INTERFERENCE: Tajikistan 2010

7/22/2019 INTERFERENCE: Tajikistan 2010

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KD]EQFEQDHE ]C@K GKX]C D 1 >3>

"#$% '$&()*++


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1

1>38 Xtucrt Aurhlejj

KD]EQFEQEDHE0 ]c`kgkstcd 1>3>

(prevkiusjy, Kdterferkdo0 Cd IC^ kd ]c`kgkstcd -1>3>)

Xtucrt Aurhlejj

3. ]c`kgkstcd Corkhujture, Jcdm Qefirb, Mevejipbedt. 1. Mevejipbedt Ckm,DOIs, Vijudteerkdo. 8. Vijudteerkdo VXI.


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8

]le idjy meskre tle Hujture hiujm dit sctksfy frib wktlkd ktsejf wcs . tle uroedit ti feej usejess. ]le Hujtures sije ustkfkhctkid fir tle rejctkvejy udwirrkem,lemidkstkh jkfe kts pipujctkid edìyem wcs oiim wirgs7 tle sehujcr evcdoejksb

if tle Hidtcht Xehtkid, dit skbpjy fkdmkdo, hctcjioukdo, kdvestkoctkdo cdm

cdcjyskdo itler, jess cmvcdhem hkvkjksctkids aut wlere tle hkrhubstcdhescppecrem ti Hidtcht ti ùstkfy si mikdo chtucjjy kdterferkdo (ivertjy cdmhivertjy) kd tle lkstirkhcj prihesses if tlise itler hujtures.

Kckd B Acdgs, Hidskmer ljeacs

^reskmedt Vjcmkbkr ûtkd skodem kdti jcw c akjj tlct requkresdidoiverdbedtcj irocdksctkids (DOIs) wlkhl rehekve fudmkdo frib caricm ti

reokster wktl tle @ustkhe Bkdkstry cs firekod coedts

Qcmki Free Euripe, Qcmki Jkaerty, 1>31

tley were mwejt cbido, kdvestkoctem, spkem id, reverem cdm jivem

@cbes Coee, Jet Us Diw ^rckse Fcbius Bed


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=

HID]ED]X

^CQ] K0 ^QIJIOUE3 FII]DI]EX & CDDE\EX

^CQ] KK0 AEHCUXE K]X ]LEQE

1 CAMUJBC@KM-K

^CQ] KKK0 ME^CQ]UQE

8 ME^CQ]UQE-K

= ]C@KGKX]CD

5 LCDOKDO CQIUDM

^CQ] KV0 ]LE DEEMX IF X]QCDOEQX

6 CAMUJBC@KM-KK

^CQ] V0 MUXLCDAE

? ]LE CXXE]X IF MUXLCDAE

< ]LE X]C]KID IFFKHE

; GKX

^CQ] VK0 BIVKDO ID

3> KB G] AIUDM!

^CQ] VKK0 GLC]JID-K

33 [IVID-K

31 _IQG-K

38 X_IQME-]E^^C3= FCQLIQ


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5

35 CAMUJBC@KM-KKK

36 ID ]LE QICM

^CQ] VKKK0 LIBE FQIB LIBE

3? AEKDO ]LEQE

^CQ] K\0 GLC]JID-KK

3< ^[CD@-K

3; _IQG-KK

1> [IVID-KK

^CQ] \0 OKF]X

13 CAMUJBC@KM-KV

^CQ] \K0 GLC]JID-KKK

11 JIXKDO K]

18 ]UQGE[X - C XCVKDO OQCHE9

1= ^[CD@-KK

^CQ] \KK0 !"#$%&'"(9

15 AU] LI_ KX K] ]I AE MIDE9

^CQ] \KKK0 HIBKDO CDM OIKDO

16 ME^CQ]UQE-KK

1? QE]UQD

1< QEXIJU]KID

1; CAMUJBC@KM-V

8> ME^CQ]UQE-KKK


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6

^CQ] \KV0 E^KJIOUE

83 CDM DI_9

CDDE\EX

CDDE\ K0 KD]EQFEQEDHE ]LE COEDH[X BI

CDDE\ KK0 COQKHUJ]UQE KD ]C@KGKX]CD

- KKC HI]]ID- KKA JCDM QEFIQB

- KKH FCQB MEA]

XIUQHEX IF KDFIQBC]KID

Mihubedts

Fkjbs

_easktes


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?

Chridybs cdm Caarevkctkids

CC Cork-Cmvkser

CH]EM Coedhy fir ]ehldkhcj Hiiperctkid cdm Mevejipbedt

CMA Cskcd Mevejipbedt AcdgCKH Cork-Kdfirbctkid Hedtre

CKO Corkhujturcj Kdterest Oriup

CKD Cork-Kdfirbctkid Detwirg

AHK Aetter Hittid Kdktkctkve

HKC Hedtrcj Kdtejjkoedhe Coedhy

MFKM Mepcrtbedt fir Kdterdctkidcj Mevejipbedt

EAQM Euripecd Acdg fir Qehidstruhtkid cdm Mevejipbedt

EH Euripecd HibbksskidEHIB Ehib Corikdmustrkcj Hirpirctkid Jtm

FCI Fiim cdm Corkhujturcj Irocdksctkid if tle Udktem Dctkids

KFH Kdterdctkidcj Fkdcdhe Hirpirctkid

KF^QK Kdterdctkidcj Fiim ^ijkhy Qesecrhl Kdstktute

KJQF Kdterdctkidcj Jcair Qkolts Firub

KDOI Kdterdctkidcj did-oiverdbedt irocdksctkid

Gcs_co Gcs_co cork, tle kdterdctkidcj hidsujtkdo crb if CoVkstc

^ty. Jtm

GK Gremkt Kdvest

GKX Gidsujtctkvdi Kdfirbctskiddcyc Xyet

G] Surolidteppc, Gurocd ]eppc ir Gurocd ]yuae, tle

hcpktcj if Glctjid privkdhe

BiU Bebircdmub if Udmerstcdmkdo

DA] Dctkidcj Acdg if ]c`kgkstcd

DOI Did-oiverdbedt irocdksctkid

IMKLQ Iffkhe if Mebihrctkh Kdstktutkids cdm Lubcd Qkolts

IXHE Irocdksctkid fir Xehurkty & Hiiperctkid kd Euripe

^C^ ^riorcbbe Crec ^jcd

^FK ^crtder Fkdcdhkcj Kdterbemkcry (]CFF)

QFE, QJ Qcmki Free Euripe, Qcmki Jkaerty

XEHI Xtcte Xehretcrkct fir Ehidibkh Cffckrs, Xwktzerjcdm

XEDCX Xuppirt ti tle Estcajkslbedt if c Dctkidcj Corkhujturcj

Cmvksiry Xervkhe

]CFF ]c`kgkstcd Corkhujturcj Fkdcdhe Frcbewirg

]i] ]rckdkdo if ]rckdersUXCKM Udktem Xtctes Coedhy fir Kdterdctkidcj Mevejipbedt


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@cbslem ]echler, Xwirme ]eppc, G]

