr trt d
redet;
l hg rrv rvtz tr,
rt r;
l
prg tr-rg, tr-tr rtg;
l ire wree f rtr e d
e te pb;
l prg t -gg grtr
prdt d ere;
l hep t derfy d trete te rr
v j r;
l prvg r rg
vrt r rg tr
d dtre.
Benets -For touris
sfe d pet tre
Free fr fer d tre
Tr r tr
ctetet
R d pete fee
wrt g
For Locals
ctr exe
Epweret awree
cty Bd
Impact of Agro tourism:
E pt:
ie fr etre fee d dret pyet
fr e rt.
ie fr ted e dded ere.
Deepet f reted e etr
e.. stbe rtre d fretry.
iree d e.
iree fre exe were tr
t rg .
s ipt:
Tr d k deepet fr pr f
e ere.
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e- rr /vrt
.
htr- / vg tr, r
r tr rtr.
ipred frtrtre
/trrt.
ireed ptbd
rgz gr t.
Eret pt:
prt rv
eret.
irv rr gt r.
ir -tkr t rv t
dpe ee.
crv bvrt.
Conclusion
agr tr v t
teqe t edte er bt
rtre. ar tr we te
derty d qee f rtre,
tereby re te bty d te ppe f
gr rt. h t rt
t tr t t rr . pr
f ar tr reqre ept eree
ke ter tr e.. rr tr, e tr,
vtr tr r r grt.
(N B Ubale is Research Scholar, Department of
fuis n oh mngn, Bihn chn
Kishi Viswviyly, mhnpu, dis-Ni,
Ws Bngl n H V Borate is Assistant Professor,
Department of Agriculture Extension, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-
rngii, mhsh, e-mail: ubalenb@
redimail.com)
S U B S C R I P T I O N C O U P O N(For Ne Membersip/Reneal/Cange in Address
I want to subscribe to_________________________________________(Journals name & language) or
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id t brete e d t
bee b we te ft tke t
dert tt re t 700
f t ppt rede bt 636 td
e f t try; bt ee fter xty yer
f depedee, rr id rtered byeere perty, tery, k f et ere,
k f epyet pprtte d er
bkwrde. Rr re re fte rerded
frt-pr d frt pr
wy bee etr pet f rr
icT: a caTalyTic iNTERVENTioN FoR
EmPowERiNg RuRal iNDia
Anupam Hazra
deepet tte. Keep ew tee
predt fetre f rr id ifrt
ct Tg (icT) r
t reptt t be te key t frt-fw
fr tefy te deepet effrt rr
id d be dered pertetrtey fr e te f tbe rr
deepet. T epwer te rr te
wt tbe ppr, icT bee e f
te t effete tret d te fw
tbe prde better t t t ft.
th pw knwlg vlpn n b gly nhn by Icts i hy hnss
improve access and break down barriers to knowledge because while educaon develops cognive
skills, informaon gives content to knowledge
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i i, r 70% t tt v
te rr re, tey e te rt t qre
r; t t t t xt
tt pepe t r rt ee, rr re, t v tr , t
rt v t r r
tr
t itrt. Rr r t v
tr g r t
t rr r g r t
ICT and Sustainable Rural Growth
Strengthening Rural Governance: itrdt f icT rr id expeted t br e te we
pre f rr ere by pr trprey, tbty d dtrte effey f rr
ttt, prt prtpt f te pr de-k pree d pr te effey
d repee f rr ere deery. it ftte peedy, trpret, tbe, effet d
effete tert betwee rr tze - t t y prte better dtrt bt e ted trt t f eret pert. at te e te, icT pre tert wt d wt
ety d ere ety prtpt te rr er pre.
Encouraging social transformation: ae t frt f fdet prte t y deepet
pre. Te reet deepet f icT rety ftt te fw f frt d kwede, beyd
te brder f d e tt. i t text, icT re w wdey rezed rt t t
tke deepet e deep tre w ttey ed t trfrt.
Ensuring A Better Quality of Life:appt f icT te ptet t pre tdrd f pepe
rete d rr re by prd prtt er, d edt beeft. By expd
te e f eret ere icT trete te ed pprtte fr rr id. icT ere
better qty f fe fr te rr pr wt pred e t rket, et, d edt w
pe rr id twrd e deepet, jb-ret d perty-et.
Strengthening the Information-base of rural communities:icT tte y be deed t prde pprt
t ere we t ret t te qere eerted by eed f te rr te. a
rr pr re fte wre f ter rt, etteet d te bty f r eret ee
d exte ere, icT pre ter e t te frt tey eed. it te ptet
t ere pred pr f rt-ter frt reqred by te rr pr fr effete ed
trtee.
Intensifying Effort towards implementation of the rural development initiatives: Fr er effete
peett f te rr deepet prre-icT py r re tr ded-dre
frt d t ere. it te ptet t ree te beeft d rede te
pprtty t f pepe prtpt te pre f rr deepet. Te ptet f icT
t prte rr deepet e ddre te frt p d bke by trete te
de-k pty f te rr pr we te rere ttt f eery rr ty.
