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KD]EQFEQDHE ]C@K GKX]C D 1 >3>
"#$% '$&()*++
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1>38 Xtucrt Aurhlejj
KD]EQFEQEDHE0 ]c`kgkstcd 1>3>
(prevkiusjy, Kdterferkdo0 Cd IC^ kd ]c`kgkstcd -1>3>)
Xtucrt Aurhlejj
3. ]c`kgkstcd Corkhujture, Jcdm Qefirb, Mevejipbedt. 1. Mevejipbedt Ckm,DOIs, Vijudteerkdo. 8. Vijudteerkdo VXI.
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]le idjy meskre tle Hujture hiujm dit sctksfy frib wktlkd ktsejf wcs . tle uroedit ti feej usejess. ]le Hujtures sije ustkfkhctkid fir tle rejctkvejy udwirrkem,lemidkstkh jkfe kts pipujctkid ed`iyem wcs oiim wirgs7 tle sehujcr evcdoejksb
if tle Hidtcht Xehtkid, dit skbpjy fkdmkdo, hctcjioukdo, kdvestkoctkdo cdm
cdcjyskdo itler, jess cmvcdhem hkvkjksctkids aut wlere tle hkrhubstcdhescppecrem ti Hidtcht ti `ustkfy si mikdo chtucjjy kdterferkdo (ivertjy cdmhivertjy) kd tle lkstirkhcj prihesses if tlise itler hujtures.
Kckd B Acdgs, Hidskmer ljeacs
^reskmedt Vjcmkbkr ^utkd skodem kdti jcw c akjj tlct requkresdidoiverdbedtcj irocdksctkids (DOIs) wlkhl rehekve fudmkdo frib caricm ti
reokster wktl tle @ustkhe Bkdkstry cs firekod coedts
Qcmki Free Euripe, Qcmki Jkaerty, 1>31
tley were mwejt cbido, kdvestkoctem, spkem id, reverem cdm jivem
@cbes Coee, Jet Us Diw ^rckse Fcbius Bed
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HID]ED]X
^CQ] K0 ^QIJIOUE3 FII]DI]EX & CDDE\EX
^CQ] KK0 AEHCUXE K]X ]LEQE
1 CAMUJBC@KM-K
^CQ] KKK0 ME^CQ]UQE
8 ME^CQ]UQE-K
= ]C@KGKX]CD
5 LCDOKDO CQIUDM
^CQ] KV0 ]LE DEEMX IF X]QCDOEQX
6 CAMUJBC@KM-KK
^CQ] V0 MUXLCDAE
? ]LE CXXE]X IF MUXLCDAE
< ]LE X]C]KID IFFKHE
; GKX
^CQ] VK0 BIVKDO ID
3> KB G] AIUDM!
^CQ] VKK0 GLC]JID-K
33 [IVID-K
31 _IQG-K
38 X_IQME-]E^^C3= FCQLIQ
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35 CAMUJBC@KM-KKK
36 ID ]LE QICM
^CQ] VKKK0 LIBE FQIB LIBE
3? AEKDO ]LEQE
^CQ] K\0 GLC]JID-KK
3< ^[CD@-K
3; _IQG-KK
1> [IVID-KK
^CQ] \0 OKF]X
13 CAMUJBC@KM-KV
^CQ] \K0 GLC]JID-KKK
11 JIXKDO K]
18 ]UQGE[X - C XCVKDO OQCHE9
1= ^[CD@-KK
^CQ] \KK0 !"#$%&'"(9
15 AU] LI_ KX K] ]I AE MIDE9
^CQ] \KKK0 HIBKDO CDM OIKDO
16 ME^CQ]UQE-KK
1? QE]UQD
1< QEXIJU]KID
1; CAMUJBC@KM-V
8> ME^CQ]UQE-KKK
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^CQ] \KV0 E^KJIOUE
83 CDM DI_9
CDDE\EX
CDDE\ K0 KD]EQFEQEDHE ]LE COEDH[X BI
CDDE\ KK0 COQKHUJ]UQE KD ]C@KGKX]CD
- KKC HI]]ID- KKA JCDM QEFIQB
- KKH FCQB MEA]
XIUQHEX IF KDFIQBC]KID
Mihubedts
Fkjbs
_easktes
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Chridybs cdm Caarevkctkids
CC Cork-Cmvkser
CH]EM Coedhy fir ]ehldkhcj Hiiperctkid cdm Mevejipbedt
CMA Cskcd Mevejipbedt AcdgCKH Cork-Kdfirbctkid Hedtre
CKO Corkhujturcj Kdterest Oriup
CKD Cork-Kdfirbctkid Detwirg
AHK Aetter Hittid Kdktkctkve
HKC Hedtrcj Kdtejjkoedhe Coedhy
MFKM Mepcrtbedt fir Kdterdctkidcj Mevejipbedt
EAQM Euripecd Acdg fir Qehidstruhtkid cdm Mevejipbedt
EH Euripecd HibbksskidEHIB Ehib Corikdmustrkcj Hirpirctkid Jtm
FCI Fiim cdm Corkhujturcj Irocdksctkid if tle Udktem Dctkids
KFH Kdterdctkidcj Fkdcdhe Hirpirctkid
KF^QK Kdterdctkidcj Fiim ^ijkhy Qesecrhl Kdstktute
KJQF Kdterdctkidcj Jcair Qkolts Firub
KDOI Kdterdctkidcj did-oiverdbedt irocdksctkid
Gcs_co Gcs_co cork, tle kdterdctkidcj hidsujtkdo crb if CoVkstc
^ty. Jtm
GK Gremkt Kdvest
GKX Gidsujtctkvdi Kdfirbctskiddcyc Xyet
G] Surolidteppc, Gurocd ]eppc ir Gurocd ]yuae, tle
hcpktcj if Glctjid privkdhe
BiU Bebircdmub if Udmerstcdmkdo
DA] Dctkidcj Acdg if ]c`kgkstcd
DOI Did-oiverdbedt irocdksctkid
IMKLQ Iffkhe if Mebihrctkh Kdstktutkids cdm Lubcd Qkolts
IXHE Irocdksctkid fir Xehurkty & Hiiperctkid kd Euripe
^C^ ^riorcbbe Crec ^jcd
^FK ^crtder Fkdcdhkcj Kdterbemkcry (]CFF)
QFE, QJ Qcmki Free Euripe, Qcmki Jkaerty
XEHI Xtcte Xehretcrkct fir Ehidibkh Cffckrs, Xwktzerjcdm
XEDCX Xuppirt ti tle Estcajkslbedt if c Dctkidcj Corkhujturcj
Cmvksiry Xervkhe
]CFF ]c`kgkstcd Corkhujturcj Fkdcdhe Frcbewirg
]i] ]rckdkdo if ]rckdersUXCKM Udktem Xtctes Coedhy fir Kdterdctkidcj Mevejipbedt
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@cbslem ]echler, Xwirme ]eppc, G]
@cvjid Lcbmcbiv Mkrehtir, CH]EM Cffkjkcte, G]
@idctlid _irjm Acdg represedtctkve
Gcrkb CH]EM mrkver, G]
Gcyubiv Xcttcrivkhl Mkrehtir, GKX Cffkjkcte, Glu`cdm
Guhlgkd Lecm if Jiokstkhs, CH]EM, G]
J Hidsujtcdt, Gcs_co
Juhc Arcsk Camuj @cjkj, hittid expert, GKX, G]
B Bcdcoer, Coedhy Xtctkid, Muslcdae, ]c`kgkstcd
Bcmkdc Xtumedt, Xwirme ]eppc, G]Bcmkdc Cglbetivc firber Coedhy priorcbbe bcdcoer, Coedhy
Xtctkid, Muslcdae
Bcglfkrct Aiiggeeper, GKX, G]
Bczurc Xlikrcs repjchebedt cs GKXtrcdsjctir/cmbkdkstrctir
Bessk Croedtkde fiitacjjer
Budkrc Cmbkdkstrctir, Xwirme ]eppc, G]BX Coedhy mrkver, Muslcdae
Burcmcjk Cjkbcrmid ]c`kg bkdkster fir corkhujture, prevkiusjy lecm ifDA]
Burim Hcretcger, CH]EM listej, G]
Burim Aujoigiv GKX CC, Fcrlir
Deobet Cbkrim Vet, GKX Cffkjkcte, G]
Deobct Bkrziev HEI, GKX Lecm Iffkhe, Muslcdae
Deobct`id CH]EM ebpjiyee, G]
Imkdkef Bclbcmdczcr GKX CC, ^ycd`
^ Muthl coridibkst cttchlem ti ]c`kg Bkdkstry ifCorkhujture, Muslcdae
^] Cberkhcd hidsujtcdt, Durk Glctjid, G]
^cuj Bcrhlcdt Mkrehtir, Xwirme ]eppc, G]
Qcakc CH]EM hiig, G]
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X Coedhy Csset, G]
Xckm Bcglbum CH]EM ebpjiyee, G]
Xckfkmkdiv Bclbemuji GKX CC, ^ycd`
Xlikrc GKX trcdsjctir, G]
Xjkb Veoetcrkcd Coedhy Csset, Muslcdae
]cbkb ]echler, Xwirme ]eppc, G]
]ctycdc Hjecder, CH]EM listej, G]
]ihlkmkd CH]EM Cmbkdkstrctir, G]
]ihlkmkd Jumfujiev GKX CC, ^ycd`
]ib Hippcs Edojksl turgey fcrber, UGVcksiv Fctrcmkd GKX CC, ^ycd`
P Coedhy priorcbbe bcdcoer, Coedhy Xtctkid,Muslcdae
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^CQ] K^QIJIOUE
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3. FII]DI]EX & CDDE\EX
]lks ks tle stiry if c slirt, udexheptkidcj bksskid hcrrkem iut ay c Arktksl
coedt kd Hedtrcj Cskc murkdo 1>3>. ]le edmecviurs if tlks pcrtkhujcr
kdmkvkmucj, X, were dit very fruktfuj aut, tlcdgfujjy, dektler were tley very
lcrbfuj. Xi fcr cs K hcd tejj di-ide wcs lurt ir jeft wirse iff ay lks chtkvktkes,
tliuol sibe bcy lcve aeed mkscppikdtem lcvkdo expehtem bire if lkb
dide bire si tlcd X lkbsejf cdm lks lcdmjers kd tle Coedhy, tle irocdksctkid
tlct lcm rehruktem lkb ti tlks csskodbedt. Fir c dubaer if recsids, dide if
wlkhl hcd ae stctem ipedjy, tlks aimy bust rebckd cdidybius cs bust cjsi
B, Xs aiss. Xle wcs tle lecm if tle Coedhys iffkhe kd ]c`kgkstcd, tle
hiudtry ti wlkhl X wcs sedt.
Id kts siutlerd skme, ]c`kgkstcd slcres c jido pirius airmer wktl Cfolcdkstcd
cdm kt bkolt ae suppisem tlct Xs bksskid wcs sibeliw rejctem ti Iperctkid
Edmurkdo Freemib3. Cdm bcyae, kd sibe teduius cdm bysterkius wcy, kt
wcs, aut tlct ks dit by hidherd lere cdm cdy suhl hiddehtkid ks dit expjirem
kd tlks aiig.
Xs kdtervedtkid wcs dit ide lecvy wktl bkjktcry lcrmwcre, dir wcs kt if tle
hjicg cdm mcooer ir sjeutlkdo cdm auookdo vcrkety. Le wcs c spehkcjkst kd tle
crts if sift kdterferedhe cdm jiw jevej bemmjkdo, c firb if kdtervedtkid birehjisejy cssihkctem wktl `ecds, westerd pip buskh, sbkjes, orcdt-kd-ckm cdm
DOIs. Le lcm jkhedhe ti very jkttje. Kdmeem, tle Coedhy ed`ikdem lkb ti wirg
wktl tle jkoltest if tiuhles, tcgkdo lks jecm ct cjj tkbes frib tlise cbidost
wlib le mwejt cdm iaservem.
]lks aiig ks qukte skbpjy tle tcje if lks experkedhes murkdo lks stcy kd
]c`kgkstcd - c persidcj bebikr if c few bidtls spedt ay cd ejmerjy, retkrem
Edojksl oedt, wirgkdo kd tle siutlerd privkdhe if wlct lcm idhe aeed ide if
tle hedtrcj cskcd repuajkhs if tle UXXQ.
Aut, aefire we aeokd, c wirm if expjcdctkid ks mue hidherdkdo tle fiitdites
yiu, tle Qecmer, wkjj edhiudter kd tle text tlct fijjiws cdm tle Cddexes wlkhl,
cs tlekr dcbe suooests, yiu wkjj fkdm ct tle edm.
[iu sliujm dit kdfer frib by use if tlese mevkhes tlct tlks ks c becsurem,
chcmebkh text kd wlkhl tle cutlir lcdmjes lks bcterkcj kd c metchlem,
31>3> lcs aeed ay fcr tle wirse yecr fir hicjktkid fctcjktkes kd Cfolcdkstcd.
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kbpersidcj bcdder, expresskdo lkbsejf mkspcsskidctejy cdm aijsterkdo ir
qucjkfykdo lks vkews ay referedhe ti tlise if itlers wli lcve wrktted id tle
scbe sua`eht. Acskdo bysejf edtkrejy id Xs bebirkes, dites cdm mkckrkes K
lcve cttebptem ti hcpture tle qucjkty cdm biim if lks experkedhes. ]lks ks
very buhl c stiry wktl c pritcoidkst cdm c persidcj pikdt if vkew. Kt ks cs
buhl tle stiry if ]c`kgstcds kbpcht id X cs kt ks caiut wlct le mkm kd tlct
hiudtry.
K lcve bcme use if fiitdites aehcuse tlks lcs edcajem be ti hijjeht tioetler
kd ide pjche cjj tle kdfirbctkid tlct X lcm cssebajem cdm bcme use if
aefire, murkdo cdm cfter lks vkskt ti ]c`kgkstcd. Kdktkcjjy, ct jecst, tley were
kdhjumem, prkdhkpcjjy, fir lks iwd persidcj hidvedkedhe, ti edcaje lkb ti use
tlks mihubedt cs c gkdm if slie aix kd wlkhl ti stire cwcy c pcrtkhujcr set ifbebirkes cdm tliuolts tlct le hiujm re-vkskt frib tkbe ti tkbe kd tle future.
Lcvkdo usem fiitdites kd tlks wcy, kt tled struhg be tlct tle kdfirbctkid cdm
siurhes wlkhl tley hidtckd lcm every rkolt ti fecture kd tlks bebikr - cs buhl
rkolt, scy, cs c pkhture if tle trchtir tlct X scw up id c pjkdtl id tle iutsgkrts
if Gurocd ]eppc ir lks meshrkptkid if c beetkdo if fcrbers tlct le cttedmem kd
[ivid. ]ley lejpem firb, cdm lks recmkdo if tleb wcs c pcrt if, lks
experkedhe if ]c`kgkstcd. Bireiver, kf yiu cre bivem ti fijjiw up id tlesereferedhes tley hcd cjsi lejp ti bcge pjckd Xs persidcj pre`umkhes cdm pikdt
if vkew cdm tlus sliujm edcaje yiu ti bcge hirrehtkids fir tlese cs yiu see
fkt.