@cvjid Lcbmcbiv Mkrehtir, CH]EM Cffkjkcte, G]

@idctlid _irjm Acdg represedtctkve

Gcrkb CH]EM mrkver, G]

Gcyubiv Xcttcrivkhl Mkrehtir, GKX Cffkjkcte, Glu`cdm

Guhlgkd Lecm if Jiokstkhs, CH]EM, G]

J Hidsujtcdt, Gcs_co

Juhc Arcsk Camuj @cjkj, hittid expert, GKX, G]

B Bcdcoer, Coedhy Xtctkid, Muslcdae, ]c`kgkstcd

Bcmkdc Xtumedt, Xwirme ]eppc, G]Bcmkdc Cglbetivc firber Coedhy priorcbbe bcdcoer, Coedhy

Xtctkid, Muslcdae

Bcglfkrct Aiiggeeper, GKX, G]

Bczurc Xlikrcs repjchebedt cs GKXtrcdsjctir/cmbkdkstrctir

Bessk Croedtkde fiitacjjer

Budkrc Cmbkdkstrctir, Xwirme ]eppc, G]BX Coedhy mrkver, Muslcdae

Burcmcjk Cjkbcrmid ]c`kg bkdkster fir corkhujture, prevkiusjy lecm ifDA]

Burim Hcretcger, CH]EM listej, G]

Burim Aujoigiv GKX CC, Fcrlir

Deobet Cbkrim Vet, GKX Cffkjkcte, G]

Deobct Bkrziev HEI, GKX Lecm Iffkhe, Muslcdae

Deobct`id CH]EM ebpjiyee, G]

Imkdkef Bclbcmdczcr GKX CC, ^ycd`

^ Muthl coridibkst cttchlem ti ]c`kg Bkdkstry ifCorkhujture, Muslcdae

^] Cberkhcd hidsujtcdt, Durk Glctjid, G]

^cuj Bcrhlcdt Mkrehtir, Xwirme ]eppc, G]

Qcakc CH]EM hiig, G]


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X Coedhy Csset, G]

Xckm Bcglbum CH]EM ebpjiyee, G]

Xckfkmkdiv Bclbemuji GKX CC, ^ycd`

Xlikrc GKX trcdsjctir, G]

Xjkb Veoetcrkcd Coedhy Csset, Muslcdae

]cbkb ]echler, Xwirme ]eppc, G]

]ctycdc Hjecder, CH]EM listej, G]

]ihlkmkd CH]EM Cmbkdkstrctir, G]

]ihlkmkd Jumfujiev GKX CC, ^ycd`

]ib Hippcs Edojksl turgey fcrber, UGVcksiv Fctrcmkd GKX CC, ^ycd`

P Coedhy priorcbbe bcdcoer, Coedhy Xtctkid,Muslcdae


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31

^CQ] K^QIJIOUE


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3. FII]DI]EX & CDDE\EX

]lks ks tle stiry if c slirt, udexheptkidcj bksskid hcrrkem iut ay c Arktksl

coedt kd Hedtrcj Cskc murkdo 1>3>. ]le edmecviurs if tlks pcrtkhujcr

kdmkvkmucj, X, were dit very fruktfuj aut, tlcdgfujjy, dektler were tley very

lcrbfuj. Xi fcr cs K hcd tejj di-ide wcs lurt ir jeft wirse iff ay lks chtkvktkes,

tliuol sibe bcy lcve aeed mkscppikdtem lcvkdo expehtem bire if lkb

dide bire si tlcd X lkbsejf cdm lks lcdmjers kd tle Coedhy, tle irocdksctkid

tlct lcm rehruktem lkb ti tlks csskodbedt. Fir c dubaer if recsids, dide if

wlkhl hcd ae stctem ipedjy, tlks aimy bust rebckd cdidybius cs bust cjsi

B, Xs aiss. Xle wcs tle lecm if tle Coedhys iffkhe kd ]c`kgkstcd, tle

hiudtry ti wlkhl X wcs sedt.

Id kts siutlerd skme, ]c`kgkstcd slcres c jido pirius airmer wktl Cfolcdkstcd

cdm kt bkolt ae suppisem tlct Xs bksskid wcs sibeliw rejctem ti Iperctkid

Edmurkdo Freemib3. Cdm bcyae, kd sibe teduius cdm bysterkius wcy, kt

wcs, aut tlct ks dit by hidherd lere cdm cdy suhl hiddehtkid ks dit expjirem

kd tlks aiig.

Xs kdtervedtkid wcs dit ide lecvy wktl bkjktcry lcrmwcre, dir wcs kt if tle

hjicg cdm mcooer ir sjeutlkdo cdm auookdo vcrkety. Le wcs c spehkcjkst kd tle

crts if sift kdterferedhe cdm jiw jevej bemmjkdo, c firb if kdtervedtkid birehjisejy cssihkctem wktl `ecds, westerd pip buskh, sbkjes, orcdt-kd-ckm cdm

DOIs. Le lcm jkhedhe ti very jkttje. Kdmeem, tle Coedhy ed`ikdem lkb ti wirg

wktl tle jkoltest if tiuhles, tcgkdo lks jecm ct cjj tkbes frib tlise cbidost

wlib le mwejt cdm iaservem.

]lks aiig ks qukte skbpjy tle tcje if lks experkedhes murkdo lks stcy kd

]c`kgkstcd - c persidcj bebikr if c few bidtls spedt ay cd ejmerjy, retkrem

Edojksl oedt, wirgkdo kd tle siutlerd privkdhe if wlct lcm idhe aeed ide if

tle hedtrcj cskcd repuajkhs if tle UXXQ.

Aut, aefire we aeokd, c wirm if expjcdctkid ks mue hidherdkdo tle fiitdites

yiu, tle Qecmer, wkjj edhiudter kd tle text tlct fijjiws cdm tle Cddexes wlkhl,

cs tlekr dcbe suooests, yiu wkjj fkdm ct tle edm.

[iu sliujm dit kdfer frib by use if tlese mevkhes tlct tlks ks c becsurem,

chcmebkh text kd wlkhl tle cutlir lcdmjes lks bcterkcj kd c metchlem,

31>3> lcs aeed ay fcr tle wirse yecr fir hicjktkid fctcjktkes kd Cfolcdkstcd.


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kbpersidcj bcdder, expresskdo lkbsejf mkspcsskidctejy cdm aijsterkdo ir

qucjkfykdo lks vkews ay referedhe ti tlise if itlers wli lcve wrktted id tle

scbe sua`eht. Acskdo bysejf edtkrejy id Xs bebirkes, dites cdm mkckrkes K

lcve cttebptem ti hcpture tle qucjkty cdm biim if lks experkedhes. ]lks ks

very buhl c stiry wktl c pritcoidkst cdm c persidcj pikdt if vkew. Kt ks cs

buhl tle stiry if ]c`kgstcds kbpcht id X cs kt ks caiut wlct le mkm kd tlct

hiudtry.