Enhancing peoples participation in nation-building process: Te prte f t bzpepe d eek ter w prtpt te deepet pre f try we rezed. i
id, t er bt re pepe, t wt te d eqpp te wt ew k e
bee epzed er d ee fe yer p w prde te be prt f te try
ped deepet. i deep try ke idicT rerded e f te key eeet
derz rtre, prd ety, terte d tred wrker fr dtry d fr br bt
effete prtpt t bd tty. a tee teter trbte eey fr k rr
deepet re ty.
rr re t py ker, bt t w reed
tt t t v rg v
ddre te eed f te rr pr. Te
xt grtr r rr vvg r trg g. it
g r , r rtr r
-rv, vvg trvt, g
t- r xg. Tr
t q r
g t rr r t rqt r
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t tr rr v .
c t rg rg t
r t icT t rt
t g. o t tr , t
rv tt t rqr r
rgt rrt t t rt tgrtdeepet, ke rr deepet d icT
bee e f te jr pet d dr fre
fr rr deepet.
Te pwer f kwede fr deepet
be rety eed by icT f tey re reed t
pre e d brek dw brrer t kwede
v gv k,
r gv tt t kg. i t
t icT tgr t rg t t
v kg t tg tvrepreet t fr e deepet d t
erey te rewrd f t. icT be dered
fdet eeet f y rr deepet
vt t r t g, vr
t r t
w eety rtee epweret f rr
trg rg t g
d ed by:
- rg t tr xg
r r tt g tt xt t xg
r r rr
- g t r rqrt
rr tt v
xr t tv
- rg t t t
r t tr r-
vg rt t tr vt
r
- gg t r
rg t rrt
k fr fter deepet tt
r-
- expd ty pt tr
t
r rr
- xtg tg xg
deepet prre tt rry
gt t r t
t r r
gt tt r
icT
- rg tr t
q t kg t
reqre rder t expt te pwer f icT
- ebedd ty bed icT ere
t xg , gvr
trtre
s, t rv t
t rt rt v rr
t y t te ee f reee d
prte te text f rr deepet bt t vt rg t rr
i t rt t vt r.
T, te rret text f tbe rr
vt, icT rgz t
trv rt trrg t v
ed f rr id.
Te deepet f ety rey deped
t t r r rr i
- icT grt tt t r
kg rg t -rg
r t rt rt
t tr tt. o t tr
d, t brek te re f rr perty
d t brde te dt dde d epwer te
rr - icT-trv rv t
v t r t-g
rr r rkg t rrr. s, t
eret, tey dtry d ety d
wrk teter t depy icT t eerte e
d deepet rr re. hee t y
be ded tt terted frewrk fr icT
trv rr r q v
te wy twrd tbe rr rwt.
(The author is Assistant Professor, Department
of Social Work at Assam (Central) University,
Silchar 788 011, Assam, e-mail: anupam688@
yahoo.co.in)
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mder wrd ft trw
wy ety. Te rede, re-e,
re-ye re ere
retr wrd tt eerte pprxtey450 t t . wt t
eer er re qtty f te wte
be prded bt te fr f d d
qd wte, te ept f wte eet
bee e f te key f f tbe
deepet prpe w bed pe
d prte. Te qtte f d wte re
re d f te wte re dped
RuRal soliD wasTE maNagEmENT:
issuEs aND acTioN
Pravash Chandra Moharana
tred er tee y e dere
pt pb et d eret. hee
tee wte eed t be ed effety
t ferd pb et d eret.i rder t pre te qty f fe f te rr
ppt, eret tt eed t
be pred. Te te w e t e
wrd, t rer te beeft f ter pet
f eret ee, d e te preet
et t ee prtt ete
stt P dre t t wte
eet eery e.
on h bsis p puin lvls i is si h n j ps (i, wh,
sorghum, pearl millet, barley, finger millet, sugarcane, potato tubers and pluses) of India
generate about 312.5 Mt of crop residues that have nutrient potential of about 6.46 Mt of
pln nu in
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Solid waste generaon in Rural areas of
India
i id epey te rr re, wte
eere tret t te pb et er
d ee. T, te fr f wte(t q) grt rr r
predty r d bderdbe yet
t bee jr prbe t te er
tbty f te e be. it
etted tt rr pepe id re eert
t (rg/r) 0.3 t 0.4
etr t per dy repetey. o te b f
rp prdt ee t etted tt te
jr rp (re, wet, r, per et,
brey, fer et, re, ptt tber d
) i grt t 312.5 mt r
rede tt e tret ptet f bt
6.46 mt f pt tret. id prde rd
33 te f frt d 50 te
f eetbe y. it etted tt ry
10 t 15% f tt prde be eter
rede r b-derdbe wte fr rey
rtre. Te tt d prdt etted
t be 450 mt d te d be u
Terrtre. Reety, te wte tt re t rtte
ey, btte, , pt d pytee
re re rdy rr re w rete
b prbe t e te.
Impact on Rural Health
l iet/qt breed tt wter
p wte te d d
wterwy bked r trted wt wte
ret te pred f dee
l Tere re ft et rk de t
te extee f er, et, fe d
e prtry t wrker
d ebr redet.
l ne ed t te ebrd de
t dr d fe
l Pt f rer d tre wt
eqet tt f ptbe wter
ppy dwtre.