Cdm, tlere ks yet c tlkrm recsid fir kdhjumkdo fiitdites. Kt ks aehcuse kf,
perhlcdhe, cs c hidsequedhe if recmkdo tlks tcje, yiur kdterest kd ]c`kgkstcd ks
pkquem, tley iffer c dubaer if pisskaje cvedues fir yiur iwd recmkdo cdm
kdvestkoctkids. ]c`kgkstcd ks dit wejj servem kd tle jktercture cdm K gdiw tlct
wled X fkrst set iut le fiudm kt mkffkhujt ti pkehe tioetler cdy pkhture ct cjj if
tlks hiudtry cdm wiujm lcve aeed mejkoltem kf sibeide lcm okved lkb c jkst if
referedhes ti fijjiw up1.
1Fijjiwkdo tle hibpjetkid if tlks bebikr K aehcbe cwcre if Hlrkstkcd Ajeuers akajkiorcply
if Edojksl jcdoucoe siurhes id ]c`kgkstcd (Ajeuer, Hlrkstkcd (1>31H)) cdm bire rehedtjy stkjj,Bcrtlc Arkjj Ijhitts exhejjedt aiig, ]c`kgkstcds Mkffkhujt Mevejipbedt ^ctl(Ijhitt, B.A.(1>31))
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]le Cddexes ct tle edm if tlks aiig cre c mkfferedt bctter. _lkje stkjj wrktted
frib c Xs pikdt if vkew, ir ct jecst okved c persidcj ojiss, tley cre cjsi by
cttebpt ti arkefjy meshrkae tle hidtext kdti wlkhl X fiudm bysejf kdsertem.
]ley mrcw lecvkjy upid tle stctkstkhcj kdfirbctkid cdm cdcjyses puajkslem ay
tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedt cdm itler irocdksctkids tioetler wktl tle hibbedtcrkes
if kdmkvkmucj experts cdm chcmebkhs. K lcve fihusem lere id tle pijkhy
frcbewirg cdm prihemures if tle Coedhy, wlise hrecture X wcs, cdm tle
rehedt lkstiry cdm hurredt stcte if ]c`kg corkhujture, tle sehtir if tle ehidiby
wktl wlkhl lks wirg wcs hidherdem.
Aut, pjecse dite, tlks cddexem bcterkcj ks dit cd cftertliuolt tlct lcs `ust
aeed cmmem id. Kt ks bcterkcj tlct wcs skevem iut if ecrjker mrcfts if tle aiig
kd cd cttebpt ti okve tle stiry tlct rebckdem ct jecst c bimkhub if dcrrctkvemrkve, tlct ks, Mecr Qecmer, ti kdhrecse tle priacakjkty tlct yiu wkjj hidtkdue ti
turd tle pcoe cdm recm id.
_lkje yiu hcd very ecskjy recm tle stiry cdm kodire tle Cddexes, tle reverse
ks cjsi true, cdm, kf K were csgem ti bcge c hlikhe aetweed tle twi, Kb dit
sure wlkhl ide Km mkshcrm. Fir excbpje, tle tcje if ]c`kg Fcrb Meat ks cd
kdtrkoukdo ide repjete wktl kts iwd hcst if sjeutls, vkjjckds cdm vkhtkbs. Kt ks
hertckdjy c tcje if buhl orecter sihkcj skodkfkhcdhe tlcd tlct if c skdojeEdojslbcd caricm. Xi, K tiyem, very arkefjy, wktl tle kmec if puttkdo tle
cddexem bcterkcj ct tle aeokddkdo if tlks mihubedt cdm kd tlks wcy fkrst set
tle shede aefire hibbedhkdo tle chtkid, tlct ks, Xs stiry. Aut K re`ehtem tlks
cpprichl cs c skjjy cttebpt ti kdfjuedhe liw tlks aiig ks recm. [iur recmkdo
lcakts cre, if hiurse, yiur iwd auskdess cdm dit bkde. Bireiver, K wcs
stridojy cmvksem tlct wled tejjkdo c tcje kts c oiim kmec ti oet strckolt kdti tle
chtkid rctler tlcd spedm tkbe pckdtkdo jcroe, kdtrimuhtiry pkhtures if tle
jcdmshcpe.
_lctever tle irmer if presedtctkid ir rejctkve berkts if, id tle ide lcdm, tle
mkreht kbpresskids bcme ay ]c`kgkstcd id c pcsskdo strcdoer jkge X cdm, id tle
itler lcdm, c hibbedtcry id tle stcte if ]c`kg corkhujture acsem id stcte
stctkstkhcj siurhes cdm tle spehkcjkst puajkhctkids if prifesskidcj cdcjysts cdm
hibbedtctirs, kt ks devertlejess cd udmedkcaje fcht tlct K feej buhl bire ct
libe wktl tle firber cdm, cs c hidsequedhe, feej aetter caje ti wrkte caiut
tleb tlcd K mi caiut tle jctter. Bireiver, ae wcrdem, K cb di corkhujturcj
expert cdm, tlerefire, kd di pisktkid ti hibbedm ti yiu by persidcj
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iaservctkids id sua`ehts suhl cs jcdm refirb, corkhujturcj fkdcdhe cdm tle
hujtkvctkid if hittid. Bcdy wiujm tlkdg tlks ks recsid ediuol fir tuhgkdo tlese
tliuolts cwcy ct tle achg if tle aiig. By gdiwjemoe if ]c`kg corkhujture ks
jcroejy sehidmlcdm, hibkdo cjbist edtkrejy frib itler wrkters. Kt ks ti tlese
cutlirs tlct yiu sliujm turd kf yiu wksl ti ockd c aetter cdm bire
mkskdterestem orcsp if tlks sua`eht.
_ktl tehldkhcjktkes lipefujjy iut if tle wcy, cjj tlct rebckds ks tle stiry. Kt ks
set iut kd slirt, epksimkh hlcpters cdm hcd, tlerefire, ae meviurem ct yiur
jeksure jkge tle priverakcj ejeplcdt ide sbcjj akte ct c tkbe. K lipe yiu fkdm
kt ct jecst bkjmjy mkvertkdo hlew wejj!
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^CQ] KKAEHCUXE K]X ]LEQE
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3 bkdutes coi cdm CamujBc`km set tle pche,
mrkdgkdo tle stuff cs kf kt were wcter cdm le wcs acmjy pcrhlem lcvkdo `ust
stubajem iut if tle Oiak Mesert. Aut, cdm tle tliuolt hrisses by bkdm, kf kt kssi wecg, kf kt ks kd fcht dit buhl bire tlcd jkolt ariwd, udpjecscdt tcstkdo
wcter, kt bkolt ae udscfe. ]le arewkdo prihess bkolt dit lcve gkjjem iff cjj
tle bkhriaes tlct, repirtemjy, teeb kd tle udtrectem wcter lerecaiuts.
K geep mrkdgkdo cdm we aitl budhl id tle sbcjj, lcrm huaes if fjcviurem,
mcrg arecm tlct CamujBc`km lcs irmerem gyrkjjedgk9 K firoet tle dcbe.
Kt ks c trkhgy questkid. Id mcys wled K wcjg cjide ti wirg, K kdvcrkcajy aehibecasiraem kd bujjkdo iver tlks scbe questkid. K lcve yet ti fkdm tle cdswer.
^erlcps, tlere ks di skbpje cdswer, tliuol K mcymrecb kmjy tlct K bkolt trkp
iver kt ide mcy Il, tlere yiu cre! If jcte, K lcve aehibe cttrchtem ti tle
kmec tlct by mehkskid ti tcge tle csskodbedt kd ]c`kgkstcd wcs skbpjy tle
udkdtedmem resujt if c dubaer if qukte kdskodkfkhcdt, udrejctem cdm, si K
tliuolt ct tle tkbe, kdhidsequedtkcj chtkids. ]ioetler, tlks bkshejjcdy if
trkvkc lcve hidspkrem ti put be miwd tlks evedkdo kd fridt if CamujBc`km, lere
kd tlks acr kd Gurocd-]eppc.
Ct wirg, CamujBc`km cdm K lcve stcrtem ti ipedjy mkshuss, cdm slcre iur
cdxketkes caiut, iur ebpjiyers jchg if pjcddkdo cdm mkrehtkid. Aut diw,
udmer tle spitjkolt if CamujBc`kms questkid, kt mcwds id be tlct kf K cb kd
effeht dit buhl bire tlcd c pkehe if lubcd fjitscb, jchgkdo c strido sedse
if by iwd kdterdcj purpise, wli cb K ti jcbedt tle jchg if purpise sliwd ay
cdyide ejse.
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CamujBc`km irmers cditler riudm if aeer. K cb cdxkius tlct le bkolt ae
settjkdo kd fir c jido sesskid. Di bctter liw wecg tle aeer bkolt ae K cb
pretty sure tlct K slcjj dit ae caje ti bcdcoe bcdy bire aefire aehibkdo
kdhileredt cdm sufferkdo orectjy tibirriw. ]lere ks cjsi tle udwejhibe
prispeht if aekdo up cdm miwd cjj dkolt trckpskdo iut ti tle tikjet ct tle edm if
tle ycrm.
]lcts by jit Bc`km. Kjj lcve ti oi siid fir by mkdder
_ly9
Kt wkjj ae servem up slirtjy cdm K midt jkge kt hijm. Cdywcy, wlct caiut yiu,
midt yiu lcve c becj ti oi ti9
If hiurse! Aut di ide wkjj stcrt udtkj K crrkve
_lct, tley cjj skt tlere cdm wckt fir yiu9If hiurse aut yiu lcve dit tijm be wly yiu cre lere
Bc`km, Kb dit sure K gdiw bysejf yiu bust tejj be kf yiu fkdm iut
Xtucrt, yiu bust lcve c recsid
K gdiw tlct bcdy ]c`kgs lijm tle vkew tlct peipje jkge be, espehkcjjy tlise
styjem cs vijudteers, bkolt wejj ae bksskidcrkes, coedts if cd cjked hujture
iut ti hidvert tle jihcj peipje ti hlrkstkcdkty. C Hlrkstkcd iutfkt wcs expejjem
jcst yecr wled tle cutlirktkes mkshiverem kt wcs mkstrkautkdo akajes.
Kts hibpjkhctem Bc`km. ]lere cre jits if recsids aut Kb dit lere fir cdy
rejkokius ides. Qecjjy, Kb lere bckdjy fir bysejf
K lcve ti ae hcrefuj caiut arkdokdo rejkokid kdti tle hidversctkid. Ide
evedkdo, criudm tle mkdder tcaje ct tle listej, tle hidversctkid lcm mrkftem
idti rejkokid cdm K wcs csgem caiut by aejkefs cdm lcm sckm K mkm dit aejkeve
kd tle exkstedhe if c oim. ]lks seebem ti mkshidhert cdm cjbist cjcrb by
hibpcdkids. Dit aejkeve kd oim! _lct sirt if persid ks tlks9
K mi dit wcdt ti iffedm CamujBc`km ir lks oim, dir mi K wcdt lkb ti tlkdg if be
cs wekrm ir cjked. Kd fcht K very buhl wcdt ti cvikm mkshusskdo rejkokid wktl
lkb. ]lcdgfujjy, CamujBc`km kodires tlks ippirtudkty ti mkoress kdti tleijioy.
Le ks dit ti ae mkstrchtem frib tle secrhl fir by recsids.
_lct recsids9 _lct caiut yiur fcbkjy9
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Bc`km, Kve dit hibe lere ti tejj cdyide wlct ti mi. Kve hibe lere fir
cmvedture. K oi wcjgkdo kd tle biudtckds kd Euripe cdm lcve recm caiut tle
biudtckds lere kd ]c`kgkstcd. Cjsi, tle stirkes K lcve lecrm caiut tlks hiudtry
bcme kt siudm very aecutkfuj cdm bysterkius cjjurkdo!
Cjjurkdo wlct ks cjjurkdo9
Aecrs byemvyemk cre cttrchtem ti lidey byim tley fkdm kt cjjurkdo.
Cjsi, sibe scy, tlct bed fkdm aecutkfuj wibed cjjurkdo. Fkslerbed use c
jure c fectler ir slkdy ia`eht - ct tle edm if tle jkde ti cttrcht fksl.
Igcy. Oi id
Km aeed mikdo tle scbe `ia fir 36 yecrs cdm wcdtem ti mi sibetlkdo
mkfferedt, K wcdtem ti ae ausy, edocoem, revktcjkzem. K mkmdt lcve ti ecrd
bidey - K lcm retkrem cdm lcm tle tkbe cdm pisskakjkty ti trcvej. Xi wly dit
`iurdey ti cditler very mkfferedt pcrt if tle wirjm, cdm lcve cd cmvedturetlere9
Aut yiur fcbkjy9
_ejj, tley bcy hibe iut cdm vkskt be. Kb idjy oikdo ti ae cwcy 8-= bidtls
ct c tkbe, by sid ks diw bcgkdo lks wcy jcroejy iutskme tle libe, by wkfe K
bkss - we lcve jkvem tioetler decrjy 15 yecrs - aut sle lcs cd casirakdo `ia,
we cre kd reoujcr hidtcht ay ebckj cdm plide, yiu gdiw
K oujp miwd tle rest if by =tl
, pkdt-skzem ojcss if aeer cdm scy tlct K recjjyiuolt ti ae oettkdo achg ti tle listej.
Kb dit cverse ti hidtkdukdo wktl CamujBc`kms kdterrioctkid if by bitkves fir
hibkdo ti ]c`kgkstcd aut K bust oet cwcy frib tlks acr cdm cjj tlks aeer.
Kb sure CamujBc`km mies dit fkdm by stiry hidvkdhkdo. Kt rkdos lijjiw ti be.
Kts idjy jcter tlct K recjkze wly. K lcm respidmem ti lks kdktkcj questkid cs kf kt
were cd edqukry caiut by persidcj bitkvctkid, sibetlkdo K gdiw ti ae
hidfusem cdm hidfjkhtem. Aut repjcykdo iur hidversctkid kd by lecm K lecr
CamujBc`km csgkdo be, Xtucrt, tejj be, wly cre yiu r jjylere9 [es, wlctksoikdo id9 _lct r yiu up ti9 ]le sirt if questkids c pijkhebcd bkoltcsg c strcdoe kdmkvkmucj, wlib le edhiudters kd cd udusucj jihctkid ct tle
mecm if dkolt. ]le sirt if questkids tle ]c`kg cutlirktkes, fir excbpje, bkolt
very recsidcajy csg c jide Edojkslbcd fiudm skttkdo, mrkdgkdo kd c didmeshrkpt
acr kd c sbcjj privkdhkcj ]c`kg tiwd fcr iff tle tiurkst trckj.