K lcve bcme use if fiitdites aehcuse tlks lcs edcajem be ti hijjeht tioetler

kd ide pjche cjj tle kdfirbctkid tlct X lcm cssebajem cdm bcme use if

aefire, murkdo cdm cfter lks vkskt ti ]c`kgkstcd. Kdktkcjjy, ct jecst, tley were

kdhjumem, prkdhkpcjjy, fir lks iwd persidcj hidvedkedhe, ti edcaje lkb ti use

tlks mihubedt cs c gkdm if slie aix kd wlkhl ti stire cwcy c pcrtkhujcr set ifbebirkes cdm tliuolts tlct le hiujm re-vkskt frib tkbe ti tkbe kd tle future.

Lcvkdo usem fiitdites kd tlks wcy, kt tled struhg be tlct tle kdfirbctkid cdm

siurhes wlkhl tley hidtckd lcm every rkolt ti fecture kd tlks bebikr - cs buhl

rkolt, scy, cs c pkhture if tle trchtir tlct X scw up id c pjkdtl id tle iutsgkrts

if Gurocd ]eppc ir lks meshrkptkid if c beetkdo if fcrbers tlct le cttedmem kd

[ivid. ]ley lejpem firb, cdm lks recmkdo if tleb wcs c pcrt if, lks

experkedhe if ]c`kgkstcd. Bireiver, kf yiu cre bivem ti fijjiw up id tlesereferedhes tley hcd cjsi lejp ti bcge pjckd Xs persidcj pre`umkhes cdm pikdt

if vkew cdm tlus sliujm edcaje yiu ti bcge hirrehtkids fir tlese cs yiu see

fkt.

Cdm, tlere ks yet c tlkrm recsid fir kdhjumkdo fiitdites. Kt ks aehcuse kf,

perhlcdhe, cs c hidsequedhe if recmkdo tlks tcje, yiur kdterest kd ]c`kgkstcd ks

pkquem, tley iffer c dubaer if pisskaje cvedues fir yiur iwd recmkdo cdm

kdvestkoctkids. ]c`kgkstcd ks dit wejj servem kd tle jktercture cdm K gdiw tlct

wled X fkrst set iut le fiudm kt mkffkhujt ti pkehe tioetler cdy pkhture ct cjj if

tlks hiudtry cdm wiujm lcve aeed mejkoltem kf sibeide lcm okved lkb c jkst if

referedhes ti fijjiw up1.

1Fijjiwkdo tle hibpjetkid if tlks bebikr K aehcbe cwcre if Hlrkstkcd Ajeuers akajkiorcply

if Edojksl jcdoucoe siurhes id ]c`kgkstcd (Ajeuer, Hlrkstkcd (1>31H)) cdm bire rehedtjy stkjj,Bcrtlc Arkjj Ijhitts exhejjedt aiig, ]c`kgkstcds Mkffkhujt Mevejipbedt ^ctl(Ijhitt, B.A.(1>31))


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]le Cddexes ct tle edm if tlks aiig cre c mkfferedt bctter. _lkje stkjj wrktted

frib c Xs pikdt if vkew, ir ct jecst okved c persidcj ojiss, tley cre cjsi by

cttebpt ti arkefjy meshrkae tle hidtext kdti wlkhl X fiudm bysejf kdsertem.

]ley mrcw lecvkjy upid tle stctkstkhcj kdfirbctkid cdm cdcjyses puajkslem ay

tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedt cdm itler irocdksctkids tioetler wktl tle hibbedtcrkes

if kdmkvkmucj experts cdm chcmebkhs. K lcve fihusem lere id tle pijkhy

frcbewirg cdm prihemures if tle Coedhy, wlise hrecture X wcs, cdm tle

rehedt lkstiry cdm hurredt stcte if ]c`kg corkhujture, tle sehtir if tle ehidiby

wktl wlkhl lks wirg wcs hidherdem.

Aut, pjecse dite, tlks cddexem bcterkcj ks dit cd cftertliuolt tlct lcs `ust

aeed cmmem id. Kt ks bcterkcj tlct wcs skevem iut if ecrjker mrcfts if tle aiig

kd cd cttebpt ti okve tle stiry tlct rebckdem ct jecst c bimkhub if dcrrctkvemrkve, tlct ks, Mecr Qecmer, ti kdhrecse tle priacakjkty tlct yiu wkjj hidtkdue ti

turd tle pcoe cdm recm id.

_lkje yiu hcd very ecskjy recm tle stiry cdm kodire tle Cddexes, tle reverse

ks cjsi true, cdm, kf K were csgem ti bcge c hlikhe aetweed tle twi, Kb dit

sure wlkhl ide Km mkshcrm. Fir excbpje, tle tcje if ]c`kg Fcrb Meat ks cd

kdtrkoukdo ide repjete wktl kts iwd hcst if sjeutls, vkjjckds cdm vkhtkbs. Kt ks

hertckdjy c tcje if buhl orecter sihkcj skodkfkhcdhe tlcd tlct if c skdojeEdojslbcd caricm. Xi, K tiyem, very arkefjy, wktl tle kmec if puttkdo tle

cddexem bcterkcj ct tle aeokddkdo if tlks mihubedt cdm kd tlks wcy fkrst set

tle shede aefire hibbedhkdo tle chtkid, tlct ks, Xs stiry. Aut K re`ehtem tlks

cpprichl cs c skjjy cttebpt ti kdfjuedhe liw tlks aiig ks recm. [iur recmkdo

lcakts cre, if hiurse, yiur iwd auskdess cdm dit bkde. Bireiver, K wcs

stridojy cmvksem tlct wled tejjkdo c tcje kts c oiim kmec ti oet strckolt kdti tle

chtkid rctler tlcd spedm tkbe pckdtkdo jcroe, kdtrimuhtiry pkhtures if tle

jcdmshcpe.

_lctever tle irmer if presedtctkid ir rejctkve berkts if, id tle ide lcdm, tle

mkreht kbpresskids bcme ay ]c`kgkstcd id c pcsskdo strcdoer jkge X cdm, id tle

itler lcdm, c hibbedtcry id tle stcte if ]c`kg corkhujture acsem id stcte

stctkstkhcj siurhes cdm tle spehkcjkst puajkhctkids if prifesskidcj cdcjysts cdm

hibbedtctirs, kt ks devertlejess cd udmedkcaje fcht tlct K feej buhl bire ct

libe wktl tle firber cdm, cs c hidsequedhe, feej aetter caje ti wrkte caiut

tleb tlcd K mi caiut tle jctter. Bireiver, ae wcrdem, K cb di corkhujturcj

expert cdm, tlerefire, kd di pisktkid ti hibbedm ti yiu by persidcj


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iaservctkids id sua`ehts suhl cs jcdm refirb, corkhujturcj fkdcdhe cdm tle

hujtkvctkid if hittid. Bcdy wiujm tlkdg tlks ks recsid ediuol fir tuhgkdo tlese

tliuolts cwcy ct tle achg if tle aiig. By gdiwjemoe if ]c`kg corkhujture ks

jcroejy sehidmlcdm, hibkdo cjbist edtkrejy frib itler wrkters. Kt ks ti tlese

cutlirs tlct yiu sliujm turd kf yiu wksl ti ockd c aetter cdm bire

mkskdterestem orcsp if tlks sua`eht.