Objectives of Waste Management in Rural Areas
l
T prtet et d pre qtyf fe pepe rr re
l T rede eret pt d ke
rr re e
l T prte rey d ree f d
wte
l T ert b wte t r re
w tret re f rtr d
rttr rp
l T eerte epyet fr rr pr
by ffer ew pprtte wte
eet by dpt t effete d
erety d d wte tretet
tee
Types of Solid Waste
sd wte be defed te
r d r wte ter prded
by ed, rtr fr tt e
e e t te wer. sd wte rr
re eery de-e weep, kte
wte, rde wte, tte d d wte fr
tte ed, rtr wte, brke ,
et, wte pper, pt, t, rbber, wte
fr rket d pp re etc.
a per bderdbty, d wte be
fed :
Bigbl: wt tt r t
deped by b pree eter
preee r bee f r re ed
bderdbe e.g. kte wte, d,
rtr wte et.
Nn-bigbl:wt t
deped by b pree ed -
gr t. T r t t: )
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Recyclable: wt vg v t
deted fr dp be reered d reed
wt ter eery e e.g. pt, pper,
t t. ) Non-recyclable: wt
t e e e f reery e.. tetr
pk, rb pper, ter et.
Approaches for Solid Waste
Managemen
Te d wte eet te et,
trprt, pre, rey r dp f
wte ter, y e prded by
tty, effrt t rede ter effet
et r etet r ety. Fr effete
eet f d wte rr re, f
d be eet t ed ee.
Tt w t be ed t ed
ee d be ed t te ty ee.
i eer, te fw ppr d be
fwed:
l seret f d wte t te ed
v (bgr gr)
l Ree f bderdbe wte t te
ed ee t te extet pbe
l hed ee tretet f b derdbe
wte
l cet d trprtt f ereted
wte t te ed ee t pe
detfed t te ty ee ( e
were ed ee tretet t
)
l cty ee tretet r rey/
ree f wte
l a te bderdbe wte d be
pted t te ty ee
l n bderdbe wte y be frter
ereted d d r reyed
l wt t t, r
r reyed y be dped t te df
te fw pprprte predre, (
wte y y be trt wte,
r t).
Composng as Technology opon forTreatment of Biodegradable Waste
cpt e f te pt fr
tretet f r wte. i pt pre
te r tter brek dw der bter
t ret te
frt f
ke ter ed
pt. Te e
f pt re
deped te
qtty d qty
f feed ter
pred t te
pt pt. mre
fr pte better yed t
frer d t
eret fredy.
B derdbe
d wte be
pted eter
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pt pt r erpt pt. vrpt etd w re tbe t rr
re, re derbed bew.
i) Pit method
Te te eeted fr te pt pt d
be er t tte ed d wter re t
ee tt r wter et dr
te e. a teprry ed y
be trted er t t prtet te pt
fr ey rf. Te pt d be bt
1 deep, 1.5-2.0 wde d f y tbe
et. Te ter brt fr te tte ed
pred d e yer pred rry f
d de wt 4.5 k re ert d 4.5 k f
tke fr 15-dy-d pt
t. a t qtt tr (r 90%)
prked er te ter te pt t te wet
t. Te pt fed t wy yer-by-yer d
t d t tke er t 1 week t f. cre
d be tke t d pt te ter y wy. Te ter tred 3 te dr
t r tg () tr 15
r g t t, () tr 15 , () tr
ter 30 dy. at e tr te ter
xed try, teed wt wter d
reped wt te pt.
ii) Heap mehod
Dr ry e r
re wt ey rf te
pt y be prepred ep
be rd. Te ep d be
bt 2 wde t te be, 1.5
d 2 . Te de re
tpered tt te tp bt 0.5
rrwer wdt t te be. a
bd ete bt rd
te pe t prtet t fr wd w
ted t dry te ep. Te ep
y eed wt 20
yer f rbe ter
ee, y-trw, wdt, wd
p d pped r tk. T te ered
wt te 10 f tre ter
fre r, weed r rde pt rede,
rbe, fre r dry re. Te ptter f 20
rbe ter d 10 tre
ter fwed t te pe 1.5 d
tey re ry wetted tt tey fee dp
bt t y. Te pe ete ered
wt r y t ret et d tred t 6
d 12-week-ter. sredd te ter
peed p dept derby. orwte ter be redded by r
vr t vr t t rtr-r. w
ffet tre ter t be
ree re r e rp ke ep
rw te feret ep by w eed
fter te frt tr. Te ree ter te
tred t te ed x. Te pre tke
bt fr t t pete.
iii) Vermicomposting
Vrg t rrg
pt wt te e f ertwr. Depbe
r wte exret, kte wte,
r r rt r r
g tr. i ger, d
ty w d d dred pped rp rede
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re te key rw ter. mxtre f e d
-e rp rede ere te qty
vrt. drt rtr
z. Eisenia foeda (R rtr), Eudrilus
eugeniae (gt rr), Perionyx excavatus et
r vrg. Eisenia foeda (Red
rtr) t rrr t g
rt tr vrt t rg
r t vrt t 45-50 .