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Bcyae Kb wrido, bcyae CamujBc`km mies skbpjy wcdt ti gdiw wlere by
lecrt jkes, aut, K diw widmer, wlct wiujm K bcge if lkb kf iur pisktkids were
reversem9 _lct kf ]c`kgkstcd wcs kd by eyes c fcaujiusjy rkhl cdm piwerfuj
hiudtry cdm Edojcdm orkdmkdojy piir cdm by iverrkmkdo preihhupctkid wcs
edsurkdo tlct arecm wcs put id tle tcaje if by fcbkjy9 _lct kf fir be firekod
trcvej wcs c mrecb, bcstery if tle ]c`kg jcdoucoe cdm, cjido wktl kt, c
tehldkhcj vihcaujcry if strcdoe castrchtkids suhl cs oiverdcdhe,
sustckdcakjkty cdm hcpchkty aukjmkdo wcs tle gey ti c wejj pckm `ia, pisskajy
kd cd irocdksctkid estcajkslem ay ]c`kgs kd by iwd hiudtry, cdm tlese
strcdoers, wktl tlekr mkfferedt mress cdm hustibs, seebem ti us ti ae si very
sure liw tlkdos sliujm ae hlcdoem fir tle aetter9 Liw tled wiujm we
reocrm tleb, tlese cjkeds, eved kf tley wedt caiut tlekr wirg udatruskvejy,
pijktejy, sedsktkvejy cdm kdhjuskvejy cdm cjwcys sbkjkdo si recmkjy9
Cs K wcjg achg kd tle mcrg ti tle CH]EM listej, by bkdm pjecscdtjy fiooy
wktl cjhilij, tle Cberkhcds summedjy kdtrume kdti by tliuolts tlise
Cberkhcds wli ct tle tkbe were stctkidem kd Arktckd cdm were iverpckm,
iversexem cdm iver lere. Ide if by sksters very decrjy wedt iff wktl ide if
tleb.
Cdm tled, cpprichlkdo by mestkdctkid, wcrkjy deoitkctkdo pitlijes cdm
sjeepkdo mios kd tle udjkt street, kt mcwds id be tlct tle listej lcs aehibe c
wejhibe refuoe K bkolt eved lcve sckm ti CamujBc`km tlct K lcm ti oi
libe.
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^CQ] KKKME^CQ]UQE
(Bcp hiurtesy if Udkverskty if ]excs Jkarcrkes)
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8. ME^CQ]UQE-K
Kt ks ajchg iutskme. K hcd see ditlkdo tlriuol tle wkdmiws scve tle refjehtkid
if tle trcdskt jiudoe kd wlkhl K cb skttkdo.
Id jcdmkdo, K ojkbpsem meep sdiw pkjem up cjidoskme tle rudwcy cdm furtler
iff K hiujm bcge iut tle ajchg skjliuettes if trees. Kt wcs jcte cfterdiid cdm
tlere wcs stkjj c jkttje jkolt kd tle sgy.
Kts diw 3 lrs jihcj tkbe cdm cjj criudm be K hcd lecr Qusskcd aekdo
spiged. Kb kd Qkoc, fresl iut if Octwkhg Edojcdm, set fir Muslcdae,
]c`kgkstcd.
K lcve hlcdoem 1> kdti griids cdm aiuolt bysejf c aeer cdm c scdmwkhl.
Kb recmkdo by dewspcper ]le Kdmepedmedt. Cs usucj, Kve jiigem ct tle
iaktucrkes cdm id tlks mcy, 36 Fearucry 1>3>, K see tlct Mkhg Frcdhks, tle
`ihgey cdm divejkst, ks fecturem.
If hiurse, lks iaktucry bedtkids Mevid Jihl cdm tle Orcdm Dctkidcj if
3;568. Xcturmcy 1= Bcrhl 3;56 Bcrys wemmkdo mcy. Ct tle tkbe if tle
rche we were octlerem ct libe kd ]eddysid Cvedue fir tle wemmkdoreheptkid. Mcm cdm ]idy Lcjjiwcy were kd tle achg riib jkstedkdo ti tle
rche hibbedtcry cdm aehibkdo kdhrecskdojy rcuhius cs tle lirse tley lcm
achgem jido aefire tle rche wcs rud Mevid Jihl - cppecrem ti lcve tle
rche wid. Xummedjy, kt wedt very quket, fijjiwem ay tle burburs if aebusem
kdmkodctkid. Lcvkdo `ubpem every fedhe, Mevid Jihl lcm kdexpjkhcajy fcjjed
miwd `ust ycrms frib tle fkdkslkdo pist. Aut we lcm dit hibe tioetler fir c
trkp ti tle rches. ]le arkme cdm oriib were becdt ti ae tle hedtre if iur
cttedtkid dit c lirse! Devertlejess, tle evedts ct Ckdtree tlct mcy iatrumem
kdti iur priheemkdos cdm mcbpedem tle biim.
K widmer, wlere were yiu wled Mevid Jihl fejj miwd9
8Cdyide wli wktdessem lks strcdoe bksfirtude kd tle 3;56 Orcdm Dctkidcj, rkmkdo Mevid
Jihl fir tle Sueed Bitler, wiujm gdiw tlct cdy pjit, cdy hlcrchter, hcd ae turdem upskme-miwd id tle fkdcj pcoe.
Lcvkdo deoitkctem tle ako fedhes wktl arcvurc, Mevid Jihl wcs hjecr cdm `ust => ycrms fribtle pist wled le summedjy sprcwjem ti lks gdees. Kt lcm tcged c spjkt-sehidm fir Frcdhks tiae pkthlem frib exujtctkid ti kdmkodkty. BhOrctl, Hlrks (1>3>)
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K turd ti by aiig, wlkhl ks c divej ay tle Qusskcd Aujocgiv Ajchg Xdiw. Kt
mies dit lijm be si K shrkaaje sibe dites kd by mkcry Kb re-recmkdo tleb
diw cjbist exchtjy ide yecr jcter.
_led K jeft libe kd tle birdkdo kt wcs rckdkdo stecmkjy cdm Cddc lcm mrkved
be ti Ecjkdo Aricmwcy Xtctkid. K mkm dit feej edtluskcstkh cdm struoojem wktl
by juoocoe feejkdo mcudtem cdm fecrfuj. Miuats caiut tle trkp lcm surfchem c
weeg ir twi aefire by mepcrture. 1 yecrs ecrjker, wled K wcs kd _est Cfrkhc,
tle prispeht if oikdo ti c biudtckdius, hijm, ex-sivket hiudtry wiujm lcve
seebem very cttrchtkve. Cdm diw9 Kb cjrecmy bksskdo Cddc, Dkhi cdm
Jeyairde Cvedue! Ajchg Xdiw kdmeem.
]le fjkolt frib Octwkhg ti Qkoc wcs fujj, aut id aicrmkdo tle pjcde firMuslcdae K fkdm K lcve c wlije riw if sects ti bysejf. ]lere cre idjy c
lcdmfuj if us shctterem caiut tle hcakd cdm K lcve di hlcdhe ti oet ti gdiw
cdy if by fejjiw pcssedoers. ]lere ks ust c fckdt burbur if hidversctkid,
kts hlkjjy cdm K ludger miwd cdm try ti sjeep dit very suhhessfujjy.
_e fjy chriss tle ebptkdess if Hedtrcj Cskc cdm K hcd see ditlkdo iut if by
wkdmiw. Aut, evedtucjjy, tle sect aejt skod hibes id cdm we cre csgem ti
bcge iur sects uprkolt aefire tiuhlkdo miwd ct Muslcdae Ckrpirt. Kts caiut>=.>>lrs jihcj tkbe, mcrg, -6H cdm, cockd, tlere ks c jit if sdiw pkjem up
cjidoskme tle rudwcy.
]c`kgkstcd dirtl if Cfolcdkstcd, west if Hlkdc, siutl if Gyroyzstcd cdm ecst
if Uzaegkstcd Kve crrkvem. _e oet miwd frib tle pjcde, aicrm c sluttje aus
cdm, cs we cre mrkved ti hustibs, K hcd see Muslcdae, kd hyrkjjkh hlcrchters,
up kd deid jkolts id tle mcrg terbkdcj aukjmkdo $)*+,-..
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=. ]C@KGKX]CD
]le Coedhy fkrst hidtchtem be caiut tle csskodbedt kd ]c`kgkstcd caiut ;
bidtls aefire by evedtucj mepcrture. Kd Fearucry 1>>; K lcm cppjkem
udsuhhessfujjy fir c pistkdo ti Bidoijkc cfter wlkhl tlere wcs c jujj kd iur
hibbudkhctkids. ]led, kd @ujy, id returdkdo frib c wcjgkdo lijkmcy kd tle
Xtuack Biudtckds, K fiudm c arkef e-bckj wcktkdo fir be ct libe tlct iutjkdem
tle pisskakjkty if c pistkdo ti ]c`kgkstcd. K lcm di kmec tle Coedhy wcs chtkve
tlere. K lcm cjwcys tliuolt if kt cs spehkcjkskdo kd tripkhcj hiudtrkes wktl
Bidoijkc cs tle imm bcd iut. ]c`kgkstcd- K pidmerem tle dcbe cdm tliuol K
gdew casijutejy ditlkdo caiut tle hiudtry K wcs kbbemkctejy cttrchtem ay tle
prispeht if oikdo tlere. ]c`kgkstcd c dcbe yiu hiujm rijj criudm kd yiur
biutl scviurkdo tle kbcoes kt hid`urem up lkol biudtckds, Xhlelerczcmecdm Xcbcrgcdm, cdm lcrm id tlekr leejs Qusskc, HlkdccdmCfolcdkstcd. K
wcs very exhktem cdm tliuolt tlct tlere hiujm dit pisskajy ae c bire perfeht
jihctkid fir cd csskodbedt wktl tle Coedhy.
K kbbemkctejy turdem ti by Ctjcs aut fiudm kt if jkttje lejp. ]c`kgkstcd wcs id
tle pcoe mevitem ti Hedtrcj Cskc cdm kt wcs cjbist titcjjy iashurem ay kts iwd
dcbe tlct wcs prkdtem iver tle tip if tle sbcjj crec cjjittem ti kt. K hiujm
acrejy bcge iut tle slcpe if tle hiudtry tliuol tlks, K wcs ti jecrd, wcs ctjecst pcrtjy mue ti tle hidtirtkids if kts dirtlerd airmer.
K turdem ti tle kdterdet cdm tlks ks wlct K ojecdem0
]c`kgkstcd ir sliujm kt ae ]cmzkgkstcd ir, eved, ]i`kgkstid ks c sbcjj,
jcdmjihgem hiudtry. Chhirmkdo ti tle HKCs _irjm Fchtaiig, ]c`kgkstcd lcs cd
crec if 3=8,3>> sq gbs, wlkhl bcges kt sjkoltjy sbcjjer tlcd _kshidskd cdm
caiut 6>% tle skze if tle UG. K tlkdg tlks fkoure bust ae tle crec if cd
irtlioidcj pri`ehtkid aehcuse ]c`kgkstcd ks very biudtckdius cdm kf kt were ti
ae kridem fjct kt wiujm ae c very buhl akooer hiudtry cdm, Kb hertckd, kt wiujm
tled di jidoer rcdg cs idjy tle ;5tlakooest hiudtry id tle HKC jkst.
Kd hiudtry, K wcs ti mkshiver tlct kt ks uddehesscry ti krid ]c`kgkstcd fjct kd
irmer ti bcge kt kdti c ako, ir ct jecst edoedmer tle sedse if aekdo c buhl
jcroer, hiudtry. ]rcvejjkdo aetweed mkfferedt pcrts if tle hiudtry ks mkffkhujt
cdm tkbe hidsubkdo oederctkdo cd effeht if rebitedess aetweed rejctkvejy
hjise jihctkids. Cs tle hriw fjkes, ^ed`kgedt (^cd`cgedt, /+,!+>.,3,
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^cd`kgedt, /.,18=>.,3), cd cdhkedt ]c`kg hkty kd tle Pcrcfslcd Vcjjey, ks
jess tlcd 35> gkjibetres frib Muslcdae, aut kd wkdter wled tle ricm iver tle
Fcd Biudtckds ks hjisem tle `iurdey hcd tcge 38 liurs. Ide ks firhem ti oi
riudm tle biudtckds ay fkrst hrisskdo kdti Uzaegkstcd, tled mrkvkdo siutl
aefire re-edterkdo ]c`kgkstcd cdm lecmkdo fir tle hcpktcj.
Kd wkdter, tle mksruptkid if trcdspirt mue ti sdiw cdm cvcjcdhles ks dit
udhibbid. Bire tlcd lcjf tle hiudtry ks iver 8,>>> betres lkol cdm tle
ricms cre piirjy bckdtckdem. Kd ]c`kgkstcd, hcr mrkvers bust qukhgjy bcster tle
crt if sjcjibkdokf tley wcdt ti cvikm mcbcokdo tlekr hcrs, swervkdo frib skme
ti skme cvikmkdo tle duberius cdm suastcdtkcj pitlijes tlct cre ti ae
edhiudterem everywlere iutskme if tle hcpktcj cdm cwcy frib tle bckd trudg
ricms.
]le lkolest pikdt kd ]c`kgkstcd ks tle pecg Ksbikjk Xibidk (firberjy, ^kg
Gibbudkzbc cdm, ecrjker stkjj, ^kg Xtcjkdc). ]lks biudtckd rkses ti wejj iver
?,>>> betres cdm wcs tle lkolest pikdt kd tle Xivket Udkid. Kt jkes kd tle
^cbkrs cs mies Cvkheddc ^ecg. Udtkj 3;88, tle jctter, wlkhl wcs tled gdiwd
cs ^kg Jedkdc, wcs tliuolt ti ae tle lkolest pikdt aut, cs kt turdem iut, Jedkd
lcm ti heme fkrst pjche ti Xtcjkd, ct jecst, fir c wlkje. ^erlcps, Cjexcdmer
Pkdivkev lcm ]c`kgkstcd kd bkdm wled le write caiut Kacdsg kd lks aiig ]le[cwdkdo Lekolts=.
]c`kgs cre sbcjj kd dubaers tii. Cockd, referrkdo ti tle HKCs _irjm Fchtaiig,
tlere cre idjy ?.6 bkjjkid if tleb. ]lere ks c ]c`kg ige K lecrm kdvijvkdo tle
^reskmedts if ]c`kgkstcd cdm Hlkdc0
]c`kg ^reskmedt ti Hlkdese ^reskmedt0 K cb tijm tlct tle Hlkdese
pipujctkid ks tle jcroest kd tle wirjm.
Hlkdese reskmedt0 [es, tlere cre iver 3.= akjjkid if us. ]ejj be, liw
bcdy ]c`kgs cre tlere9
]c`kg ^reskmedt0 _e cre idjy ?.6 bkjjkid.
Hlkdese ^reskmedt (tcged cachg)0 Oisl! [iu bust gdiw everyide.
Jkge tle crec if tle hiudtry, tle pipujctkid fkoure deems qucjkfkhctkid. Iver c
qucrter if Cfolcdkstcds pipujctkid if 8> bkjjkid cre etldkh]c`kgs. Fir
prchtkhcj purpises tlks becds tley specg ]c`kg, c jcdoucoe rejctem ti
=Pkdivkev, C (3;?;).
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^erskcd. Kd cmmktkid, caiut 5% if Uzaegkstcds peipje cre cjsi etldkh ]c`kgs.
Xi tlere cre fewer peipje jkvkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd tlcd tlere cre etldkh ]c`kgs jkvkdo
kd tle hiudtrkes cm`ikdkdo kt5. Kt sliujm ae cmmem tlct if tle ?.6 bkjjkid ]c`kg
dctkidcjscaiut 3 bkjjkid if tlese, wli cre bistjy yiudo bed, cre ti ae fiudm
fcr cwcy wirgkdo kd Qusskcd cdm Gczcglstcd6. ]lekr rebkttcdhes cre c jkfejkde
fir tlise if tlekr rejctkves wli cre jeft kd tle hiudtry. ]lese rebkttcdhes
cbiudtem ti iver 1 akjjkid mijjcrs kd 1>3>, k.e. caiut =>% if ]c`kgkstcds
OM^?.