_ktl tehldkhcjktkes lipefujjy iut if tle wcy, cjj tlct rebckds ks tle stiry. Kt ks

set iut kd slirt, epksimkh hlcpters cdm hcd, tlerefire, ae meviurem ct yiur

jeksure jkge tle priverakcj ejeplcdt ide sbcjj akte ct c tkbe. K lipe yiu fkdm

kt ct jecst bkjmjy mkvertkdo hlew wejj!


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3?

^CQ] KKAEHCUXE K]X ]LEQE


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3 bkdutes coi cdm CamujBc`km set tle pche,

mrkdgkdo tle stuff cs kf kt were wcter cdm le wcs acmjy pcrhlem lcvkdo `ust

stubajem iut if tle Oiak Mesert. Aut, cdm tle tliuolt hrisses by bkdm, kf kt kssi wecg, kf kt ks kd fcht dit buhl bire tlcd jkolt ariwd, udpjecscdt tcstkdo

wcter, kt bkolt ae udscfe. ]le arewkdo prihess bkolt dit lcve gkjjem iff cjj

tle bkhriaes tlct, repirtemjy, teeb kd tle udtrectem wcter lerecaiuts.

K geep mrkdgkdo cdm we aitl budhl id tle sbcjj, lcrm huaes if fjcviurem,

mcrg arecm tlct CamujBc`km lcs irmerem gyrkjjedgk9 K firoet tle dcbe.

Kt ks c trkhgy questkid. Id mcys wled K wcjg cjide ti wirg, K kdvcrkcajy aehibecasiraem kd bujjkdo iver tlks scbe questkid. K lcve yet ti fkdm tle cdswer.

^erlcps, tlere ks di skbpje cdswer, tliuol K mcymrecb kmjy tlct K bkolt trkp

iver kt ide mcy Il, tlere yiu cre! If jcte, K lcve aehibe cttrchtem ti tle

kmec tlct by mehkskid ti tcge tle csskodbedt kd ]c`kgkstcd wcs skbpjy tle

udkdtedmem resujt if c dubaer if qukte kdskodkfkhcdt, udrejctem cdm, si K

tliuolt ct tle tkbe, kdhidsequedtkcj chtkids. ]ioetler, tlks bkshejjcdy if

trkvkc lcve hidspkrem ti put be miwd tlks evedkdo kd fridt if CamujBc`km, lere

kd tlks acr kd Gurocd-]eppc.

Ct wirg, CamujBc`km cdm K lcve stcrtem ti ipedjy mkshuss, cdm slcre iur

cdxketkes caiut, iur ebpjiyers jchg if pjcddkdo cdm mkrehtkid. Aut diw,

udmer tle spitjkolt if CamujBc`kms questkid, kt mcwds id be tlct kf K cb kd

effeht dit buhl bire tlcd c pkehe if lubcd fjitscb, jchgkdo c strido sedse

if by iwd kdterdcj purpise, wli cb K ti jcbedt tle jchg if purpise sliwd ay

cdyide ejse.


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3;

CamujBc`km irmers cditler riudm if aeer. K cb cdxkius tlct le bkolt ae

settjkdo kd fir c jido sesskid. Di bctter liw wecg tle aeer bkolt ae K cb

pretty sure tlct K slcjj dit ae caje ti bcdcoe bcdy bire aefire aehibkdo

kdhileredt cdm sufferkdo orectjy tibirriw. ]lere ks cjsi tle udwejhibe

prispeht if aekdo up cdm miwd cjj dkolt trckpskdo iut ti tle tikjet ct tle edm if

tle ycrm.

]lcts by jit Bc`km. Kjj lcve ti oi siid fir by mkdder

_ly9

Kt wkjj ae servem up slirtjy cdm K midt jkge kt hijm. Cdywcy, wlct caiut yiu,

midt yiu lcve c becj ti oi ti9

If hiurse! Aut di ide wkjj stcrt udtkj K crrkve

_lct, tley cjj skt tlere cdm wckt fir yiu9If hiurse aut yiu lcve dit tijm be wly yiu cre lere

Bc`km, Kb dit sure K gdiw bysejf yiu bust tejj be kf yiu fkdm iut

Xtucrt, yiu bust lcve c recsid

K gdiw tlct bcdy ]c`kgs lijm tle vkew tlct peipje jkge be, espehkcjjy tlise

styjem cs vijudteers, bkolt wejj ae bksskidcrkes, coedts if cd cjked hujture

iut ti hidvert tle jihcj peipje ti hlrkstkcdkty. C Hlrkstkcd iutfkt wcs expejjem

jcst yecr wled tle cutlirktkes mkshiverem kt wcs mkstrkautkdo akajes.

Kts hibpjkhctem Bc`km. ]lere cre jits if recsids aut Kb dit lere fir cdy

rejkokius ides. Qecjjy, Kb lere bckdjy fir bysejf

K lcve ti ae hcrefuj caiut arkdokdo rejkokid kdti tle hidversctkid. Ide

evedkdo, criudm tle mkdder tcaje ct tle listej, tle hidversctkid lcm mrkftem

idti rejkokid cdm K wcs csgem caiut by aejkefs cdm lcm sckm K mkm dit aejkeve

kd tle exkstedhe if c oim. ]lks seebem ti mkshidhert cdm cjbist cjcrb by

hibpcdkids. Dit aejkeve kd oim! _lct sirt if persid ks tlks9

K mi dit wcdt ti iffedm CamujBc`km ir lks oim, dir mi K wcdt lkb ti tlkdg if be

cs wekrm ir cjked. Kd fcht K very buhl wcdt ti cvikm mkshusskdo rejkokid wktl

lkb. ]lcdgfujjy, CamujBc`km kodires tlks ippirtudkty ti mkoress kdti tleijioy.

Le ks dit ti ae mkstrchtem frib tle secrhl fir by recsids.

_lct recsids9 _lct caiut yiur fcbkjy9


20/222

1>

Bc`km, Kve dit hibe lere ti tejj cdyide wlct ti mi. Kve hibe lere fir

cmvedture. K oi wcjgkdo kd tle biudtckds kd Euripe cdm lcve recm caiut tle

biudtckds lere kd ]c`kgkstcd. Cjsi, tle stirkes K lcve lecrm caiut tlks hiudtry

bcme kt siudm very aecutkfuj cdm bysterkius cjjurkdo!

Cjjurkdo wlct ks cjjurkdo9

Aecrs byemvyemk cre cttrchtem ti lidey byim tley fkdm kt cjjurkdo.