Reuse and Recycling of Non-
Biodegradable Solid Waste
a exped erer, effrt d be de
t erete te -bderdbe d wte
t t rt ) r ()
reybe t ed we ty ee.
srt t r eret f pper, pt, t,
et, et y be de t te ty
ee by te we ef ep rp. sereted
wte eed t be pked d tred fe pe.
Te reybe ereted wte e t te
reyer we e qtte te.
i) Recycling of Papers
it pbe t ert wte pper tef reybe prdt. mk pp fr wte
pper d rt. Te pre w bee
refed. vr rte d wpee y
be de te pp. Te rte re trdy
tt tey be terte t wd t e
extet. hee t ed Pep wd.
ii) Recycling of Plastics
i type f d wte rr re,
pt e bee jr e f er det: ) n-grt n v
wte tre d bke f dre e
) pt r tr ) R rg
ere d tere r pt prbe
v) Tr rr et r dp
yte f pt wte. idd e wer
d erete tee wte t ed
ee. sereted pt wte eed t be pked
d tred fe pe d e t te
reyer.
Landll
i pte f pt, re-e d rey,
e wte re treted/ed w
reqre f dp, eter by ert r
by d f. iert tey were
wte brt pey eeered e
ed ertr. iert t py
br, bt pete bt. iertr re
dered t be e f r pt. T t
be pt fr wte eet. a df
prpery deted re d ed fr te
dp f -bderdbe d -reybe
r d wte. ldf dered t
be be pt. Te -reybe r
wte d be dped by ered d f
pert.
Conclusion
Te rr id treed wet
ter f dertzed rp rede,
exret d det refe ry kw
wte. a ytet eet d tzt
ppr ppy te reet t w
y ep t rr re e bt w
prde ffet eery, re d rw
ter fr y dtre. Te tbe wte
eet tee e brt bt
pte e te tt d yee
ber e te rr pepe. Bt, we
e wy t befre we tt ee
f trty te re f wte eet
te rr re.
[The author is Ph.D. Scholar, Division of
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian
agiulul rsh Insiu, Nw dlhi-
110012. email: [email protected] ]
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abe e expre te tt te te
Pre mter sr Rj gd d f
deeped id. Rj gd gree
Vtkr yj (RGGVy) rt
t w ed apr 2005 tt
rr d rb id d bee e ter
xr v i. RGGVy vg
e rwt fr te t by brd terr-rb dde. Te prre t
deep te rr eetrty frtrtre
d ed eetrft t prde e
t eetrty t rr ed. Fr t
prre, eetrty t jt ed t
te te e bt t t ete
te d d f rr ppt by
ep te e t f drke, w ee
RggVy: TuRNiNg ThE whEEl oF RuRal iNDia
Mayank Agrawal, Gargi Malik
f deepet, w tery ee d -
bty f b fte.
a per 2001 e, 1.19 k e
d 7.80 rre ed were -eetrfed
te try. a re prt f ppt
w t drke. it w t
kgr tt t RGGVy
wt te bjete f eetrfy e
d btt; prd e t eetrty
t rr ed; d prd eetrty
et t Bew Perty le f e free
f re.
ur Rjv G Gr Vkr
yj (RGGVy), 576 rjt trgg t tr
1.10 k /-tr vg tv
......And I too have a dream, I dream of an India- strong , independent, self reliant and
in the fron t rank of the nations o f the world .....
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tr 3,48,987 r tr
e e t tr. i
trt tr rjt 33 trt v
r p-ii t RGGVy.
Frter, trty x ppeetry prjet e
r p-ii. T brt
nr trgt tr 1 tr
vg rvg r tr
t 1.75 rre BPl ed redy bee
x vt tr
1,03,611 e d 1.91 rre BPl ed
22 mr, 2012. uder te ee, bede
tr -tr bpl
t 100% t r r
Kr J prgr, rv xt t
prde e t aPl ed, w re reqred
t r tr trt t rr
rg r tg . mtr n R erg
g Rt Vg etr
prgr r rvg rt r
gg/ tr t rt -
tr vg -tr t
tr vg r gr xt
t fd febe by te stte geret d re
t vr r t RGGVy.
T t r t
e prepr dtrt bed deted prjet
rrt r x trk . T
cetr Pb setr udertk re ed
t t. Gr pt vv
t r tr vg.
T irtrtr r RGGVy -
Rr etrt dtr bk (Redb)
t 33/11 kV (r 66/11 kV) t
f deqte pty d e t be
etbed bk were tee d t ext;
Vg etr irtrtr (Vei)
vv tr -tr vg
t. Tr rv dtr
Trfrer f pprprte pty e
r t; dtrz dtrt
Gr (ddG) v -
v rg r r gr
t r t v.
ur RGGVy tr r
rv t -tr k
, t , t / t
re etre, dpere, et. Prd pwer t
rr re e rd deepet f tee
r rg , t r ,
tr, t,
t d rerd d e t ew tey rtre. mreer, Kd d e dtre
et bt wt te e f eetrty.