Jcaiur, K jecrdt, ks ]c`kgkstcds bist kbpirtcdt expirt.
]lks oeiorcplkhcj mkstrkautkid if tle ]c`kg peipje, frib Cfolcdkstcd, tlriuol
Uzaegkstcd cdm Gczcglstcd ti Qusskc serves cs cd kbpirtcdt mkstrkautkidhlcddej fir tle lerikd cdm ipkub tlct ks primuhem kd Cfolcdkstcd% ti tle hiudtrys mehjcrem dctkidcj kdhibe;.
Dit idjy cre ]c`kgs shctterem iver severcj mkfferedt siverekod stctes. Xibe if
tlese scbe siverekod stctes cre oeiorcplkhcjjy shctterem iver echl itler. Kd
tle Ferolcdc vcjjey wlere Uzaegkstcd, Gyroyzstcd cdm ]c`kgkstcd beet, tle
tlree hiudtrkes spkjj iver kdti echl itler firbkdo c dubaer if edhjcves -
terrktirkes tlct aejido ti ide repuajkh aut cre jihctem kd cditler. Kd tlks reokid
5Kt sliujm ae ditem tlct cd estkbctem 35% if tle ]c`kg dctkidcj pipujctkid cre etldkh Uzaegs.
6]le shcje if tlks ehidibkh bkorctkid ks equcjjy kbpresskve wled vkewem tlriuol tle
Qusskcd edm if tle tejeshipe. Kt ks estkbctem lct busjkbs frib tle Hcuhcskcd cdm HedtrcjCskcd Qepuajkhs chhiudt fir caiut c qucrter if tle pipujctkid if Orecter Bishiw cdmchhirmkdo ti Bcrtkd Hruz Xbktl tley cre cjj referrem ti cs ]c`kgs (Xbktl, B.H. (1>3>), p.3=).?Xee cjsi, Buolck, Camuj-Olcffcr (1>>?)
perhedt if tle lerikd
primuhem kd Cfolcdkstcd cre sbuoojem tlriuol Hedtrcj Cskc ed riute ti hidsubers kd Qusskc,Euripe, cdm Hlkdc. ]le bc`irkty if tlese mruos pcss tlriuol ]c`kgkstcd. Up ti 3>> tids if
Cfolcd lerikd cre sbuoojem tlriuol ]c`kgkstcd every yecr. Acsem id tlks fkoure, ]c`kg jcw
edfirhebedt cdducjjy sekzes caiut 1 perhedt if lerikd trcdsktkdo ]c`kgkstcd, UX Mepcrtbedtif Xtcte (1>31);Xee, ^cijk, J. et cj (1>>?) cdm Ehidibkst (1>31)
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1. Kd tle hcse if ]c`kgkstcd cdm
Uzaegkstcd tle rejctkidslkp aetweed tle twi hiudtrkes lcs dit aeed lejpem ay
tle hjckbs if tle firber id Xcbcrgcdm cdm Aiglcrc id tle oriudms tlct tle
pipujctkids if tlese 1 cdhkedt hktkes cre premibkdcdtjy ]c`kg.
Kt hcd tcge c jido tkbe ti hriss tle Uzaeg-]c`kg airmer udjess, perlcps, yiu
cre c aco if lerikd ir hihckde.
]c`kgkstcd ks dit idjy c sbcjj, biudtckdius, jcdmjihgem hiudtry wktl c sbcjj
pipujctkid, kt ks cjsi c very piir hiudtry. Kd terbs if per hcpktc OM^ kt ksrcdgem 3% if tle jcaiur firhe wirgs kd corkhujture aut tle pitedtkcj fir corkhujture ks
lkoljy hidstrckdem. Idjy 6.51% if tle jcdm ks crcaje33cdm kt ks if jiw fertkjkty.
]le surfche jcyer if tle jcdm kd tle siutl ks jiess wkdm airde skjt. Ay cjj
chhiudts, sikjs hibpisem if jiess sliujm ae lkoljy fertkje aut tley cre cjsi
lkoljy susheptkaje ti eriskid cdm kd ]c`kgkstcd, udjkge Hlkdc, fcrbkdo
tehldkques meskodem ti jkbkt eriskid were dit mevejipem ir wkmejy usem.
Cjsi, tlere lcs aeed extedskve me-firestctkid. ]le trees cre oide cdm kd tlesiutl fcrb liuselijms rejy lecvkjy id cdkbcj mudo fir lectkdo cdm hiigkdo.
Cs c resujt mudo ks dit cvckjcaje fir sikj edrkhlbedt. Kd cmmktkid ti hidtrkautkdo
ti meterkirctkdo corkhujturcj ykejms, tle erimem, meorcmem, treejess cdm slcrpjy
kdhjkdem sikjs if ]c`kgkstcd cre lkoljy susheptkaje ti bum sjkmes. Every yecr,
tle rckds cre chhibpcdkem ay tlese mecmjy evedts tlct hcd mestriy wlije
vkjjcoes.
Jcter, cfter c bidtl if trcvejjkdo criudm Glctjid Iajcstkd tle siutl if tle
hiudtry, kt wcs by kbpresskid tlct tle jcdm tlere wcs bcme edtkrejy if bum. Kt
bkolt rkse up ti c lekolt if 1,>>> betres kd jido rkmoes, lubps cdm fijms kd
tle ecrtl cdm tle ricms bkolt pcss tlriuol slcrp huttkdos aut very rcrejy mkm K
see c rihg. ]lere were di stidewcjjs ir stide aukjmkdos. Kd tle vkjjcoes kd
tle siutl tle wcjjs surriudmkdo liuselijm pjits were bcme if bum, usucjjy
3>Xee, fir excbpje, Glcbkmiv (1>33). Kd tle hcse if ide edhjcve, Xigl, cd Uzaeg edhjcve
kd Gyroyzstcd, tle kdlcaktcdts cre cjbist cjj etldkh ]c`kgs, tle edhjcve lcvkdo aeed hrectem kd
3;1= aefire ]c`kgkstcd wcs firbem cs c sepcrcte repuajkh kd tle UXXQ, Xkdmejcr, M. (1>38)33]c`kgkstcd lcs bire jcdm crec udmer ojchkers< perhedt if tle hiudtry crectlcd kt lcs
crcaje jcdm, Cgrcbiv, G.]. & Xlreemcr, O. (1>31), p.36
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hcppem wktl turf, cs were tle fcrb aukjmkdos tlebsejves. C bum tlct, wled kt
rckds lecvkjy, fjiws31.
Glctjid ks tle fjcttest cdm jiwest pcrt if ]c`kgkstcd wlere corkhujture ks
iverwlejbkdojy tle mibkdcdt ehidibkh chtkvkty. _led ]c`kgkstcd wcs pcrt if
tle UXXQ, corkhujture kd Glctjid aehcbe memkhctem ti tle primuhtkid if
hittid, irocdksem wktlkd luoe stcte cdm hijjehtkve fcrbs.
Hittid wlkte oijm ks cd kbpirtcdt siurhe if firekod exhlcdoe ecrdkdos fir
tle stcte cdm luoe bidipijy redts fir c few, suhl cs tle iwders if tle hittid
okds, cdm c hcuse if kbpiverkslbedt fir bist if tle fcrbers cdm fkejm
wirgers38. Hittid ks ]c`kgkstcd's bist kbpirtcdt hcsl hrip. Expirts if hittid
chhiudtem fir 1>-8> perhedt if titcj expirts kd 1>>>;, c spehkcj cumkt if tle Dctkidcj Acdg if ]c`kgkstcd
revecjem tlct severcj ludmrem bkjjkid mijjcrs ckbem ct tle hittid sehtir lcm
mkscppecrem. ]le hlkef bcokhkcd if tlks pcrtkhujcr vcdkslkdo trkhg wcs
Burcmcjk Cjkbcrmid wli lcm aeed lecm if tle Acdg wled tle fect wcs
31Caiut 5>,>>> jcdmsjkmes were rehirmem kd 1>>8, if wlkhl 3,1>> tlrectedem lubcd
settjebedts, _irjm Acdg (1>>?A), p. 838Kdterdctkidcj Hrksks Oriup (1>>5)
3=Xee Cddex KK
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chhibpjkslem. Ay tle tkbe tle resujts if tle cumkt were puajkslem le lcm
bivem id ti aehibe c meputy prkbe bkdkster cdm respidskaje fir corkhujture.
Kt ks c oijmed ruje if bcokhkcds dit ti revecj liw yiur trkhg wirgs cdm, true ti
lks hcjjkdo, Cjkbcrmid cdm lks stcff mkm tlekr aest ti lkme ir skbpjy mestriy tle
pcperwirg suppirtkdo tlks pcrtkhujcr fkdcdhkcj krreoujcrkty. Erdst & [iudo, tle
cumktirs, repirtem tlct tley lcm chhess ti idjy 38% if tle mihubedtctkid tlct
tley requkrem kd irmer ti fujjy udmerstcdm Cjkbcrmids jeoermebckd.
Devertlejess, tley bcdcoem ti revecj tlct tle bksskdo fudms lcm aeed
fuddejjem ti fkrbs tlct kdvest kd hittid. ]lese cre tle futures hibpcdkes tlct
sprcdo up kd tle bkm-3;;>s cdm wlkhl privkme fcrbers wktl seems, fertkjksers
cdm fuej ct exhesskve prkhes kd exhlcdoe fir future lcrvests. Ide if tlese si-
hcjjem hittid kdvestirs, Gremkt Kdvest, wcs c fkrb iwdem ay Cjkbcrmids fcbkjycdm lcm usem pcrt if tle fudms ecrbcrgem fir hittid ti aukjm c restcurcdt
kdstecm. ]le cbiudt cmvcdhem ti Gremkt Kdvest wcs decrjy equcj ti tle titcj
cdducj revedues if tle ]c`kg dctkidcj aumoet. Buhl if tlks bidey lcs yet ti
ae repckm ti tle Dctkidcj Acdg35.
Cjkbcrmid mkm dit croue wktl Erdst & [iudos repirt cdm mefedmem lks chtkids
ay scykdo tlct kt wcs tle idjy wcy ti bckdtckd tle hittid sehtir tlriuol c
mkffkhujt perkim hertckdjy, tle chtkids if tle Dctkidcj Acdg bust lcve orectjyecsem cdy pckd fejt ir kbcokdem ay tle hittid kdvestirs cdm tlekr frkedms cdm
fcbkjkes.
]le Erdst & [iudo cumkt lcm aeed mebcdmem ay tle KBF id kts mkshivery if
cditler krreoujcrkty. Id < Bcrhl 1>>< tle KBF cddiudhem tlct kt wcs
requkrkdo ]c`kgkstcd ti repcy $=?.= bkjjkid aehcuse kt lcm cmvcdhem bidkes id
tle acsks if kdchhurcte kdfirbctkid privkmem ay tle stcte acdg. ]le ]c`kg
Dctkidcj Acdg lcm kdfjctem tle vcjue if kts reserves ay c fchtir if tlree cdm
lcm cjsi hidhecjem tle fcht tlct kts reserves lcm aeed usem cs hijjctercj fir
jicds frib firekod acdgs cmvcdhem ti Gremkt Kdvest! Cjj tlks wcs very
remijedt if Hcpd Aia Bcxwejjs fkdcdhkcj krreoujcrktkes, k.e. tlise tlct edtckjem
lks uskdo tle cssets if tle Bkrrir Oriups pedskid fudms ti slire up lks
auskdess ebpkre. Kt seebem ti be tlct tle ]c`kg kdtejjkoedtskc were ay di
becds udcwcre if tle cmvcdhem auskdess prchtkhes if tle west.
35Bc`kmiv, X. (1>>;)
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Ct caiut tle scbe tkbe cs tle KBF wcs wirrykdo cwcy ct tle ]c``g Dctkidcj
Acdg, cditler very skbkjcr tcje if wie wcs udfijmkdo hidherdkdo ]CJHI, tle
stcte iwdem cjubkdkub hibpcdy36. Cjido wktl mruo ruddkdo, tle expirt if
jcaiur cdm tle primuhtkid if hittid, tle primuhtkid if cjubkdub ks ide if
]c`kgkstcds bist kbpirtcdt hibberhkcj jkdes if auskdess cdm siurhe if firekod
exhlcdoe. Kt chhiudts fir criudm 5>%, ay vcjue, if ]c`kgkstcds expirts. Ct
]ursudzimc id tle airmer wktl Uzaegkstcd, ]CJHI iperctes ide if tle
jcroest cjubkdkub pjcdts kd tle wirjm. Kt ks sckm ti ae ]c`kgkstcds skdoje bist
vcjucaje kdmustrkcj csset.
]c`kgkstcd lcs di acuxkte cdm si cjj tle rcw bcterkcj requkrem ay tle pjcdt lcs
ti ae kbpirtem. Udmer tle Xivket mkvkskid if jcaiur, tle rctkidcje fir tle
jihctkid if tle pjcdt wcs privkmem ay ]c`kgkstcds luoe pit dtk j firoederctkdo lymriejehtrkh piwer. ]le primuhtkid prihess fir cjubkdkub ks very
ederoy kdtedskve. ]c`kgkstcds lymriejehtrkh pitedtkcj merkves frib tle bejtkdo
ojchkers up kd tle lkol ]c`kg biudtckds. Aut, bcdy yecrs id, wlctever kts
pitedtkcj bkolt ae, ]c`kgkstcds kdstcjjem lymriejehtrkh hcpchkty rebckds
kdsuffkhkedt ti beet aitl mibestkh cdm kdmustrkcj mebcdm. Murkdo wkdter wled
tle tebpercture pjudoes, piwer huts cre frequedt cdm wkmesprecm exhept
tlct ks kd Muslcdae cdm ]ursudzimc. ]CJHI, kt sliujm ae ditem, chhiudts
fir caiut =>% if tle titcj mebcdm fir ejehtrkhkty kd ]c`kgkstcd cdm cppecrs tiae c lkoljy prkvkjeoem hustiber if tle ejehtrkhcj oederctkdo kdmustry. Kt ks
jcroejy spcrem tle mksruptkids kd tle suppjy if ejehtrkhkty tlct cre tle jit if
bist if tle pipujctkid3?.