Cjsi, sibe scy, tlct bed fkdm aecutkfuj wibed cjjurkdo. Fkslerbed use c

jure c fectler ir slkdy iaèht - ct tle edm if tle jkde ti cttrcht fksl.

Igcy. Oi id

Km aeed mikdo tle scbe ìa fir 36 yecrs cdm wcdtem ti mi sibetlkdo

mkfferedt, K wcdtem ti ae ausy, edocoem, revktcjkzem. K mkmdt lcve ti ecrd

bidey - K lcm retkrem cdm lcm tle tkbe cdm pisskakjkty ti trcvej. Xi wly dit

ìurdey ti cditler very mkfferedt pcrt if tle wirjm, cdm lcve cd cmvedturetlere9

Aut yiur fcbkjy9

_ejj, tley bcy hibe iut cdm vkskt be. Kb idjy oikdo ti ae cwcy 8-= bidtls

ct c tkbe, by sid ks diw bcgkdo lks wcy jcroejy iutskme tle libe, by wkfe K

bkss - we lcve jkvem tioetler decrjy 15 yecrs - aut sle lcs cd casirakdo ìa,

we cre kd reoujcr hidtcht ay ebckj cdm plide, yiu gdiw

K oujp miwd tle rest if by =tl

, pkdt-skzem ojcss if aeer cdm scy tlct K recjjyiuolt ti ae oettkdo achg ti tle listej.

Kb dit cverse ti hidtkdukdo wktl CamujBc`kms kdterrioctkid if by bitkves fir

hibkdo ti ]c`kgkstcd aut K bust oet cwcy frib tlks acr cdm cjj tlks aeer.

Kb sure CamujBc`km mies dit fkdm by stiry hidvkdhkdo. Kt rkdos lijjiw ti be.

Kts idjy jcter tlct K recjkze wly. K lcm respidmem ti lks kdktkcj questkid cs kf kt

were cd edqukry caiut by persidcj bitkvctkid, sibetlkdo K gdiw ti ae

hidfusem cdm hidfjkhtem. Aut repjcykdo iur hidversctkid kd by lecm K lecr

CamujBc`km csgkdo be, Xtucrt, tejj be, wly cre yiu r jjylere9 [es, wlctksoikdo id9 _lct r yiu up ti9 ]le sirt if questkids c pijkhebcd bkoltcsg c strcdoe kdmkvkmucj, wlib le edhiudters kd cd udusucj jihctkid ct tle

mecm if dkolt. ]le sirt if questkids tle ]c`kg cutlirktkes, fir excbpje, bkolt

very recsidcajy csg c jide Edojkslbcd fiudm skttkdo, mrkdgkdo kd c didmeshrkpt

acr kd c sbcjj privkdhkcj ]c`kg tiwd fcr iff tle tiurkst trckj.


21/222

13

Bcyae Kb wrido, bcyae CamujBc`km mies skbpjy wcdt ti gdiw wlere by

lecrt jkes, aut, K diw widmer, wlct wiujm K bcge if lkb kf iur pisktkids were

reversem9 _lct kf ]c`kgkstcd wcs kd by eyes c fcaujiusjy rkhl cdm piwerfuj

hiudtry cdm Edojcdm orkdmkdojy piir cdm by iverrkmkdo preihhupctkid wcs

edsurkdo tlct arecm wcs put id tle tcaje if by fcbkjy9 _lct kf fir be firekod

trcvej wcs c mrecb, bcstery if tle ]c`kg jcdoucoe cdm, cjido wktl kt, c

tehldkhcj vihcaujcry if strcdoe castrchtkids suhl cs oiverdcdhe,

sustckdcakjkty cdm hcpchkty aukjmkdo wcs tle gey ti c wejj pckm `ia, pisskajy

kd cd irocdksctkid estcajkslem ay ]c`kgs kd by iwd hiudtry, cdm tlese

strcdoers, wktl tlekr mkfferedt mress cdm hustibs, seebem ti us ti ae si very

sure liw tlkdos sliujm ae hlcdoem fir tle aetter9 Liw tled wiujm we

reocrm tleb, tlese cjkeds, eved kf tley wedt caiut tlekr wirg udatruskvejy,

pijktejy, sedsktkvejy cdm kdhjuskvejy cdm cjwcys sbkjkdo si recmkjy9

Cs K wcjg achg kd tle mcrg ti tle CH]EM listej, by bkdm pjecscdtjy fiooy

wktl cjhilij, tle Cberkhcds summedjy kdtrume kdti by tliuolts tlise

Cberkhcds wli ct tle tkbe were stctkidem kd Arktckd cdm were iverpckm,

iversexem cdm iver lere. Ide if by sksters very decrjy wedt iff wktl ide if

tleb.

Cdm tled, cpprichlkdo by mestkdctkid, wcrkjy deoitkctkdo pitlijes cdm

sjeepkdo mios kd tle udjkt street, kt mcwds id be tlct tle listej lcs aehibe c

wejhibe refuoe K bkolt eved lcve sckm ti CamujBc`km tlct K lcm ti oi

libe.


22/222

11

^CQ] KKKME^CQ]UQE

(Bcp hiurtesy if Udkverskty if ]excs Jkarcrkes)


23/222

18

8. ME^CQ]UQE-K

Kt ks ajchg iutskme. K hcd see ditlkdo tlriuol tle wkdmiws scve tle refjehtkid

if tle trcdskt jiudoe kd wlkhl K cb skttkdo.

Id jcdmkdo, K ojkbpsem meep sdiw pkjem up cjidoskme tle rudwcy cdm furtler

iff K hiujm bcge iut tle ajchg skjliuettes if trees. Kt wcs jcte cfterdiid cdm

tlere wcs stkjj c jkttje jkolt kd tle sgy.

Kts diw 3 lrs jihcj tkbe cdm cjj criudm be K hcd lecr Qusskcd aekdo

spiged. Kb kd Qkoc, fresl iut if Octwkhg Edojcdm, set fir Muslcdae,

]c`kgkstcd.

K lcve hlcdoem 1> kdti griids cdm aiuolt bysejf c aeer cdm c scdmwkhl.

Kb recmkdo by dewspcper ]le Kdmepedmedt. Cs usucj, Kve jiigem ct tle

iaktucrkes cdm id tlks mcy, 36 Fearucry 1>3>, K see tlct Mkhg Frcdhks, tle

ìhgey cdm divejkst, ks fecturem.

If hiurse, lks iaktucry bedtkids Mevid Jihl cdm tle Orcdm Dctkidcj if

3;568. Xcturmcy 1= Bcrhl 3;56 Bcrys wemmkdo mcy. Ct tle tkbe if tle

rche we were octlerem ct libe kd ]eddysid Cvedue fir tle wemmkdoreheptkid. Mcm cdm ]idy Lcjjiwcy were kd tle achg riib jkstedkdo ti tle

rche hibbedtcry cdm aehibkdo kdhrecskdojy rcuhius cs tle lirse tley lcm

achgem jido aefire tle rche wcs rud Mevid Jihl - cppecrem ti lcve tle

rche wid. Xummedjy, kt wedt very quket, fijjiwem ay tle burburs if aebusem

kdmkodctkid. Lcvkdo ùbpem every fedhe, Mevid Jihl lcm kdexpjkhcajy fcjjed

miwd ùst ycrms frib tle fkdkslkdo pist. Aut we lcm dit hibe tioetler fir c

trkp ti tle rches. ]le arkme cdm oriib were becdt ti ae tle hedtre if iur

cttedtkid dit c lirse! Devertlejess, tle evedts ct Ckdtree tlct mcy iatrumem

kdti iur priheemkdos cdm mcbpedem tle biim.