RGGVy, t, t
e te rr id ety. Te
g rg rr t
g t rt gr t r r.
here wt te er f gt dtrt
f a d bt w te ee trfred
ter e:
Aacks by wild animals were common in my
village. Before the electricaon, we used to spend
the nights in fear. Elephants would destroy houses
and gers would kill cows and goats. Aer the
electricaon aacks by wild animals are rare as
the lights keep them away. ...........An old lady from
village Halowa NC, Kaziranga
nw r dre tdy te ee
d i wrk te kte ee te te t.
..........a r vg hk
Erer er d t t te erby tw
jt t et be pe red w edte we dy... w tey re t t e.
ar trt , r
r vg. i v
peed be repr p d y e
e p. ...........a, ve Rb
it r t t RGGVy
dr te 12t P wt 90% pt bdy.
Dr te 12t P te ee w t er
rg t rrv
d BPl ed. it prped t ee
bpl r t rg 40-60 w t 250 wd t prde lED e BPl ed. Te 12t
P prpe t e eprte ew ee
r rv , grtr . (pib
ftr.)
(mynk agwl is di (mi &
Communicaon), PIB, and Gargi Malick)
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hyDRoPoNics: a BooN FoR iNcREasED agRiculTuRal
PRoDucTioN iN climaTE chaNgE ERa
Dasharah Prasad and Asha Ram
Hypnis sil-lss ulu is hnlgy gwing plns in nuin sluins h supply
ll nuin lns n piu pln gwh wih wihu h us n in iu
such as gravel, vermiculite, rock wool, peat moss, saw dust, coir dust, coconut fibre, etc. to provide
mechanical support.
i t rt r t vr t t t
rtre rwt t 4 peret w reqred
t t rgg i.
mrvr, v r trg
t tr t rt r
rt, tr r t rt
r tr rt r. T
t t r qt. i
, v r grg (o
f agrtr) t t vv rg ,
t f br d re e f wter. ad e
pe ke etrpt re, t be
fr rp rw.
F.1 .grw pt hydrp
What is Hydroponics?
hydrp r -e tre tey
r grg t trt tt
trt t r t grt
wt r wtt te e f ert ed
re, erte, rk w, pet , w dt,
r t, t r, t. t rv
pprt.
fg. 2 f hr
Why Hydroponics?
hydrp r -e tre yte
f rw pt w ep rede e f
te prbe expereed et rp
tt, epey d rte idwere er etrpt brb er
te tbe d fr r tte
, ftre, ttte, pt, reret
etre, prk d py rd et. s y
te t be rw ed d pt
ry rw t. it prde re,
tret, r, wter, et. fr ef pt
rwt. mdft f terte rw
ed ted t be expee. hweer,
d pe er tt fr pt rwt, t
te. Preee f dee r d
etde, tbe ret, frbe pt, pr dre, derdt de
t er, et. re e f te.
hr r rt t rv
r t grt trr,
er yed be bted pred t pe
grtr. hr r e tre
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r tr vr -r
d pet, w epey derbe te trp
r t t rg
trrt t trt t.
T, t t g tk
trz, r, t. vt r t v. it r
e wrk eret d t r br
r t t v r.
History of Hydroponics
hr r tr
az, Bby, Eypt, c d id
were et e ed ded re t rw
ber, wtere d ter eetbe
dy rerbed. Te rde f Bby
t azt g r r tprttype f ydrp yte. lter, we pt
gt trt t gr t t
tret fr experet prpe, tey e te
trtr. itrt r
f trtre deeped
1925 we te ree e
dtry expreed teret t
e. gree e d t be
reped freqety t ere
r trtr, rt
d pet. a ret, reererbee tereted te
t trtr t
r v tr.
i 1929, dr. w f. Grk
te uerty f cfr eeded rw
tt v 7.5 gt trt . h
t r t r
r rv r Grk t rt t rt
hr (tr) p (rkg). T,
ydrp brke te brtry bd d
tr t r r rtr. T
tr r rg t trt
tre. hweer, rp rw ert d ed
g trt r
brd ee. Dr 1960 d 70, er
ydrp fr were deeped ab Db,
arz, Be, cfr, Derk, ger,
h, ir, it, J, R fr
ter tre. Dr 1980, y tted d
pterzed ydrp fr were etbed
rd te wrd. he ydrp kt bee
ppr dr 1990. i sr lk, te ydrp
t v t . m rt
t r r r-t t
rg trt
g t rg -rg
etd d ed e.
Basic Requirements of Hydroponics
s try t te tepertre d
r r rt grt. w t
pr, pt rwt d yed dee de
t t r trtr. pt
v r r
t t . s jt t t rv
t r t grt. it t r t . pt r
trt r trg tr rz. i
r rt , t t
r kt (h) tr vt (ec)
tbe re fr pt rt
t r .
T reqreet t
r t
ydrp. i y ydrp
yte te fw b
reqreet t be
t t v.
l br tr r t
ert ed ed.
l T trt r t
rzr xtr t t r
d r eeet eery fr pt rwt
d deepet.
l br t trt t
te tbe re tt pt rt yte r
t rt t t.
l T trtr r t rt r t trt t r
pt rt yte.
Classicaon of Hydroponics
Te ter ydrp ry et
tret t tre wt pprt
the hanging garden
of Babylon and the
Aztecs floating
farms were actually
prototypes of
hydroponic
systems.