Kf ]CJHI hiujm hibbcdm tle suppjy if =>% if c shcrhe cdm very vcjucaje
resiurhe suhl cs ejehtrkhkty, K hidhjumem tlct ]CJHI cdm kts primuhtkid if
cjubkdkub bust ae very kbpirtcdt ti tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedt. ]le expedskve
priheemkdos kd c Jidmid Lkol Hiurt tlct were hidhjumem kd 1>>< revecjem
`ust liw kbpirtcdt ]CJHI wcs, cdm stkjj rebckds. Kt cppecrs tlct ]CJHI lcs
cd coreebedt wktl Dirsg Cjubkdkub, udmer wlkhl ]CJHI purhlcses
36Ijhitt, B.A.(1>31), pp.3 bkjjkid g_l if ejehtrkhkty per mcy, riuoljy lcjf if wlkhl oies ti]CJHI, cd cjubkdub sbejter. ]le fkdcdhkcj hrksks kd tlks hcse bkolt lcve c pisktkve effeht,skdhe tle mebcdm fir cjubkdub wkjj fcjj, cdm bire kdterdcjjy primuhem ejehtrkhkty hiujm ae
okved ti hibbid liuselijms. Cs fir diw, peipje `ust lcve ti hipe wktl tle reoujcr ejehtrkhktyhuts tlct cre chhibpcdkem ay tle casedhe if hedtrcj lectkdo cdm diw jifty prkhes fir dcturcjocs., Bemrec, X.(1>>;)
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cjubkdkub ire, cjubkdc, frib Dirsg ct c prebkub cdm tled sejjs achg tle
cjubkdkub kt primuhes ct c mkshiudt. Dirsg tled pcys iver tle super prifkts kt
ecrds id tle mecj ti hertckd fridt hibpcdkes tlct cre reoksterem kd tle Arktksl
Vkrokd Ksjcdms kd tle dcbes if ]c`kg fridt bed3>=. Dczcriv respidmem wktl hiudter-hjckbs tlct jem ti tle mkshjisure if tle
settjebedt coreebedtaetweed Dirsg cdm ]CJHI. Kt ks estkbctem tlct caiut
$3/1 akjjkid lcs, cs c hidsequedhe, aeed hlcddejem tcx-free tlriuol fridt
hibpcdkes kd tle Arktksl Vkrokd Ksjcdms. ]le ]c`kg stcte aumoet ks cd
estkbctem $?1 bkjjkid piirer tlise tlct hidtrij ]CJHI, tlekr fcbkjkes cdmfrkedms buhl, buhl rkhler. Aut wli ks kt, yiu bkolt csg, wli ujtkbctejy
hidtrijs ]CJHI9 ]CJHI ks dit oiverdem ay c aicrm if mkrehtirs .. kt ks
udmer tle sije hibbcdm if kts mkrehtir wli repirts idjy ti tle ]c`kg preskmedt
ct c bidtljy beetkdo3; Br Ebibcjk Qcglbid.
]le twi pcrtkes ti tle hcse settjem iut if hiurt arkdokdo tle priheemkdos ti c
hjise, cjido wktl kts ebacrrcsskdo mkshjisures. ]le jeocj hists kdhurrem ay
tle ]c`kg oiverdbedt were estkbctem ti cbiudt ti $3>> bkjjkid, ir caiut 5%if ]c`kgkstcds OM^, bcgkdo tle hcse ide if tle bist expedskve kd Arktksl
jeocj lkstiry.
_lkje tle KBF hibpjckdem if fkdcdhkcj krreoujcrktkeskt wcs dit hjecr wlct
hrkbes, kf cdy, lcm aeed hibbkttem (by kdterdet resecrhles mkm dit oi cs fcr
cs ]c`kg tcx jcw). ]le ]c`kg oiverdbedt mefedmem tle ]CJHI-Dirsg
coreebedt cs aekdo kd hibpjkcdhe wktl cjj kdterdctkidcj stcdmcrms, .. c
trcdspcredt cdm iped mihubedt, c skod if kdhrecsem hidfkmedhe tlct tle
kdterdctkidcj auskdess hibbudkty lcs kd tlks hiudtry. ]le coreebedt
wcs puajkhjy edmirsem ay tle Euripecd Acdg fir Qehidstruhtkid &
Mevejipbedt (EAQM). EAQM iffkhkcjs pcrtkhkpctem kd tle deoitkctkids jecmkdo
up ti tle hidhjuskid if tle coreebedt. Kd cmmktkid, 8 _irjm Acdg iffkhkcjs
suppirtem tle coreebedt cdm tle mkverskid if prifkts tlct tle terbs if tle
cjubkdc-cjubkdkub trcme were meskodem ti chlkeve.
3>>6), (1>>?C) & (1>>?A)
3;_irjm Acdg (1>>=), Aix 6, pcoe 16
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]lus, tle KBFs hcjjs fir bire trcdspcredhysiudmem ti be c akt jkge tle oukjty
pritestctkids if tlise wli lcm lcm c rkdoskme sect ct tle perfirbcdhe if tle
krreoujcrktkeskd questkid7 everyide wli bctterem gdew perfehtjy wejj wlct lcm
aeed coreem cdm wcs hibfirtcaje wktl tle crrcdoebedts tlct lcm aeed put kd
pjche. _lct, liwever, wcs wirtl ditkdo wcs tlct ]CJHI wcs jess
]c`kgkstcds skdoje bist vcjucaje kdmustrkcj cssettlcd kt wcs tle persidcj
priperty if Ebibcjk Qcglbid cdm tlct le cdm lks hridkes were wejj pjchem ti
edsure tlct tle jkids slcre if tle ejehtrkhkty iutput if ]c`kgkstcd hidtkduem ti
ae suppjkem ti ]CJHI si tlct tlks skbpje mevkhe fir oederctkdo c suastcdtkcj
fjiw if iff-slire fudms, wlkhl were tled bcme cvckjcaje, tcx-free, fir prkvcte
purpises, wiujm hidtkdue ti wirg sbiitljy. Krreoujcrktyseebem c skdoujcrjy
kdcppriprkcte terb wktl wlkhl ti hlcrchterkse suhl cd crrcdoebedt cd
ejeocdt,mkshreetcdm tcx effkhkedt shcb wiujm ae aetter.
Aut, K widmerem, sliujm K ae wirrykdo caiut cdy if tlks9 Mkm kt bctter9 Cfter
cjj, tle tip bcdcoebedt if QAX cwcrmem Xkr Frem Oiimwkd c pedskid if
65>,>>> per cddub, ct tle coe if 5>, slirtjy cfter le, tle HEI, lcm
mestriyem lks acdg. Liw mkm tlct mkffer kd suastcdhe frib ]CJHIs shcb ir
tle jedmkdo prchtkhes if tle ]c`kg Dctkidcj Acdg9 Kd cdy hcse, ditwktlstcdmkdo
cdy krreoujcrktkes,kt wcs udmiuatemjy tle hcse tlct ct jecst sibe if tle
fkdcdhe cmvcdhem ay tle ]c`kg Dctkidcj Acdg ti hittid kdvestirs mkm oet usemfir fudmkdo tle suppjy if hittid seem cdm itler kdputs requkrem ay hittid
fcrbers. Bcyae, kd ]c`kgkstcd, tle hist if krreoujcrktkesskbpjy firbem pcrt if
tle iverlecm if mikdo auskdess tlere kd tle scbe wcy tlct tle luoe
scjcrkes cdm aiduses pckm ay fkdcdhkcj kdstktutkids firb pcrt if tle iverlecm if
mikdo auskdess lere kd tle UG. Kdmeem, kt wcs bire ir jess kd `ust suhl terbs
tlct tle lecm if tle ]c`kg Dctkidcj Acdg mefedmem lks krreoujcrjicds ti tle
hittid futures hibpcdkes.
K mkm dit gdiw tle cdswer, aut K mkm deem ti fihus id Glctjid, wlere K
expehtem ti ae acsem. Xi, achg ti tle kdterdet0
Glctjid ^rivkdhe firbem ay cd cbcjocbctkid if Gurocd-]yuae Iajcstcdm
Gujyca Iajcst- shede if tle wirst fkoltkdo murkdo ]c`kgkstcds rehedt hkvkj wcr,
pcrtkhujcrjy kd cdm criudm Gurocd-]eppc, tle hcpktcj if tle privkdhe. ]le hkvkj
wcr eruptem kd 3;;1, slirtjy cfter ]c`kgkstcd ockdem kts kdmepedmedhe frib tle
Xivket Udkid kd 3;;3, cdm wcs idjy firbcjjy hidhjumem kd 1>>>.
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]le jcst sesskid if tle ^eipjes Hidoress if tle Xivket Udkid wcs lejm id 5
Xeptebaer 3;;3. Ide if kts jcst chts wcs ti firbcjjy mkssijve tle exehutkve
hibbkttee if tle Udkid. Id ; Xeptebaer 3;;3 ]c`kgkstcd mehjcrem kts
kdmepedmedhe frib tle diw mefudht UXXQ.
Kbibcjk Qcglbid (tled gdiwd cs Qchlbcdiv) aehcbe tle ]c`kg preskmedt kd
Ihtiaer 3;;1, jcroejy ay firhe if crbs. Le wcs achgem ay firhes frib
Gujyca tlct were kd cjjkcdhe wktl tlise frib Gli`cdm (tled dcbem Jedkdcacm)
kd tle dirtl. ]ioetler, tley firhem iut tle kdhubaedt preskmedt, Ksgcdmcriv,
wli wcs achgem ay firhes mrcwd frib criudm Ocrb kd tle Qcslt Vcjjey,
Gurocd-]eppc kd Glctjid cdm ay ^cbkrks frib Oirdi-Acmcglslcd. ]liuol
bebaers if tle Ksjcbkh Qedcksscdhe ^crty premibkdctem wktlkd tle
oiverdbedt if Ksgcdmcriv cdm pjcyem cd kbpirtcdt rije wktlkd tle hjcds kdcdm criudm Ocrb, kt wcs c bimercte Ksjcbkh pcrty prepcrem ti hiipercte wktl
sehujcr pcrtkes cdm tle struooje fir piwer kd ]c`kgkstcd ks usucjjy meshrkaem ay
hibbedtctirs cs ide aetweed mkfferedt hjcds fir reokidcj cdm dctkidcj pre-
ebkdedhe. ]lks struooje hidtkdues ti tle presedt mcy wktl Ocrb rebckdkdo c
hedtre if reskstcdhe crbem reskstcdhe1> ti hedtrcj oiverdbedt.
Aetweed 3;;1 cdm tle stcrt if tle peche prihess kd3;;?, tliuscdms were
gkjjem, ludmrems if ^cbkrks jkvkdo kd Muslcdae were burmerem, wlije vkjjcoeskd Glctjid cdm tle Ocrb vcjjey were mestriyem cjido wktl tlekr corkhujturcj
kdfrcstruhture. C qucrter if c bkjjkid peipje fjem tle hiudtry cdm caiut lcjf tle
estkbctem 8,>>> Qusskcds wli lcm aeed jkvkdo tlere wled kt aehcbe
kdmepedmedt kd 3;;3 lcm jeft ay ecrjy 3;;8. ]le ]c`kg ehidiby hijjcpsem.
Oirdi-Acmcglslcd, wlere tle ^cbkr Biudtckds rkse cdm hcjjem ay sibe tle
riif if tle wirjm, ks libe ti caiut c qucrter if c bkjjkid ^cbkrks cdm wcs tle
wirse cffehtem reokid if tle hiudtry. Fir c tkbe kt wcs ajihgcmem ay tle
hedtrcj oiverdbedt. ]le requkrebedt fir c spehkcj perbkt ti trcvej ti tlks pcrt
if ]c`kgkstcd wcs idjy jkftem kd 1>3>. ^cbkrks cre Ksbckjks cdm cs c
hidsequedhe tlekr spkrktucj jecmer ks tle Coc Glcd c wejj-gdiwd iwder if
1>Ecsterd ]c`kgkstcd, c gey acttjeoriudm if tle 3;;1-3;;? hkvkj wcr, ks kd turbikj cockd cfter
tle Xeptebaer 3; Gcbcria Oiroe cbauslif oiverdbedt triips cdm tle Cuoust 18`ckjarecgay hidvkhtem extrebksts. ]wedty-fkve sijmkers were gkjjem kd tle Xeptebaer 3; cbausl, hcuskdo oiverdbedt firhes ti
jcudhl c bcdludt fir firber Udktem ]c`kg Ippisktkid (U]I) fkejm hibbcdmers CjivummkdMcvjctiv (cgc Cjk Aemcg) cdm Camujji Qclkbiv (cgc Bujji Camujji), Karcokbivc, Quglslidc(1>3>A). Xee cjsi Kdterdctkidcj Hrksks Oriup (1>33A) cdm Bcjcsledgi, C (1>31)
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rche-lirses cdm c Lcrvcrm orcmucte wli lcs sgkem fir aitl ]urgey cdm Krcd.
By fctler idhe spittem lkb ct Gebptid crg, ir wcs kt Oiimwiim9 Id
crrkvkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd K qukhgjy mkshiverem tlct tle Coc Glcd wcs wkmejy
reocrmem cs c oiim ajige cdm tcjgem caiut wcrbjy kd buhl tle scbe wcy cs
bcdy peipje tcjg caiut tle Mcjk Jcbc. _lctever ides vkews, tle Coc
Glcds Mevejipbedt Detwirg, wlkhl stcrtem wirgkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd kd 3;;1,
wcs hrktkhcj ti tle survkvcj if tle rebite cdm ksijctem ^cbkrk hibbudktkes kd
Oirdi-Acmcglslcd (jktercjjy, Biudtckdius Acmcglslcd) murkdo tle hkvkj wcr.
By kdktkcj mrecby, Xhlelerczcme-hijiurem pkhture if ]c`kgkstcd wcs aehibkdo
mkffkhujt ti sustckd. Xbcjj, ksijctem, wcr-tird, piir, hirrupt .. kt mkm dit jiig
oiim. Biudtckd peipje, hjcds K tliuolt if tle Oeirokcds, Hlehleds,
Caglczkcds cdm Issetkcds kd tle Hcuhcsus, caiut tle Xeras, Hricts,Aisdkcds cdm Cjacdkcds kd tle Acjgcds cdm rehcjjem stirkes caiut tle
BchMidcjms cdm Hcbpaejjs kd tle Xhittksl Lkoljcdms. Xi fcr cs tle ]c`kg
ehidiby wcs hidherdem K lcm ay diw firbem c pkhture kd by bkdm if c piir,
aedkoltem peipje jcaiurkdo kd tle tikjs if c luoe cdm uojy bchlkde meskodem
ti extrcht tle bcxkbub pisskaje wecjtl frib tle hiudtry cdm mkvert kt kdti tle
pihgets if tle rujkdo hjcd c fkdcdhkcj pubp wktl cd cakjkty dit mksskbkjcr ti
tlct if c lect pubp tlct hcd extrcht lect frib kts surriudmkdos eved wled
tley cre hijm cdm decr ti freezkdo7 c hrume cdm mehrepkt bchlkde aut ide tlctdevertlejess wcs bckdtckdem kd wirgkdo irmer ay tle oederius fkdcdhkcj
jkactkids if kdterdctkidcj fkdcdhkcj kdstktutkids.
Aut, cfter cjj if by resecrhles, K lcm jecrdt jkttje bire caiut Glctjid exhept ti
mkshiver tlct kts hcpktcj, Gurocd ]eppc (cjterdctkvejy, Surolid ]eppc, ir
Gurocd-]yuae, aut usucjjy referrem ti cs G]), lcm c pipujctkid if criudm
>>, tlct tle privkdhe cs c wlije lcm c pipujctkid if 1.5 bkjjkid, bcdy if
tleb wirgkdo kd Qusskc, cdm tlct kt wcs airmerem ti tle siutl ay Cfolcdkstcd.