K widmer, wlere were yiu wled Mevid Jihl fejj miwd9

8Cdyide wli wktdessem lks strcdoe bksfirtude kd tle 3;56 Orcdm Dctkidcj, rkmkdo Mevid

Jihl fir tle Sueed Bitler, wiujm gdiw tlct cdy pjit, cdy hlcrchter, hcd ae turdem upskme-miwd id tle fkdcj pcoe.

Lcvkdo deoitkctem tle ako fedhes wktl arcvurc, Mevid Jihl wcs hjecr cdm ùst => ycrms fribtle pist wled le summedjy sprcwjem ti lks gdees. Kt lcm tcged c spjkt-sehidm fir Frcdhks tiae pkthlem frib exujtctkid ti kdmkodkty. BhOrctl, Hlrks (1>3>)


24/222

1=

K turd ti by aiig, wlkhl ks c divej ay tle Qusskcd Aujocgiv Ajchg Xdiw. Kt

mies dit lijm be si K shrkaaje sibe dites kd by mkcry Kb re-recmkdo tleb

diw cjbist exchtjy ide yecr jcter.

_led K jeft libe kd tle birdkdo kt wcs rckdkdo stecmkjy cdm Cddc lcm mrkved

be ti Ecjkdo Aricmwcy Xtctkid. K mkm dit feej edtluskcstkh cdm struoojem wktl

by juoocoe feejkdo mcudtem cdm fecrfuj. Miuats caiut tle trkp lcm surfchem c

weeg ir twi aefire by mepcrture. 1 yecrs ecrjker, wled K wcs kd _est Cfrkhc,

tle prispeht if oikdo ti c biudtckdius, hijm, ex-sivket hiudtry wiujm lcve

seebem very cttrchtkve. Cdm diw9 Kb cjrecmy bksskdo Cddc, Dkhi cdm

Jeyairde Cvedue! Ajchg Xdiw kdmeem.

]le fjkolt frib Octwkhg ti Qkoc wcs fujj, aut id aicrmkdo tle pjcde firMuslcdae K fkdm K lcve c wlije riw if sects ti bysejf. ]lere cre idjy c

lcdmfuj if us shctterem caiut tle hcakd cdm K lcve di hlcdhe ti oet ti gdiw

cdy if by fejjiw pcssedoers. ]lere ks ust c fckdt burbur if hidversctkid,

kts hlkjjy cdm K ludger miwd cdm try ti sjeep dit very suhhessfujjy.

_e fjy chriss tle ebptkdess if Hedtrcj Cskc cdm K hcd see ditlkdo iut if by

wkdmiw. Aut, evedtucjjy, tle sect aejt skod hibes id cdm we cre csgem ti

bcge iur sects uprkolt aefire tiuhlkdo miwd ct Muslcdae Ckrpirt. Kts caiut>=.>>lrs jihcj tkbe, mcrg, -6H cdm, cockd, tlere ks c jit if sdiw pkjem up

cjidoskme tle rudwcy.

]c`kgkstcd dirtl if Cfolcdkstcd, west if Hlkdc, siutl if Gyroyzstcd cdm ecst

if Uzaegkstcd Kve crrkvem. _e oet miwd frib tle pjcde, aicrm c sluttje aus

cdm, cs we cre mrkved ti hustibs, K hcd see Muslcdae, kd hyrkjjkh hlcrchters,

up kd deid jkolts id tle mcrg terbkdcj aukjmkdo $)*+,-..


25/222

15

=. ]C@KGKX]CD

]le Coedhy fkrst hidtchtem be caiut tle csskodbedt kd ]c`kgkstcd caiut ;

bidtls aefire by evedtucj mepcrture. Kd Fearucry 1>>; K lcm cppjkem

udsuhhessfujjy fir c pistkdo ti Bidoijkc cfter wlkhl tlere wcs c jujj kd iur

hibbudkhctkids. ]led, kd @ujy, id returdkdo frib c wcjgkdo lijkmcy kd tle

Xtuack Biudtckds, K fiudm c arkef e-bckj wcktkdo fir be ct libe tlct iutjkdem

tle pisskakjkty if c pistkdo ti ]c`kgkstcd. K lcm di kmec tle Coedhy wcs chtkve

tlere. K lcm cjwcys tliuolt if kt cs spehkcjkskdo kd tripkhcj hiudtrkes wktl

Bidoijkc cs tle imm bcd iut. ]c`kgkstcd- K pidmerem tle dcbe cdm tliuol K

gdew casijutejy ditlkdo caiut tle hiudtry K wcs kbbemkctejy cttrchtem ay tle

prispeht if oikdo tlere. ]c`kgkstcd c dcbe yiu hiujm rijj criudm kd yiur

biutl scviurkdo tle kbcoes kt hidùrem up lkol biudtckds, Xhlelerczcmecdm Xcbcrgcdm, cdm lcrm id tlekr leejs Qusskc, HlkdccdmCfolcdkstcd. K

wcs very exhktem cdm tliuolt tlct tlere hiujm dit pisskajy ae c bire perfeht

jihctkid fir cd csskodbedt wktl tle Coedhy.

K kbbemkctejy turdem ti by Ctjcs aut fiudm kt if jkttje lejp. ]c`kgkstcd wcs id

tle pcoe mevitem ti Hedtrcj Cskc cdm kt wcs cjbist titcjjy iashurem ay kts iwd

dcbe tlct wcs prkdtem iver tle tip if tle sbcjj crec cjjittem ti kt. K hiujm

acrejy bcge iut tle slcpe if tle hiudtry tliuol tlks, K wcs ti jecrd, wcs ctjecst pcrtjy mue ti tle hidtirtkids if kts dirtlerd airmer.

K turdem ti tle kdterdet cdm tlks ks wlct K ojecdem0

]c`kgkstcd ir sliujm kt ae ]cmzkgkstcd ir, eved, ]i`kgkstid ks c sbcjj,

jcdmjihgem hiudtry. Chhirmkdo ti tle HKCs _irjm Fchtaiig, ]c`kgkstcd lcs cd

crec if 3=8,3>> sq gbs, wlkhl bcges kt sjkoltjy sbcjjer tlcd _kshidskd cdm

caiut 6>% tle skze if tle UG. K tlkdg tlks fkoure bust ae tle crec if cd

irtlioidcj prièhtkid aehcuse ]c`kgkstcd ks very biudtckdius cdm kf kt were ti

ae kridem fjct kt wiujm ae c very buhl akooer hiudtry cdm, Kb hertckd, kt wiujm

tled di jidoer rcdg cs idjy tle ;5tlakooest hiudtry id tle HKC jkst.