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ed. hweer, pt rw d ed
fr re tret t
ded ydrp. T teqe ed
rete yte. hydrp yte re
frter terzed pe (.e. e te
tret t deered t te pt rt,
t t r) r (.., r t
rvr, r r). crrt
ydrp yte f tt be
fed rd t te teqe epyed.
a ydrp teqe refer t te etd f
ppy tret t t te pt rt.
hweer, der te fw ftr eet
teqe:
) s tr rr v
) ext rvt
) avt t grg v) ext qt t r r,
r, r r , t.
Large numbers of hydroponic techniques are
available
1. s tr r lq r
i) Circulang methods (closed system)
l ntrt tq (nfT)
l d tq (dfT)
ii) Non-circulang method (open systems)
l Rt dpp teqe
l fg tq
l cr tq
2. Solid media culture (Aggregate systems):Tee
be pe yte r ed yte.
) hgg g tq, () Gr g
tq, () Tr r trg tq,
(v) pt tq
3. Aeroponics: aerp f tw type.
) Rt t tq, () fg tq
Advantages of Hydroponics: Tere re y
dte f te ydrp te few re
ted bew:
l l t r. it r v
ptr, pe pe d prteted
trtre.
F 3. sw rt hydrp
l ce wrk eret. Te rwer w
t e y dret tt wt .
l lw drdery. n eed f k bed,
weed, wter, et.
l c v .
l n bre dee r etde de.
l o- r .
l Vgt v t r
ee.
l my pt were fd t e yed ery
ydrp yte.
l her yed pbe wt rret eetr.
l Ey t re br ydrp yte
r rv r t v
.
l n eed f eetrty, pp, et. fr te -
rg t tr.
l Pbty f rw wde rety f eetbe
r r g atr,
rd, et.
l wtr tg r t .
l p t gr t rt g r
r r r xrt.
Limitaons of Hydroponics
l hgr t xtr. T
frter f te -e tre bed
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Hydroponics or soil-less
culture is a system of growing
plants which helps reduce some
of the problems experienced in
convenonal crop culvaon,
especially land shortage in India
where near metropolitan suburbs
encroaching the culvable land
for various acvies such as
housing, factories, instutes,
hospitals, recreaons centres,
parks and play grounds etc.
During 1960s and 70s, commercial hydroponics farms weredeveloped in Abu Dhabi, Arizona, Belgium, California, Denmark, German,
Holland, Iran, Italy, Japan, Russian Federaon and other countries.
During 1980s, many automated and computerized hydroponics farms were
established around the world.
wt tred
e r e t
rtre.
l h deree f
eet k eery fr
rr,
tee f ph d
ec, trt
jdet d
rr, rg
r, t
vr
de prteted
trtre, et.
l cder te fty t, te
-e tre ted t e rp
f te re f tt.
l a rg- vtr v t r
tret t ere ph d Ec f te
trt .
l Eery pt re eery t r te yte.
l y r t r
trtr t r rg r
perd.
Suitable Crops to Grow with
Hydroponics
a rety f rp be rw
ydrp/-e tre. hweer, prrty
t be e t -e rp deped
t rkt t. fg r t
prtt rp t tbe fr ydrp
v:
l Leafy vegetables:
l, h , Kg
k, gtk
l V e g e t a b l e s :
Tt, E Pt, gree
, bt, wg ,
cp, Be pepper,
cg, cr,
cber, me, Rdd
l Fodder crops:
sr, apf, Brey
l Grass: Berd
r, crpet r
l Cereals: Re,
mze
l C o n d i m e n t s :
Prey, mt, ore, sweet
b
l Fruit crops: strwberry
l Flower/ornamental crops: atr,
mrrg, c, r, r, r,
ryte
l Medicinal crops : aer
wt t v-t
de tt ydrp e f te
wy t ree rtr prdt id
der te prbe f d rty d
re ded f fd t te bre
ppt te te d te
e prbe w w ete pt
te rtr eterpre.
(The authors are Ph.D. Scholar at Division of
Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Instute
Nw dlhi 110012 -mail:-Dashrath.sagar@gmail.
com)
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i i, r rt tr tKp Drjeg trt wt bg.s- g t grg t
g tr r rg r t rtt t trt. w tr trt r , t r. w rg r k t, t, rgextrt re ed, t ed r.
Relevance of hydroponics in present scenario:E yer tree re f frd re t trz. T r
5000 pepe. T e we w e t prde refd e d. Tree re f frd ret jty by er d pr d eety. hydrp te wer. Tere eed fr , t be ed y te, t ye 1/25t t t tr vfr d be rw rty ywere. Eer g tr r g r vgt r. hr t v t rt r. y vgtrp rw ydrpy deert ree e(cea) (ofa). a r t tdte tt yed re y er ydrp
cea (ctr evrt agrtr) t ofa (o f agrtr) t grg , t trt, t,prded tr eret.
Requirement of hydroponics: Fw rete reqreet f te we ydrp r wtertre.
