Interphase and M-Phase Chromosomes
Condensation of Chromatids
Kinetochore
Pg. 645
Kinetochore
Mitotic Spindle
Centrosome Duplication Cycle
Nuclear Lamina
Pg. 576
Microtubules
Mitotic Spindle
Pg. 641
Metaphase Anaphase
Pg. 257
Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation
Proteasome
Peptides + Ub
Protein Ub-Ub-Ub
Protein + Ub
APC (Ubiquitin Ligase)
Start of Anaphase
P
Anaphase “A” and “B”
Membrane Fusion in Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Myosin II - GFP
Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis
CytokinesisCytokinesis G1
Control Points in the Mitotic Cell Cycle
DNAReplication
Control at the G1/S Transition
Control at the G2/M Transition
Cyclin Protein Levels Vary During the Cell Cycle
Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle
Expression ofM-cyclin Gene
Expression ofS-cyclin Gene
Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis
Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis
(RTK)
(Ras-MAP Kinase)
Activation of “S-Phase Genes”
Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates Rb Protein
Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates Cdc6 Protein and ORC
Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle
Expression ofM-cyclin Gene
Expression ofS-cyclin Gene
Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis
Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis
Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates APC
M-Cyclin/Cdk
P
Inactivating the Cyclin/Cdk Complex
Active APC
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Focus on p53Checkpoint
The p53 Cell Cycle Checkpoint
Apoptosis in Digit Formation
Pg. 625
Cellular Changes During Apoptosis
NormalCell
Apoptotic Cell
Apoptosis Pathways
The “Death” Receptor
Caspase Activation
Pg. 627
Caspase Cascade
Pg. 627
Release of Cytochrome C from Mitochondria
Pg. 628
Apoptosis Pathways
Type I
Type II
Intrinsic Pathway
Pathways Disrupted in Cancer Cells
Egg Cell and Sperm Cells
Pg. 661
Overview of Mammalian Development
Asymmetric Cell Divisions of Meiosis
(Metaphase II) (Mitosis)
8 cell Embryo (morula)
“Cleavage” Divisions
50 µm
Blastocycst
Uterus
BlastocystInner Cell Mass (ICM)
50 µmTrophoblast
Blastocoel
Early Embryonic Development (~ 7 days)
Drosophila melanogaster (a.k.a. Fruit Fly)
The eyeless (ey) Gene Controls Eye Development
Pg. 288
Ectopic Expression of ey Gene
Expression of ey Gene in Leg Precursor Cells
Pg. 288
Ectopic Expression of Mouse ey Gene
Group of cellsthat give rise toadult wing
Expression of Mouse ey Gene in Wing Precursor Cells
Homeotic Genes
Synpolydactyl Phenotype
HoxD13 mutation
Stem Cell Concept
Signal Molecules?
Pg. 721
Blastomere receptor proteinsTelomerase
Blastocycst
Blastocyst
InnerCell Mass (ICM)
50 µm
Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells
Pg. 724
Signal E
Signal D
Signal C
Signal B
Signal A
IVF
“Stem Cell Line”
Cloning by Nuclear Transfer
Pg. 725
“enucleated egg”
“ReconstructedZygote”
“Donor”
Cloning by Nuclear Transfer
Pg. 725
“enucleated egg”
“ReconstructedZygote”
“Donor”