]lks airmer wktl Cfolcdkstcd ks firbem ay tle Qkver ^ycd` gdiwd ay tle
cdhkedt Oreegs cs tle Qkver Ixus. _lere tle ^ycd` beets tle Vcglsl,
cditler kbpirtcdt rkver tlct fjiws miwd tlriuol Glctjid cjj tle wcy frib
Gyroystcd kd tle dirtl, kt aehibes tle Cbu Mcryc Qkver, tle orectest Hedtrcj
Cskcd rkver tlct fjiws id aetweed Cfolcdkstcd cdm Uzaegkstcd, kdti
]urgbedkstcd dirtl if tle Gcrc Gub Mesert, tled achg kdti Uzaegkstcd aefire
peterkdo iut kd tle Gkzyj-Gub Mesert `ust slirt if tle slrkdgkdo Crcj Xec. Cjj
tlese rkvers cre kbpirtcdt ti tle dctkids tley tiuhl cdm fjiw tlriuol7 cjj if
tleb cre sua`eht ti cbaktkius pjcds fir lcrdesskdo tlekr piwer cdm uskdo tlekr
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wcter fir krrkoctkid7 cjj if tlks ks very sedsktkve cdm pitedtkcjjy very
triuajesibe13.
K cjsi jecrdt tlct c gurocdwcs c aurkcj biudm c Xhytlkcd aurkcj biudm.
K recm id. K aruslem up id by Qusskcd cdm recm caiut wcys if kbprivkdo
corkhujturcj extedskid11, caiut jcdm refirb cdm wcter bcdcoebedt kd
]c`kgkstcd, K wirgem tlriuol c text aiig id pecscdt ehidibkhs cdm c
bidiorcpl id c vkjjcoe ehidiby kd Kdmkc, K ariwsem tle FCI, KBF, _irjm
Acdg cdm itler weasktes, iatckdem c mihubedt id tle iptkbub krrkoctkid
deems if hittid, revkewem tle wcy corkhujture wcs irocdksem kd tle UG,
jiigem ct tle Corkhujture & Lirtkhujture Mevejipbedt Aicrm, wrestjem wktl tle
Hibbid Corkhujture ^ijkhy, tle becsurebedt if fcrb kdhibe, bkjg ykejms,pitcti iutput, arcsskhcs .. K tliuolt if hidtchtkdo tle DFU cdm tcjgkdo ti
tlekr ehidibksts, aut, K cb cfrckm, K fiudm tlct ay tled K lcm qukte jist by wcy
kd tle wirjm if corkhujture.
K very buhl deemem ti oet iut cdm caiut, ti wcjg criudm id skte cdm tcjg ti
tlise wktl wlib K wiujm ae wirgkdo. ]led, lipefujjy, K wiujm ae caje ti re-
irkedt bysejf, kmedtkfy sibe spehkfkh priajebs, fihus by ederokes cdm
estcajksl c sedse if purpise.
13C pcrtkhujcrjy triuajesibe kssue wcs, cdm rebckds, tle Qioud Mcb. Hidstruhtkid id tlks
mcb stcrtem kd 3;?6 cdm lcs hidtkduem kd stcrts cdm stips ever skdhe. Uzaegkstcd kshidherdem tlct Qioud, wlkhl skts id tle Vcglsl rkver ecst if Muslcdae, wkjj resujt kd wcterslirtcoes miwdstrecb kd tle Cbu Mcryc. Uzaegkstcds listkjkty ti tle pri`eht hidtrkautem title hcdhejjctkid if tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedts hidtrcht wktl tle Qusskcd hibpcdy Quscj kd 1>>?.]lks hidtrcht lcm aeed struhg kd 1>>=, wled tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedt firbem c pcrtderslkp wktlQuscj ti hibpjete tle mcb.Bire rehedtjy, Qioud lcs chqukrem orecter ditirkety wktlkd ]c`kgkstcd ktsejf aehcuse if tleOiverdbedts cttebpts kd 1>3> ti rckse fkdcdhe ay firhkdo tle ]c`kg peipje ti purhlcseslcres kd tle pri`eht. ]lere cre repirts if ebpjiyers auykdo slcres id aelcjf if tlekrebpjiyees, kd sibe hcses uskdo up ti lcjf tlekr wcoes fir tlks purpise. Ide if tle Coedhys
Cssets wirgkdo kd Xuolm repirtem tlct tlks lcm mrkved c dekolaiur if lks ti hibbkt sukhkme.Xee cjsi, Karcokbivc, Quglslidc (1>3>C), Ajcdg (1>31) cdm Ximkqiv (1>31).11
Corkhujturcj Extedskid ]le mkssebkdctkid if kdfirbctkid cdm cmvkhe ti fcrbers, tle terb
extedskid merkvkdo frib emuhctkidcj iutrechl wirg ay Edojksl udkversktkes kd tle sehidm lcjfif tle dkdeteedtl hedtury. Xee @ides cdm Ocrfirtls hlcpter kd Xwcdsid, Aedtz & Xifrcdgi(1>>5).
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5. LCDOKDO CQIUDM
Kts Bidmcy, 3stBcrhl cdm X stcdms jiigkdo iut if tle aemriib wkdmiw if c
fjct idhe ihhupkem ay Bcmkdc Cglbetivc c Gczcgl wli lcm aeed pcrt if
tle Coedhys ]c`kg Xtctkid lere aut wli lcm jeft fir Gczcglstcd slirtjy aefire
X crrkvem, lcm dit returdem cdm, si kt seebem, wiujm dit ae hibkdo achg.
Di-ide tcjgs caiut Bcmkdc aut ide if tle Coedhys Cssets butterem kd cd
cskme ti X tlct sle wcs very styjksl.
]le fjct ks c fkde ide. Kts tuhgem cwcy ust iff Qumcgk ^rispeht, c stides
tlriw frib tle Buseub if Cdtkquktkes cdm dit buhl furtler cwcy frib tle
Iperc/Acjjet Liuse tlct ks hurredtjy cmvertkskdo Hcrbed cs c hibkdo
cttrchtkid.
Kts rckdkdo iutskme cockd. Kt bust lcve rckdem cjbist every mcy fir tle jcst
twi weegs. X widmers wlere kt hibes frib9 ]c`kgkstcd ks jcdmjihgem cdm tle
decrest skodkfkhcdt expcdse if wcter ks tle rcpkmjy slrkdgkdo Crcj Xec >
gkjibetres ti tle _est. ]le prevkius yecr tle rckds lcm aeed si lecvy cdm
prijidoem tlct Qumcgk ^rispeht aehcbe cdgje meep kd wcter cs c resujt if tle
rud-iff frib tle surriudmkdo biudtckds.
]le surriudmkdo biudtckds9 Xi fcr, mue ti tle wectler, X lcs lcm idjy c
skdoje ojkbpse if c sdiw-hiverem fjcdg.
Les mressem, pchgem cdm recmy ti oi ti Gurocd ]eppc (G]), c tiwd tlct ks
3>> gkjibetres ti tle siutl. Les wcktkdo fir lks trcdspirt BX, tle Coedhy
mrkver, ks oikdo ti mrkve lkb ti G]. B, tle Xtctkid Bcdcoer, ks hibkdo tii.
Xle wkjj pcss lkb iver ti lks ebpjiyer. BX, le lcs jecrdt, ks tle prium iwder
if lks iwd hcr cdm ks siid ti jecve tle Coedhy bcyae ti aehibe c tcxk
mrkver cdm wirg id lks iwd chhiudt.
_led X fkrst crrkvem, tlere wcs sdiw id tle oriudm aut tle rckd siid wcslem
tlks cwcy. Le wcs expehtkdo c hidtkdedtcj hjkbcte, k.e. c lcrm hijm wkdter, cdm
lcm hibe prepcrem wktl c miwd `chget. Aut tle wectler lcs aeed bire jkge
tlct kd tle UG. Kd fcht, fir bist if tle wkdter if 1>>;-3> Jidmid lcs aeed
hijmer tlcd Muslcdae.
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8=.>>lrs. Kbbkorctkid hidtrij tiig pjche wktlkd c ajecg, udcmirdem slem if c
aukjmkdo. Kt wcs temkius tliuol dit tii pritrchtem aehcuse tlere were si few
pcssedoers id lks fjkolt. ]le ctbisplere wcs suamuem wktl jkttje tcjgkdo.
]le pcssedoers fkjjem kd tlekr edtry firbs cdm sluffjem firwcrm kd c queue wktl
dide if tle exhktem auzz cdm ecoerdess tlct usucjjy chhibpcdkes c oriup if
dew crrkvcjs kd cd exitkh jihctkid. Qctler, tlere wcs cd ckr if wcrkdess cdm
quket cdxkety ir wcs kt `ust X wli fejt tlct wcy9
Kt wcs stkjj mcrg cs le jeft tle terbkdcj aukjmkdo aut tlere were idjy c lcdmfuj if
peipje wcktkdo criudm cdm si le qukhgjy spittem sibeide lijmkdo cd Coedhy
skod lks jkft frib tle ckrpirt. ]le mrkver cdm X mkm dit specg echl itlers
jcdoucoe cdm si tley mrive tlriuol tle mesertem streets if Muslcdae kdskjedhe. X lcm di kmec wlere tley were oikdo aut evedtucjjy tle hcr pujjem up
iutskme c tedebedt ajihg. ]le oriudm wcs hiverem wktl bejtkdo sdiw cdm
wcter wcs mrkppkdo kd tle edtrcdhe jiaay if tle aukjmkdo. ]le tcxk mrkver jem
tle wcy up tle stckrs ti tle fkrst fjiir cdm rcdo tle aejj dext ti tle bkmmje if
tlree jcroe steej miirs. ]le miir kbbemkctejy ti kts jeft ipedem cdm c wibcd
wktl cd Kdmkcd chhedt sckm Xtucrt9 cdm X hcjjem iut [es, tlcts be frib
aelkdm tle tcxk mrkver.
X wcs uslerem kdti tle fjct, tle tcxk mrkver lejpkdo lkb wktl lks juoocoe,
sliwd kdti tle fkrst riib iff tle edtrcdhe lcjj, cmvksem ti oet sibe sjeep cdm
tijm tlct sibeide wiujm ae hibkdo ti pkhg lkb up jcter tlct birdkdo. C fir
tlct wcs ler dcbe tled jeft lkb cjide. Le widmerem kf tlks wcs sibe gkdm
if lijmkdo ped, ide if tle Coedhys scfe liuses. _iujm le ae bivem id
jctter tlct mcy9 Xliujm le bcge lkbsejf ct libe9 Aut le mkm dit wcdt ti
udpchg, dir mkm le feej jkge sjeepkdo. _lct le very buhl wiujm lcve jkgem
wcs c hup if tec ir hiffee. Le jcy miwd id tle aem c luoe gkdo-skzem aem
hiverem kd c jkbe oreed sctkd hiudterpcde cdm jiigem ct tle hekjkdo.
Le wcs wiged up ay C gdihgkdo id lks miir. Kt wcs criudm >;.>> liurs.
Xle wcs iff ti tle Coedhys Xtctkid Iffkhe cdm tijm X tlct le wiujm ae pkhgem
up jcter. Cfter sle jeft le expjirem tle fjct. Cpcrt frib lks jcroe aemriib wktl
kts jcroe aem cdm luoe wcrmriae tlere wcs c jcroe skttkdo riib, hibpjete wktl
c hiuhl, crbhlckrs cdm ]V. Kd cmmktkid, tlere wcs c sbcjj actlriib, c
hibpcht gkthled cdm cditler aemriib tlct C lcm tcged. Le hiujm fkdm di tec
ir hiffee ir fiim cdm si trkem tle ]V aut hiujm idjy oet c Qusskcd jcdoucoe
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8;
hlcddej tlct wcs fecturkdo wlct seebem ti ae c bkjktcry mihubedtcry. Le
hiujm dit oi iut C lcm jihgem tle miir aelkdm ler wled sle jeft, tcgkdo wktl
ler tle idjy gey ti tle fjct. Xi le wcktem cdm kdmeem tle skttkdo riib wcs
very buhl jkge c wcktkdo riib kbpersidcj, tle wcjjs acre if pkhtures ir
aiigslejves, tle mhir ajcdm cdm deutrcj exhept fir tle hedtrcj pedmcdt jkolt.
]lks, jkge tle ide kd lks aemriib, wcs c hlcdmejker wktl fjcbaiycdt twkstem
crbs cdm uskdo wlct jiigem jkge twkstem, hibpcht fjuireshedt jkolt aujas. Le
jcter jecrdt tlct tlese jkolt aujas were ifted referrem ti, kridkhcjjy, cs
presedts frib tle ^reskmedts mcuolter wli iwdem tle fchtiry tlct bcme
tleb.
Le wedt tlriuol tle mrcwers kd lks riib cdm kd tle jiudoe. Le fiudm ditlkdo
aut pcperhjkps cdm c sjkb Qusskcd jcdoucoe pcperachg edtktjemC Lkstiry if
tle ]c`kg Dctkid. Le pihgetem tle aiig.
Di hjues cs ti tle pcst ihhupcdt cdm ditlkdo ti kdmkhcte wlct wcs ti hibe.
Xi le wcktem, udedtluskcstkhcjjy cdm krrktctem tlct le mkm dit gdiw wlct
prehksejy le wcs wcktkdo fir dir liw jido kt wiujm ae aefire kt crrkvem. Le
pidmerem lks sktuctkid cdm tijm lkbsejf tlct le sliujm tcge c sliwer, oi ti
aem, cdm tled, refreslem, fche tle mcy. Aut tliuol tkrem cdm fjct le hiujm dit
rejcx, le mkm dit wcdt ti mkstura lks dectjy pchgem juoocoe udtkj le wcs sureif stcykdo kd Cglbetivcs fjct fir ct jecst c mcy ir twi, cdm rujem iut c sliwer
aehcuse le cssubem, wktl di oiim recsid, tlct tlere wiujm ae di lit wcter.
Aekdo lejm, gkhgkdo ides leejs, le wcs ti fkdm, wiujm aehcbe c frequedt
experkedhe kd ]c`kgkstcd. Cs ide hijjecoue put kt ti lkb slirtjy cfter le
crrkvem, tle `ia jcroejy cbiudtem ti skbpjy lcdokdo criudm cdm lejpkdo iut
c akt.
Diw, decrjy twi weegs jcter, stcdmkdo ay tle aemriib wkdmiw jiigkdo ct tle
rckd, lere le ks feejkdo tlct le lcs dit yet stcrtem lks csskodbedt cdm ks stkjj
ed riute. Les pchgem, recmy ti jecve cdm lcdokdo criudm stcrkdo kdti
spche wcktkdo fir lks jkft.
Muslcdae lcs dit aeed c pisktkve experkedhe, les cdxkius, lks csskodbedt
rebckds c bystery, les dit jiigkdo firwcrm ti bire lcdokdo criudm cdm le
lcs aehibe preihhupkem wktl sehurkdo lks exkt riute, k.e. purhlcskdo c tkhget
libe, kf idjy fir c slirt arecg. ]lct ct jecst sliujm lcve aeed
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strckoltfirwcrm aut le lcs jist lks wcjjet cdm wktl kt cjj lks hremkt hcrms
mrippem ir pkhg pihgetem id c aus.