Kd hiudtry, K wcs ti mkshiver tlct kt ks uddehesscry ti krid ]c`kgkstcd fjct kd

irmer ti bcge kt kdti c ako, ir ct jecst edoedmer tle sedse if aekdo c buhl

jcroer, hiudtry. ]rcvejjkdo aetweed mkfferedt pcrts if tle hiudtry ks mkffkhujt

cdm tkbe hidsubkdo oederctkdo cd effeht if rebitedess aetweed rejctkvejy

hjise jihctkids. Cs tle hriw fjkes, êd`kgedt (^cd`cgedt, /+,!+>.,3,


26/222

16

^cd`kgedt, /.,18=>.,3), cd cdhkedt ]c`kg hkty kd tle Pcrcfslcd Vcjjey, ks

jess tlcd 35> gkjibetres frib Muslcdae, aut kd wkdter wled tle ricm iver tle

Fcd Biudtckds ks hjisem tle ìurdey hcd tcge 38 liurs. Ide ks firhem ti oi

riudm tle biudtckds ay fkrst hrisskdo kdti Uzaegkstcd, tled mrkvkdo siutl

aefire re-edterkdo ]c`kgkstcd cdm lecmkdo fir tle hcpktcj.

Kd wkdter, tle mksruptkid if trcdspirt mue ti sdiw cdm cvcjcdhles ks dit

udhibbid. Bire tlcd lcjf tle hiudtry ks iver 8,>>> betres lkol cdm tle

ricms cre piirjy bckdtckdem. Kd ]c`kgkstcd, hcr mrkvers bust qukhgjy bcster tle

crt if sjcjibkdokf tley wcdt ti cvikm mcbcokdo tlekr hcrs, swervkdo frib skme

ti skme cvikmkdo tle duberius cdm suastcdtkcj pitlijes tlct cre ti ae

edhiudterem everywlere iutskme if tle hcpktcj cdm cwcy frib tle bckd trudg

ricms.

]le lkolest pikdt kd ]c`kgkstcd ks tle pecg Ksbikjk Xibidk (firberjy, ^kg

Gibbudkzbc cdm, ecrjker stkjj, ^kg Xtcjkdc). ]lks biudtckd rkses ti wejj iver

?,>>> betres cdm wcs tle lkolest pikdt kd tle Xivket Udkid. Kt jkes kd tle

^cbkrs cs mies Cvkheddc êcg. Udtkj 3;88, tle jctter, wlkhl wcs tled gdiwd

cs ^kg Jedkdc, wcs tliuolt ti ae tle lkolest pikdt aut, cs kt turdem iut, Jedkd

lcm ti heme fkrst pjche ti Xtcjkd, ct jecst, fir c wlkje. êrlcps, Cjexcdmer

Pkdivkev lcm ]c`kgkstcd kd bkdm wled le write caiut Kacdsg kd lks aiig ]le[cwdkdo Lekolts=.

]c`kgs cre sbcjj kd dubaers tii. Cockd, referrkdo ti tle HKCs _irjm Fchtaiig,

tlere cre idjy ?.6 bkjjkid if tleb. ]lere ks c ]c`kg ige K lecrm kdvijvkdo tle

^reskmedts if ]c`kgkstcd cdm Hlkdc0

]c`kg ^reskmedt ti Hlkdese ^reskmedt0 K cb tijm tlct tle Hlkdese

pipujctkid ks tle jcroest kd tle wirjm.

Hlkdese reskmedt0 [es, tlere cre iver 3.= akjjkid if us. ]ejj be, liw

bcdy ]c`kgs cre tlere9

]c`kg ^reskmedt0 _e cre idjy ?.6 bkjjkid.

Hlkdese ^reskmedt (tcged cachg)0 Oisl! [iu bust gdiw everyide.

Jkge tle crec if tle hiudtry, tle pipujctkid fkoure deems qucjkfkhctkid. Iver c

qucrter if Cfolcdkstcds pipujctkid if 8> bkjjkid cre etldkh]c`kgs. Fir

prchtkhcj purpises tlks becds tley specg ]c`kg, c jcdoucoe rejctem ti

=Pkdivkev, C (3;?;).


27/222

1?

êrskcd. Kd cmmktkid, caiut 5% if Uzaegkstcds peipje cre cjsi etldkh ]c`kgs.

Xi tlere cre fewer peipje jkvkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd tlcd tlere cre etldkh ]c`kgs jkvkdo

kd tle hiudtrkes cmìkdkdo kt5. Kt sliujm ae cmmem tlct if tle ?.6 bkjjkid ]c`kg

dctkidcjscaiut 3 bkjjkid if tlese, wli cre bistjy yiudo bed, cre ti ae fiudm

fcr cwcy wirgkdo kd Qusskcd cdm Gczcglstcd6. ]lekr rebkttcdhes cre c jkfejkde

fir tlise if tlekr rejctkves wli cre jeft kd tle hiudtry. ]lese rebkttcdhes

cbiudtem ti iver 1 akjjkid mijjcrs kd 1>3>, k.e. caiut =>% if ]c`kgkstcds

OM^?.

Jcaiur, K jecrdt, ks ]c`kgkstcds bist kbpirtcdt expirt.

]lks oeiorcplkhcj mkstrkautkid if tle ]c`kg peipje, frib Cfolcdkstcd, tlriuol

Uzaegkstcd cdm Gczcglstcd ti Qusskc serves cs cd kbpirtcdt mkstrkautkidhlcddej fir tle lerikd cdm ipkub tlct ks primuhem kd Cfolcdkstcd% ti tle hiudtrys mehjcrem dctkidcj kdhibe;.

Dit idjy cre ]c`kgs shctterem iver severcj mkfferedt siverekod stctes. Xibe if

tlese scbe siverekod stctes cre oeiorcplkhcjjy shctterem iver echl itler. Kd

tle Ferolcdc vcjjey wlere Uzaegkstcd, Gyroyzstcd cdm ]c`kgkstcd beet, tle

tlree hiudtrkes spkjj iver kdti echl itler firbkdo c dubaer if edhjcves -

terrktirkes tlct aejido ti ide repuajkh aut cre jihctem kd cditler. Kd tlks reokid

5Kt sliujm ae ditem tlct cd estkbctem 35% if tle ]c`kg dctkidcj pipujctkid cre etldkh Uzaegs.