. Nutrient soluon:- my fr frr trt v gvt t r qt r, rt t t r trg t t. pt e tre dr rt r drk dy d retre dr dy, brt t, d
gr trtr. sr r r-x trt r, wter eed be dded t prepre te tret t tr r gt fr
b. Growing medium: - ) Grg ed t ed pprt t te rt d pt.) a vrt grg r z r
hi-TEch TEchNology FoR culTiVaTioN oF somE
VEgETaBlEs iN soil-lEss culTuRE
Dr. R.S. Sengar, Dr. Shalani Gupta, Kalpana Sengar and Dr. M. Pandey
tr v q vr t ydrp yte.
. pH:- ) T t r kt trt, ) h rg r r 0-14, )-6 , 6-tr, 8-14 k, v) Treeded ph betwee 6-6.5. Fewppr expe f rw ed re:sd, Brk, srd, verte/Perte, gre,Rk, st, pt sg.
Type of Hydroponics
Soluon Culture: Te pt re red
pre tret ed t y te deredeeet. Te pyre r y ter er rd ee re ed ter d fr pt pprtpe eeered trtre re reqred. Tprtet te rt fr dret t d t ek grt t trt , t tr rered ter ter rfe wt bk pper. Ter r t rt rv t t v k rvgr tr r t t trt . i g t r trt t ph djtet re de d tret r rqt g. Tr r vr
tre ed be bt kp d hded y ed.
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Rock wool culture: Rk w ert,pr, tere rw ed de fr rktt re eted t tepertre d de tt r. T rg r tr tb r b e rkw fr b tre.T rk r r trg
trpt b re pked wte r wte--bk pyetyee eee b re d tw rw rrgt r-rrg t rr t. frz rk rz trg r rrg t . i t t, tr x t rzrt k tk 1:100 r r t pped t te b.
Nutrient lm technique (NFT): it type f wter tre yte w te bre rt re t g trt .Tre nFT t f rw pt w- trg trt
. Rt r t vr t t 12 r t t g xgt trt .ce re pe t w te tret t r t t tter d eted fr retr t te p tk.ntrt r tp tk bk t te e. ntret re ddedt t t reped perdy t rede te bd p f td dee r.
Advantages of hydroponics culture oversoil culture:
1. hydrp tre prde tred trt .
2. Tere re d preet t bze t trt trg r.
3. T rqt rt tr rvt t tx rg rt.
4. Te rwt f bter d f zedw y terwe e dee.
5. Free fr bre dee d weed.
6. ntr , rgt,
er et be ded.7. T yte e yed wt d
qty prde.
8. it w te tre f reee eetbe re were re t tbe fr eetber
Disadvantages of hydroponics
1. T -te yte fr er etet
pred t ter er etd fv.
2. it reqre e etet d e bkwede f etry; pt pyy dr t rr g ttey.
3. sgt tk g xt rqrt rzr t rtx t r.
4. Pet d dee re b rk.
5. nt t vr r t rydrp.
6. pt v qk r t t g bd.
Eect on farmer
1. if ydrp bee jr prt f tertre wrd te fr we kw ttdy er be e.
2. a te trtr d fr eqpet w beg r tr e.
3. a f r fd ee w be rw wter d reee.
Fuure hrus area
1. Deepet f ew tepertre tert, rtt r vr.
2. Dee tr f wter-bre pte ed ydrp yte. Frtervt t r g ydrp reee w rede t de pt f ydrp.
3. crrety p re be drw fr tetq - tr -t,d perp e dy rfe f ter (t, ) tt t v.
4. i te ftre deep tre, t tr , t pepe e d t rret frteqe.
5. i t tr, r prd fd re t re f-rbe d deert d tterr w be re ey ed.
(Dr. R. S. Sengar, Dr. Shalani Gupta, and KalpanaSagar are from Sugarcane Tissue Culture Laboratory,College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabh Bhai PatelUnivsiy agiulu & thnlgy, muand Dr.M.Pandey is from Instute of ManagementStudies, C-238, Bulandshahr Road, Indl, Area, LalQuan, G.T. Road, Ghaziabad 201009 , e-mail :[email protected] )
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met kw pudina (t)
e f te t erb d
extr r trv
tretet. mt be t te e Mentha,
t lt (l)
tr gr -g t
b, e, rery, rjr, eder,
peyry d tye. Te t d
r t r v r J mt/
met mt (Mentha.arvensis), peppert
(Mentha piperita), pert (Mentha spicata), (r rt) ppe t (Menthasuaveolens).
Habia
ner te rer, pd d e ter d
pe. it erb, et fr 30 t 100
. o wrked ee wt ery rt tk
r re freqety tke; wte d ry
beet. Fwer tered t pke fr 2 t
5 . it t tr d pet e
wt ke t dfferet fr ter t. T
mENTha: a mEDiciNal PlaNT
Dasharah Prasad and Asha Ram
ft preet t fr be we dered
te ter pee wt better e. mreer
t te re wy te bet eted pee
re epey tbe fr k r et,
were te e tded ere y teded t
ed e.
Origin of the herb
it fd ete wd cetr d
str er (r t rg rgt),
bt w prbby frt pt t e Ed,
wee t tt pred t te Erpe
tet d afr.
Culvaon
prt vt
tr er, nrtr ar, wtr
cetr a fr te pr t. i t
f tee tre, peppert etered e,
DoctoR faRmER
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rep rt v t. i t t
te try bredbket, trp f p d
ft bt 1,500 k d 250 k wde, jt
t f te hy re, p tee tte
pj, h pr, hr, ur pr
d Br.