Les aitlerem ay, aut udcaje ti tlriw iff, lks jchg if edtluskcsb. _ly tlks
cpctly, wly tlks uroe ti `ust jecve cdm returd ti tle UG9 ]i fjee ir dit 9
^erlcps, kt bkolt lcve aeed mkfferedt kf tlere lcm aeed sibeide wktl wlib
ti oi iut, expjire tle hkty, try iut tle restcurcdts, hcfes cdm acrs, lcve c
mrkdg, tcjg cdm firoet idesejf. ^erlcps le wiujm lcve fejt bire edtluskcstkh kf
le lcm bcdcoem ti edocoe sibeide kd c serkius mkshusskid caiut lks
csskodbedt lere kd ]c`kgkstcd cdm caiut tle jihcj, aurdkdo kssues if tle mcy
hidherdkdo corkhujture, ebpjiybedt, tle dctkidcj fiitacjj tecb, hcrs, buskh,
.. . Aut, le rebkdms lkbsejf, le lcs aeed iut id tle tiwd7 ti c Ugrckderestcurcdt wlere tley mrcdg aeer cdm ti tle Hlcyglidc Qiglct wlere tley
sct iutskme ct judhltkbe ectkdo, mrkdgkdo tec cdm tcgkdo plitiorcpls. Le lcs
cjsi aeed iut if tiwd id c trkp wktl itlers ti Lkssir ti vkskt tle firt cdm
bemrcssc tlere. ]liuol kt wcs id tle `iurdey ti Lkssir wled le jist lks
wcjjet, wlkhl sibewlct ajkoltem lks cpprehkctkid if tle pjche. Cdm, le lcs
lcm ct jecst ide very usefuj cdm kdvkoirctkdo mkshusskid aecrkdo id lks
csskodbedt.
^erlcps, perlcps . le fecrs tlct, perlcps, le ks skbpjy dit up ti kt cjj tlks
lcdokdo criudm, cdm lere! ]lks jcst tliuolt le fkdms pcrtkhujcrjy
mebircjkskdo.
^erlcps le wcdts ti feej mujj cdm miwd aehcuse le lcs cjj aut aurkem ide
pcrtkhujcrjy ejehtrkfykdo experkedhe. K hcd rehcjj kt diw idjy cfter recmkdo lks
mkcry, cdm le idjy put kt kdti lks mkcry aehcuse, cs le stctes tlere, lks bebiry
wcs `iooem id seekdo tle dews id tle AAH weaskte caiut tle Hlkjecd
ecrtlqucge mkscster tlct wcs Xudmcy, 1< Fearucry 1>3>. ]le prevkius
dkolt, le cwige ti fkdm lks aem trebajkdo. Ct fkrst le tliuolt tlct tlere wcs
sibeide udmer lks aem, sibeide luoe wli wcs stkrrkdo jkge c okcdt turdkdo kd
lks sjeep. Aut, cs le octlerem lks wkts, le recjksem tlks wcs casurm cdm tled
kt struhg lkb kts cd ecrtlqucge! ]c`kgkstcd wcs, le gdew, c pjche if lkol
tehtidkh chtkvkty. Cd ecrtlqucge, cjaekt c bimest, aem-slcgkdo trebir, ks
surejy sibetlkdo tlct iuolt ti stkhg iut kd tle bkdm if cd Edojkslbcd. Aut le
firoets ti bedtkid kt ti cdyide ejse cdm diaimy le beets bedtkids kt ti lkb.
Lcm kt aeed c mrecb9
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=3
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=1
^CQ] KV]LE DEEMX IF X]QCDOEQX
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=8
6. CAMUJBC@KM-KK
Xtucrt, wlct caiut yiur deems9
K midt udmerstcdm. _lct cre yiu tcjgkdo caiut9
Xtucrt, yiur deems. _lct cre yiur deems9
CamujBc`km seebs pcrtkhujcrjy ecoer cdm hurkius ti gdiw liw K wkjj respidm
ti lks questkid. Le ks jkge c mio tlct lcs lecrm ir shedtem sibetlkdo
pcrtkhujcrjy kdterestkdo7 ecrs prkhgem, lecm up, exhktem cdm strckdkdo ti lecr.
Xummedjy, K recjkze wlct les oettkdo ct.
_e cre idhe cockd skttkdo kd iur usucj wcterkdo lije tle acr wlereCamujBc`km cjwcys tcges be wled we oi fir c mrkdg cfter wirg. _e cre
kdskme, skttkdo ct c tcaje kd tle hirder. ]le riib ks mehirctem kd oreed, tle
furdkture ks uplijsterem kd oreed bcterkcj, tle wcktresses cre kd jido, jkbe
oreed, scrk-jkge mresses, cjj tleb sliwkdo cd kdhl ir twi if tlekr bkmrkffs cdm
sibe if tleb tlekr oijm teetl tii wled tley specg, ir sbkje. ]lere cre twi
Qusskcd sijmkers kd udkfirb ct c tcaje chriss tle riib. ]lere cre jido oreed
mrcpes lcjf hiverkdo tle wkdmiws.
CamujBc`km ks tcjgkdo caiut sex cdm K cb slihgem
K cb cjcrbem aehcuse K cb pretty sure tlct le ks dit kmjy csgkdo wlct K tlkdg if
]c`kg wibed ir wletler K fcdhy cdyide Kve bet ir wiujm jkge ti oi iut cdm
beet sibe wibed sihkcjjy. Le ks tcjgkdo caiut sex cs sibetlkdo tlct ks qukte
mkvirhem frib cdy pcrtkhujcr kdmkvkmucj. Le ks tcjgkdo caiut oikdo iut cdm
oettkdo sex, cs ide bkolt c aeer ir c jicf if arecm. Le ks tcjgkdo caiut oikdo
ti c aritlej - diw - aehcuse, cs K lcve jecrdem, CamujBc`km ks sibeaimy wli
ks dit buhl kdterestem kd lypitletkhcj ir castrcht priajebs. Le ks c very
prchtkhcjjy irkedtem bcd wli prkmes lkbsejf id cjwcys aekdo caje ti sijve
jkfes priajebs - qukhgjy. Bcyae, tle acr we cre mrkdgkdo kd ks c aritlej!
Bc`km, cre yiu tcjgkdo caiut sex9
If hiurse
_lct caiut yiur wkfe9 _lct caiut yiur rejkokid9
By wkfe mies dit jkge kt aut sle rehiodkzes tlct K, tlct bed, lcve deems
Cdm Ksjcb
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Bc`km sbkrgs, Kb dit rejkokius ct tle bibedt
_ly dit9
Aehcuse K jkge ti mrkdg wktl yiu. Cdm wlct caiut yiurwkfeK ajctler id caiut butucj trust cdm respeht, caiut equcjkty aetweed tle sexes
ajcl, ajcl _lct cdy if tlks lcs ti mi wktl by deems ir sexucj chtkvkty kd
tle UG K lcve di kmec. Kt mies, liwever, seeb ti aire CamujBc`km cdm we
bive idti cditler sua`eht7 priacajy tle priper use if, cdm sebcdtkh
mkfferedhes aetweed, hiujm, wiujm cdm sliujm. Le ks very geed ti
kbprive lks Edojksl cdm lcs aeed pesterkdo be fir mcys ti lejp lkb fkdm, cs
le puts kt, tle jkde aetweed tlese tlree wirms.
Aut wly lcs tlks questkid caiut by deems si mkshibaiaujctem be9 ]wiweegs jcter, wled tle CH]EM mrkver, Gcrkb, returds ti tle listej ecrjy ide
weegedm cdm hcthles be cjide, le suooests, very bctter if fchtjy, tlct we oi
iff ti c aritlej. Cockd K rehikj, slihgem, aut by ia`ehtkid, fir cjj if wlct K
lcve sckm ti CamujBc`km caiut trust cdm respeht, ks dit c bircj ide. K rehikj
frib tle prispeht if wlct K bkolt edhiudter7 cd kbcoe tlct ks idjy hidshkiusjy
recjkzem buhl jcter, wled ide evedkdo, achg libe kd Edojcdm, Cddc kdsksts
id recmkdo ti be tle chhiudt kd Frcdg Xgkdders cutiakiorcply caiut lks vkskt
ti c aritlej. ]le kbcoe Xgkdder mrcws ks repejjcdt.
Bircj re`ehtkid cdm plyskhcj repuodcdhe tlct ks dit cjj. Jurgkdo ct tle achg
if by bkdm tlere ks sibetlkdo ejse. K vcouejy rehcjj c pcsscoe K lcm recm kd
Xkeofrkem Xcsiids ]le HibpjeteBebikrs if Oeiroe Xlerstid. Le
meshrkaes, K tlkdg, lks feejkdos `ust aefire seekdo chtkid murkdo tle Fkrst _irjm
_cr. Le ks kd tle hibpcdy if secsidem triips cdm, si le scys, lks orectest
fecr ks tlct le wkjj bcge c fiij if lkbsejf kd fridt if tleb. Le wkjj ae fiudm
wcdtkdo. Liw wiujm K becsure up kd c aritlej, c ]c`kg aritlej, udmer tle
eyes, pisskajy, if c ]c`kg hijjecoue9 Kt ks c trkcj K lcve di kdtedtkid if
udmeroikdo. Xi fcr cs CamujBc`km cdm Gcrkb cre hidherdem, wled kt hibes
ti aritlejs, K cb oikdo ti ae c hidshkedtkius ia`ehtir.
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^CQ] VMUXLCDAE
Mkverskidcry tchtkhs kd c Muslcdae acr
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?. ]LE CXXE]X IF MUXLCDAE
Murkdo tlise fkrst 3> mcys kd Muslcdae K bet severcj itler Coedhy Cssets.
]wi if tleb were kd tiwd vksktkdo tle hcpktcj frib tlekr pjchebedts kd rebite
jihctkids cwcy kd tle privkdhes. ]le itlers were cjj acsem kd tle hcpktcj, fiur
if tleb jkvkdo tioetler kd tle Coedhy listej. _e cjj wedt iut fir c becj ide
evedkdo cdm c hiupje if tkbes K wedt iver ti tle listej ti sihkcjkse. Everyide
wcs frkedmjy aut by iverwlejbkdo kbpresskid wcs if c bitjey oriup if
kdmkvkmucjs, be kdhjumem, cjj if wlib were buhl preihhupkem wktl tlekr iwd
priajebs cdm, cs K kbcokdem kt, struoojkdo ti hrecte cdm bckdtckd tlekr iwd
sedse if purpise.
_e were dit c tecb. _e lcm aeed tlriwd tioetler cdm slcrem c hibbid
hujturcj achgoriudm cdm fchem tle skbkjcr hlcjjedoes if jkvkdo kd c strcdoe cdm
firekod jcdm. Cdm, jkge sijmkers kd tle Fredhl Firekod Jeokid, we cjj lcm iur
iwd prkvcte recsids fir aekdo tlere. ]lere wcs jkttje tcjg if wirg cdm buhl
hibpjckdkdo caiut tle Xtctkid Iffkhe. K mkm cjsi ditkhe tlct tlere wcs
oedercjjy c wijfksl kdterest kd tle fiim wledever we wedt iut cdm cte
tioetler. Cfter K lcm vksktem Bubkdkacm jcter kd by stcy cdm slippem kd tle
aczccr tlere K hiujm udmerstcdm wly.
]le Listej Cssets were cd kdterestkdo oriup. ]ley were cjj veoetcrkcds wli
frequedtjy spedt tlekr evedkdos skttkdo tioetler, mrkdgkdo vimgc cdm pjcykdo c
hcrm ocbe hcjjem slkt lecm. ]lks ks c sirt if ojirkfkem ocbe if sdcp tle ckb
if wlkhl ks ti oet rkm if cjj yiur hcrms. ]le jcst ide iut aehibes, if hiurse,
tle slkt lecm. Ide if tlese veoetcrkcds wcs c sejf-styjem liaakt. Xle wcs
very sbcjj cdm sjkolt cdm Km lcve meshrkaem ler cs ejfkd. Ler `ia wcs ti
mejkver c hiurse if jehtures, ide per weeg, ti c oriup if ]c`kg sihkcj wirgers.
]lere lcm aeed sibe gkdm if priajeb wktl ler wirg perbkt wled sle crrkvem
cdm si sle lcm spedt ler fkrst 6 bidtls kd tle hiudtry prepcrkdo tle jehtures.
Xle wcs c audmje if ederoy, pjcyem tle fjute cdm lcm `ikdem tle irhlestrc if
tle ]c`kg Iperc/Acjjet ]lectre. K tliuolt if ler cs c sirt if febcje verskid if
Kcd Cdmersid if @etlri ]ujj, cdm tliuol K dever scw ler lippkdo criudm jkge
lkb id ide jeo, sle lcm tle scbe restjess exuaercdhe cdm wcs iut cdm
caiut bist weegedms expjirkdo tle crec criudm Muslcdae.
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]lere wcs cjsi cd ejmerjy, aecrmem, pkpe sbigkdo Oerbcd, wktl c very tlkhg
chhedt. Le wcs tcjj cdm ocudt cdm jkge tle liaakt lcm wirgem cs cd Coedhy
Csset fir bcdy yecrs kd itler hiudtrkes aefire hibkdo ti ]c`kgkstcd. Le wcs
pjchem kd c oiverdbedt udkt fir hlkjmred wktl mkscakjktkes cdm wcs lcvkdo c
very mkffkhujt tkbe wktl lks aiss wli seebem ti oi iut if ler wcy ti aejkttje
lkb. K csgem caiut lks pjchebedt cdm le cdswerem, wktl c fkdcjkty tlct mkm dit
kdvkte cdm furtler mkshusskid, Xtucrt, tle `ia ks slkt! Le wcs rctler stuhg
lcvkdo jet iut lks fjct kd Oerbcdy cdm le mkm dit wcdt ti bcge triuaje fir B
ay stcdmkdo up ti lks aiss wli, le sckm, wcs wejj hiddehtem pijktkhcjjy.
]led tlere wcs tle tibaiyksl Hcdcmkcd Veoetcrkcd. Xle lcm twi cmujt sids,
wire ler lckr very slirt, lcm c very mkreht styje if cmmress cdm wcs
extrcirmkdcrkjy lejpfuj. Cd expert id CKMX, sle wcs idjy id c slirt tiur ifmuty cdm wcs lcvkdo triuaje bcgkdo prioress aehcuse tle aiss if ler
irocdksctkid wcs cwcy id preodcdhy jecve cdm diaimy ejse tlere seebem
prepcrem ir caje ti tcge cdy mehkskids. Xle wcs bcrgkdo tkbe. K wcs orctefuj
ti ler fir tcgkdo C cdm be riudm tiwd id by fkrst mcy kd Muslcdae si tlct we
oit ti gdiw tle bckd riutes servem ay tle puajkh trijjey auses cdm hichles
cdm tle jihctkid if tle twi aczccrs kd tle hedtre if tle hkty.
Fkdcjjy, tlere wcs tle Veoetcrkcd ti wlib we were cjj kdmeatem fir slkt lecm.Xle wcs very sjkb cdm, kf cdytlkdo, ler aiss wcs okvkdo ler c lcrmer tkbe tlcd
tlct aekdo experkedhem ay tle Oerbcd Veoetcrkcd. Ler tchtkh seebem ti ae
ti casira tle cause cdm try ti see tlkdos frib ler aisss pikdt if vkew. K tlkdg
sibeide hcjjem tlks frcbe-hlcdokdo9 By vkew wcs tlct aujjkes sliujm ae
pudhlem lcrm id tle dise cdm K hiujm dit udmerstcdm wly sle stcyem id cdm
wly tle Xtctkid wcs dit kdtervedkdo id ler aelcjf. Kt seebem tlct cjj if tlks
wcs iutskme tle purvkew if tle Xtctkids Crec ^jcds18cdm wcs dit sibetlkdo
tlct kt wirrkem caiut, udjess if hiurse tle Csset kd questkid mehkmem ti wcjg
iut. Evedtucjjy, sle mkm mepcrt mue ti fkdcdhkcj priajebs achg libe. K tlkdg
sle gept ler scdkty ay ocrmedkdo. ]le Coedhy Listej lcm c sbcjj ycrm kd
wlkhl tlere orew c perskbbid tree cdm severcj acdcdc pjcdts. Xle weemem
cdm wcterem cdm gept cd eye iut fir tle tirtikse tlct jkvem tlere. ]lks wcs
hidfkdem ti ide hirder if tle ocrmed aehcuse kt cte everytlkdo wktlkd rechl.