Chemical composion
T t
et, ete, re, ee, ,
ety ette, pperte, d pee.
mt r, rr
gr. it k t,
, tr rv gtr
v. mt r vr
rv vr qr,
perfery d r yee prdt. lee
xt, vt, gd dper et. l ed perfery
ted f bert r fre eder , e
t r dr. mety ette ed
perfery d tet wter eder
dr. Pperte ed k dr
r. pg t r,
betwee peppert d pr, bt t be
tx. met d ety ette re repbe
fr te pet d refre dr; tey re
t r v r rr
fred dr dy t perd.
Medicinal properes
(a) Internal use
l Somachic, hepatic, carminative: a d
reedy fr det. Tke te wt
te f f dry ee. Jt fter
bed te wter, ee te ret fr we
tk . y t
t wt r r ey.l mt prtet te er d t ep t t
t t . Vr
fr rr. (if f pf f dred
erb per p f wter. Tke pe f e
).
l Anti-flatulence: it tet rr,
ty d et ep expe te
exee te tete, (f f 1
tbep f dred ee r 2 tbep
f fre ee e tre f wter. Tke
t tr ).
l Bad breath: it trt t x
dr prdt f e pt, ke r
d . (if f e tep f dred
pt per p f wter. Tke tw e per
).
l Diarrhea: if f te dred pt.
l Diverculis or diverculosis: mt re
rv t tt tg
ef t e. (if f pf fdred pt per p f wter. Tke tw e
r ).
() ()
fg: 1 mt t t vgtv grt () rg tg ()
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l Sedave:mt, ke peppert, ed t
t rt t. y rk t tr
wt few drp f t eee.
l Respiratory tract: T ef fr
rg r r trt trtt. (Grg
t t q r t 30 g
r t r tr tr). fr r
r (10 te f f pf f
t r t. drk g ).
mt d febrfe, be t rede feer.
(if f pf f dred pt. Tke
).
l Kidney stones or gallstones: ay rety f
t tg rr, vr
fr red p ed by te .
(i t r v).l Headache, Backache or neck pain: very ef
t e bk p r er p (if f
rg t r tr.
Tk ) (i xtr ,
ppy pre ked
t t
v r t
t z).
l very ef t re
ede tt e
tr rg gv
prbe. (if f
rg
tp per p f wter.
Tke pe f p
).
l Febrifuge: a f de wt te ee
r rr k vr g .
mt re ery r et, pet
t gv r rr.
it r t r t rvg t rrtr . T
prr v xt t trtt
t r t r
vr t vr. (10
te f f pf f te dry pt.
drk t g ).
l Relaxing: T t t rk
f t wter wt e drp f t
eee.
l Cataracts: T xt rr t
preet te et f trt (if f
pf f dred pt. Tke pe f p
d).
l Altude sickness: it t rr d
g t gt rr tt
rv r. (i
f pf f dred pt per p f wter.
Tke pe f p dy pe f dy
r vg r t t r g)
Frterre, f f e tep f
dred ee f t per p f d wter
ery tbe t rede te tepertre drtr t t t.
b) External use
i exter e, ppy pre ked
wt te b f ee
r vr t rt
t rg r
r . it
be pped e f et
g. mx t v t eq prt, t be
ed fr br. T ete
rtr t r
t . wt
pre d ppy t te
t jt. it vr t
t v k t tr rt
er te pf re.
l Muscular distensions: Fr r p,
r dte, ppy pre
ked te det f ee d fwer
te pf e. (a pte f ee
ked t wter be pped
rt t r).
l Insect bites or stings: if f te dred
pt. appy t te ffeted re.
Mint can protect the liver and
help it accomplish its metabolic
funcons. Very useful for
cirrhosis. (Infusion of aspoonful of dried herb per
cup of water. Take a couple of
glasses a day).
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Kurukshetra May 20124747
l Eczema: w t t r t t
qd fr te f f te dred pt.
l Lice: mt be ed t d e
t d d e ppr. (srb f
te y pt be te k t wrd ff
).
l Hair care: mt be ed t prepre tr
p.
l Tinnitus or os: Bee f t bterd
rr, t rr rrt r
rgg t r,
t r t
t
er. (crefy prde
pe f drp f dted
f tee pt dete er wt pee f
).
l Pyorrhea: mtwe
wt te f f dry
ee.
l Vaginis: w t
t r t t
rg q t
f f te dry pt.
Contraindicaons andToxicity
l mt v, tr , v
txty. hweer, t d t be ed wt
pepe wt t er, r prbe ed
rx. T t t r t rx
te epe e wre ertbr.
nr d t pt be ed f te per
t t gr t.
l it tbe fr dre w
t vr r. it r t rgt t tk
rg t t . T
erb t be y tke te t e der
r.
l p rg r vr
t tkg t rr.
Mint essenal oil, rich in
menthol, used pure, is toxic
and can be fatal to an adultwith a single dose of a
teaspoon. This oil should be
diluted so it can be used. In no
case it should be supplied, even
diluted, to people t