18Xee, Cddex K
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By jcst bebiry if tlks perkim kd Muslcdae wcs if cd cairtkve trkp ti tle
Birdkdo Xtcrhcf. Itler Cssets lcm rehibbedmem kt lkoljy aut wled C cdm K
wedt tlere id c Xudmcy birdkdo we fiudm kt hjisem. K lcm kbcokdem tle wcjjs
if tle hcf hiverem kd frcbem cdm yejjiwkdo hipkes if tle Birdkdo Xtcr
dewspcper cdm pkhtures if Lcrry ^ijjktt cdm, bcyae, if Mirks Jesskdo cdm E^
]libpsid tii. _led K evedtucjjy bcdcoem ti ockd edtry c bidtl jcter K wcs
very mkscppikdtem. ]le Birdkdo Xtcrwcs c westerd styje hcge cdm jctte
estcajkslbedt fujj if expcts wktl tlekr jcptips, bcgkdo tle bist if tle free wkfk
kdterdet chhess tlct wcs cvckjcaje tlere.
Il yes! Kt very decrjy sjkppem ay udbedtkidem. Id 1< Fearucry tlere wcs c
oedercj ejehtkid ti tle ]c`kg ^crjkcbedt. K hcddit hibbedt id tlks aehcuse
fir cjj prchtkhcj purpises tlks evedt wcs titcjjy kdvkskaje ti be. ]lks wcs
1=EH pri`eht Xuppirt ti tle Estcajkslbedt if c Dctkidcj Corkhujturcj Cmvksiry Xervkhe
(XEDCX)
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lcrmjy surprkskdo okved ]le Irocdksctkid fir Xehurkty cdm Hi-iperctkid kd
Euripe (IXHE) repirtem tlct tlere lcm aeed bkdkbcj bemkc hivercoe if tle
ejehtkid hcbpckod. IXHE cjsi sckm tlct tlere lcm aeed evkmedhe if acjjit
stuffkdo cdm prixy vitkdo. ^reskmedt Ebibcjk Qcglbid's pcrty, wlkhl
mksbkssem tlese chhusctkids, wid ?3% if tle vites hcst15.
15Xee, IXHE/IMKLQ (1>3>). Xee cjsi Ijhitt, B.A. (1>31), pp.33-36 id wlct sle hcjjs tle
oriwtl if mydcstkh pijktkhs.
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sliujm dever lcve exkstem kd tle fkrst pjche. K tijm bysejf dit ti wirry. ]le
ebckj exhlcdoes K lcm lcm wktl tle ]c`kg Xtctkid aefire K jeft Edojcdm were
very pisktkve cdm recssurkdo cdm lcm edhiurcoem be ti aejkeve tlct by
csskodbedt wiujm ae c oiim ide. Kd cdy hcse, K wcs di jidoer kd c pisktkid
ti hidtrij wlere K wcs ti ae sedt.
3? Fearucry, 1>3> - kt wcs by fkrst mcy kd-hiudtry, K lcm yet ti expjire by
surriudmkdos cdm stcdmkdo kd tle jiudoe if Cglbetivcs fKct K hiujm acrejy
aejkeve tlct kd wlct seebem jkge c twkdgje if cd eye K lcm exhlcdoem Ecjkdo
fir Muslcdae. Aut K fejt wejj prepcrem. Lere K wcs id skte, cd Coedhy Csset,
cd experkedhem Coedhy Csset, hertckdjy cd ijm Coedhy Csset. By teetl lcm
aeed hlehgem, Km aeed `caaem, testem fir LKV, K lcm c yecrs suppjy if cdtk-
bcjcrkcj tcajets, K lcm c miwd `chget fir tle hijm cdm c fjippy lct fir tle sud.K cjsi lcm by Jegk pijes fir wcjgkdo kd achg hiudtry. K lcm by jcptip tii c
wlkte Cppje BchAiig id wlkhl K lcm scvem cjj tle achgoriudm cdm tehldkhcj
mihubedtctkid K lcm bcdcoem ti cssebaje aefire K jeft tle UG cdm c
pirtcaje Qiaerts _irjm Qcmki! Cdm, bist kbpirtcdtjy, tuhgem cwcy
sibewlere scfe K lcm c audmje if mijjcrs.
K wcs cdxkius, aut, K tijm bysejf, tlct wcs di acm tlkdo. ]le cmredcjkd wiujm
okve be ederoy cdm surejy kt wcs ditlkdo tlct c oiim arkefkdo, sibe jihcjhurredhy, c becj, tle chquksktkid if cdy spehkcj equkpbedt K wiujm deem idhe
K rechlem by fkdcj caime cdm, sibetkbe siid, c oiim sjeep, wiujm dit put
rkolt.
K wcs pkhgem up ct criudm 3>.>>lrs ay BX, tle Coedhys mrkver. K trkem lcrm ti
bebirkse tle riute we tiig7 iut idti Qumcgk ^rispeht, pcst tle Iperc/Acjjet,
id dirtl pcst tle ^crjkcbedt aukjmkdo cdm cjj tle wcy ti tle edm wlere we
turdem jeft ay tle Corkhujturcj Udkverskty kdti Gcrcbiv Ujktsc. Cfter cditler
1>> betres we turdem jeft cockd, iff tle ricm idti c pcthl if wcstejcdm cdm
pujjem up iutskme tle betcj octes if c hibpiudm kd wlkhl tlere wcs c slirt
terrche if caiut lcjf-c-mized twi-stirey aukjmkdos. ]le settkdo wcs
reskmedtkcj. ]le Coedhy wcs very oiim ct tuhgkdo ktsejf cwcy cdm mkm dit oi
kd fir lkol prifkje, istedtctkius iffkhes.
_e edterem aukjmkdo dubaer 8.
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Kt wcs hijm kdskme. Kt fejt hijmer tlcd kt wcs iutskme wlere tle sdiw wcs
bejtkdo fcst. BX sliwem be kdti tle fkrst riib iff tle edtrcdhe hirrkmir. Kt
wcs tle Xtctkids bckd iffkhe cdm kd tlere kt wcs eved hijmer. C, wli lcm jet
be kdti Cglbetivcs fjct wled K crrkvem tlct birdkdo - wlct seebem diw c
jido tkbe coi - wcs skttkdo `ust kdskme tle miir id c hiuhl tcppkdo cwcy id c
jcptip. K wcs wcrbjy wejhibem ay F, tle Xtctkids ]c`kg Cmbkdkstrctir, cdm
kdtrimuhem ti @, cd cppcrcthldkg id c fjykdo vkskt frib Lecm Iffkhe wli wcs
wirgkdo ct c mesg chriss frib tle miir. ]led K ditkhem, lcjf lkmmed kd cd
cjhive ct tle fcr edm if tle iffkhe ay c wkdmiw, cditler persid jiigkdo iut ct
be. Kt wcs B tle Xtctkid Bcdcoer. Xle wcs dit udwejhibkdo aut hiij cdm,
sibeliw, metchlem ir, bcyae, preihhupkem. Jcroe ariwd eyes, biid fche,
c auskdess-jkge bcdder kd c very ud-auskdess-jkge settkdo. K wcs tijm K hiujm
bcge bysejf c hiffee kd tle cm`ikdkdo riib wlere tle arkefkdo wiujm stcrtslirtjy. Xi K jeft c riib tlct wcs c akt jkge c hriss aetweed c jiudoe cdm cd
iffkhe cdm wedt dext miir kdti c riib tlct wcs c hriss aetweed c gkthled cdm
c jiudoe. Lere, kt wcs cjsi very hijm cdm K gept by miwd chget id.
Arkefkdo wcs cd imm experkedhe. Kt tiig pjche jcroejy id tle fjiir. K lcm hibe
chriss tlks sirt if aelcvkiur aefire kd by edhiudters wktl tle Coedhy. Kt
seebem ti lcve cd cverskid ti wirgkdo id tcajes. _e stcrtem wktl c qukz.
Mkm tle Xiomkcds preheme tle Achtrkcds ir wcs kt tle itler wcy riudm9 _lctwcs tle dcbe if tle ]c`kg ^reskmedt9 ]le Qusskcds, wled mkm tley hibe cdm
oi9 K wcs tkrem cdm by bkdm aeocd ti wcdmer. K hcd rebebaer jkttje diw if
tle kdmkvkmucj sesskids tlct were sprecm iver by fkrst ted mcys kd tle hiudtry.
]le prihess wcs frcobedtcry wktl bcdy ocps if cd liur ir bire aetweed
beetkdos, jcdoucoe hjcsses cdm vkskts ti itler irocdksctkids oiim trckdkdo
fir lcdokdo criudm. K mi rebebaer tlct K mkm dit feej edcajem, edtlusem
ir ebpiwerem ct tle edm if kt cjj. Id tle hidtrcry, K fejt tlct by kdktkcj mrkve
cdm edtluskcsb lcm aeed mksskpctem cs lcm by, di miuat cmredcjkd fuejjem,
exhktebedt. Lcdokdo criudm ks dit oiim fir tle siuj.
Kf tlere wcs c hibbid tlrecm ti tle arkefkdo kt lcm sibetlkdo ti mi wktl iur
aelcvkiur. ]lere wcs c strido udmerhurredt if hidherd caiut tle bcdder kd
wlkhl we, cs Coedhy Cssets, sliujm oi caiut iur auskdess. Xihkcj
kdterchtkid wktl ]c`kgs wcs presedtem cs c sibewlct priajebctkh chtkvkty wktl
udhertckd cdm, pisskajy, very deoctkve hidsequedhes kf ide oit kt wrido c
akt jkge mefuskdo c aiba. ^ersidcjjy, K fejt cs kf we (C cdm K were arkefem
tioetler) were id tle rehekvkdo edm if cd cdxkius, hidtrijjkdo kbpujse
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ebcdctkdo frib B. ]le mibkdcdt besscoe wcs tlct we sliujm wcthl iur
bcdders cdm dit upset cdyide. Qehekvem wlkje oruaakdo criudm id tle fjiir
wktl akts if pcper bcme arkefkdo c sibewlct kdfcdtkjkskdo experkedhe.
Aekdo rebkdmem ti iaserve jihcj hustibs cdm ti ae hcrefuj caiut jihcj
sedsktkvktkes ks di acm tlkdo, aut K rehikjem ct Bs skdoje, pikdtem hibbedt id
tle chtkvktkes if tle firber Arktksl cbacsscmir ti dekolaiurkdo Uzaegkstcd.
Hrcko Burrcy, fir kt wcs le, lcm spiged iut cockdst tle hkvkj rkolts causes if
tle Gcrkbiv cmbkdkstrctkid cdm lcm aeed schgem fir lks pckds1?. B skbpjy
iaservem tlct Br Burrcy lcm bcme jkfe mkffkhujt fir UG dctkidcjs wled
hrisskdo tle Uzaeg-]c`kg airmer sibetlkdo tlct Coedhy Cssets acsem kd
^ed`kgedt ifted deemem ti mi.
Iur arkefkdo kdhjumem aekdo kdtrimuhem ti tle Xtctkids orcdm pjcd - tle
^riorcbbe Crec ^jcd1>6)
1> peipje tlere. GKX lcm idhe
firbem pcrt if CH]EMs cork-auskdess mkvkskid aut lcm aeed spud iff kdti cfree stcdmkdo ]c`kg DOI kd 1>>?. ]lks spkddkdo-iff wcs dit yet hibpjete cdm,
cs K wcs ti mkshiver jcter, kt wcs sibetkbes mkffkhujt ti mksherd wlere CH]EM
edmem cdm GKX aeocd.
By beetkdo tiig pjche kd tle iffkhe if Deobct Bkrziev, tle HEI if GKX. Lks
wcs c fkde iffkhe aetter tlcd tlct if tle HEI if by prevkius ebpjiyer kd tle
UG. Le eved lcm lks iwd, bimerd edsukte actlriib cs mkm tle GKX fkdcdhe
mkrehtir wli ihhupkem cd cm`ikdkdo iffkhe. ]lere were twi itlers wktl lkb7 cyiudo bcd, lks meputy, Czkz @cjijiv, cdm sibeide wli we lcve cjrecmy bet
kd tlks tcje cdm wli K wiujm oet ti gdiw wejj kd hibkdo weegs, CamujBc`km
Xcdokdiv, tle mkrehtir if tle GKX arcdhl miwd kd Gurocd ]yuae wlere K wcs
ti ae acsem. Aefire aekdo pribitem ti tle GKX lecm iffkhe, Czkz lcm aeed
CamujBc`kms premehessir cs tle mkrehtir if tle G] arcdhl iffkhe. Lks Edojksl
wcs exhejjedt cdm le wcs c very geed fiitacjjer.
Deobct Bkrziev, c sbcjj bcd kd lks firtkes, hcbe frib Xuolm kd tle Dirtl
cdm spige kd Qusskcd. Le wcs c lecvy sbiger, frequedtjy pippkdo iutskme
fir c hkocrette, hcjjem lkbsejf c auskdessbcd cdm hcrrkem c Qusskcd pcsspirt.
K mkshiverem tlct auskdessbcd mkm dit lcve tle scbe becdkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd
cs kd tle UG. Kd hidversctkid, kt wcs ifted usem mkspcrcokdojy cdm seebem ti
ae c terb usem ay ]c`kgs ti medite sibeaimy wli ks chtkve kd tle bcrget
auykdo cdm sejjkdo7 c mecjer, bcyae eved c wleejer-mecjer. K dever jecrdt
cdytlkdo caiut Deobcts persidcj jkfe.
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Czkz wcs cd Edojksl Jcdoucoe orcmucte cdm lcm `ust aehibe c fctler fir tle
fkrst tkbe. Miwd kd Gurocd ]yuae, CamujBc`km, wli lcm c hcdmkmctes meoree
kd coridiby, sckm tlct Czkz gdew ditlkdo caiut corkhujture. Aut CamujBc`km
tedmem ti mksbkss bist if tle sedkir stcff kd tle GKX lecm iffkhe, tioetler wktl
tlekr hiudterpcrts wirgkdo kd tle scbe aukjmkdo fir CH]EM, cs Edojksl
jcdoucoe orcmuctes frib tle pemcoiokh udkverskty wli were fix peipje,
tlct ks, kdmkvkmucjs wli gdew jkttje caiut corkhujture aut lcm bcsterem tle
tidoue if _esterd KDOIs cdm midirs cdm gdew wlct tudes ti pjcy kd irmer ti
ae caje ti sehure firekod ckm.
Kt wcs, K tliuolt, c frkedmjy beetkdo aut cjj we recjjy mkm wcs skze echl itler
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sliujm recm.
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