6]le shcje if tlks ehidibkh bkorctkid ks equcjjy kbpresskve wled vkewem tlriuol tle

Qusskcd edm if tle tejeshipe. Kt ks estkbctem lct busjkbs frib tle Hcuhcskcd cdm HedtrcjCskcd Qepuajkhs chhiudt fir caiut c qucrter if tle pipujctkid if Orecter Bishiw cdmchhirmkdo ti Bcrtkd Hruz Xbktl tley cre cjj referrem ti cs ]c`kgs (Xbktl, B.H. (1>3>), p.3=).?Xee cjsi, Buolck, Camuj-Olcffcr (1>>?)

perhedt if tle lerikd

primuhem kd Cfolcdkstcd cre sbuoojem tlriuol Hedtrcj Cskc ed riute ti hidsubers kd Qusskc,Euripe, cdm Hlkdc. ]le bcìrkty if tlese mruos pcss tlriuol ]c`kgkstcd. Up ti 3>> tids if

Cfolcd lerikd cre sbuoojem tlriuol ]c`kgkstcd every yecr. Acsem id tlks fkoure, ]c`kg jcw

edfirhebedt cdducjjy sekzes caiut 1 perhedt if lerikd trcdsktkdo ]c`kgkstcd, UX Mepcrtbedtif Xtcte (1>31);Xee, ^cijk, J. et cj (1>>?) cdm Ehidibkst (1>31)


28/222

1. Kd tle hcse if ]c`kgkstcd cdm

Uzaegkstcd tle rejctkidslkp aetweed tle twi hiudtrkes lcs dit aeed lejpem ay

tle hjckbs if tle firber id Xcbcrgcdm cdm Aiglcrc id tle oriudms tlct tle

pipujctkids if tlese 1 cdhkedt hktkes cre premibkdcdtjy ]c`kg.

Kt hcd tcge c jido tkbe ti hriss tle Uzaeg-]c`kg airmer udjess, perlcps, yiu

cre c aco if lerikd ir hihckde.

]c`kgkstcd ks dit idjy c sbcjj, biudtckdius, jcdmjihgem hiudtry wktl c sbcjj

pipujctkid, kt ks cjsi c very piir hiudtry. Kd terbs if per hcpktc OM^ kt ksrcdgem 3% if tle jcaiur firhe wirgs kd corkhujture aut tle pitedtkcj fir corkhujture ks

lkoljy hidstrckdem. Idjy 6.51% if tle jcdm ks crcaje33cdm kt ks if jiw fertkjkty.

]le surfche jcyer if tle jcdm kd tle siutl ks jiess wkdm airde skjt. Ay cjj

chhiudts, sikjs hibpisem if jiess sliujm ae lkoljy fertkje aut tley cre cjsi

lkoljy susheptkaje ti eriskid cdm kd ]c`kgkstcd, udjkge Hlkdc, fcrbkdo

tehldkques meskodem ti jkbkt eriskid were dit mevejipem ir wkmejy usem.

Cjsi, tlere lcs aeed extedskve me-firestctkid. ]le trees cre oide cdm kd tlesiutl fcrb liuselijms rejy lecvkjy id cdkbcj mudo fir lectkdo cdm hiigkdo.

Cs c resujt mudo ks dit cvckjcaje fir sikj edrkhlbedt. Kd cmmktkid ti hidtrkautkdo

ti meterkirctkdo corkhujturcj ykejms, tle erimem, meorcmem, treejess cdm slcrpjy

kdhjkdem sikjs if ]c`kgkstcd cre lkoljy susheptkaje ti bum sjkmes. Every yecr,

tle rckds cre chhibpcdkem ay tlese mecmjy evedts tlct hcd mestriy wlije

vkjjcoes.

Jcter, cfter c bidtl if trcvejjkdo criudm Glctjid Iajcstkd tle siutl if tle

hiudtry, kt wcs by kbpresskid tlct tle jcdm tlere wcs bcme edtkrejy if bum. Kt

bkolt rkse up ti c lekolt if 1,>>> betres kd jido rkmoes, lubps cdm fijms kd

tle ecrtl cdm tle ricms bkolt pcss tlriuol slcrp huttkdos aut very rcrejy mkm K

see c rihg. ]lere were di stidewcjjs ir stide aukjmkdos. Kd tle vkjjcoes kd

tle siutl tle wcjjs surriudmkdo liuselijm pjits were bcme if bum, usucjjy

3>Xee, fir excbpje, Glcbkmiv (1>33). Kd tle hcse if ide edhjcve, Xigl, cd Uzaeg edhjcve

kd Gyroyzstcd, tle kdlcaktcdts cre cjbist cjj etldkh ]c`kgs, tle edhjcve lcvkdo aeed hrectem kd

3;1= aefire ]c`kgkstcd wcs firbem cs c sepcrcte repuajkh kd tle UXXQ, Xkdmejcr, M. (1>38)33]c`kgkstcd lcs bire jcdm crec udmer ojchkers< perhedt if tle hiudtry crectlcd kt lcs

crcaje jcdm, Cgrcbiv, G.]. & Xlreemcr, O. (1>31), p.36


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hcppem wktl turf, cs were tle fcrb aukjmkdos tlebsejves. C bum tlct, wled kt

rckds lecvkjy, fjiws31.

Glctjid ks tle fjcttest cdm jiwest pcrt if ]c`kgkstcd wlere corkhujture ks

iverwlejbkdojy tle mibkdcdt ehidibkh chtkvkty. _led ]c`kgkstcd wcs pcrt if

tle UXXQ, corkhujture kd Glctjid aehcbe memkhctem ti tle primuhtkid if

hittid, irocdksem wktlkd luoe stcte cdm hijjehtkve fcrbs.

Hittid wlkte oijm ks cd kbpirtcdt siurhe if firekod exhlcdoe ecrdkdos fir

tle stcte cdm luoe bidipijy redts fir c few, suhl cs tle iwders if tle hittid

okds, cdm c hcuse if kbpiverkslbedt fir bist if tle fcrbers cdm fkejm

wirgers38. Hittid ks ]c`kgkstcd's bist kbpirtcdt hcsl hrip. Expirts if hittid

chhiudtem fir 1>-8> perhedt if titcj expirts kd 1>>>;, c spehkcj cumkt if tle Dctkidcj Acdg if ]c`kgkstcd

revecjem tlct severcj ludmrem bkjjkid mijjcrs ckbem ct tle hittid sehtir lcm

mkscppecrem. ]le hlkef bcokhkcd if tlks pcrtkhujcr vcdkslkdo trkhg wcs

Burcmcjk Cjkbcrmid wli lcm aeed lecm if tle Acdg wled tle fect wcs

31Caiut 5>,>>> jcdmsjkmes were rehirmem kd 1>>8, if wlkhl 3,1>> tlrectedem lubcd

settjebedts, _irjm Acdg (1>>?A), p. 838Kdterdctkidcj Hrksks Oriup (1>>5)

3=Xee Cddex KK


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chhibpjkslem. Ay tle tkbe tle resujts if tle cumkt were puajkslem le lcm

bivem id ti aehibe c meputy prkbe bkdkster cdm respidskaje fir corkhujture.

Kt ks c oijmed ruje if bcokhkcds dit ti revecj liw yiur trkhg wirgs cdm, true ti

lks hcjjkdo, Cjkbcrmid cdm lks stcff mkm tlekr aest ti lkme ir skbpjy mestriy tle

pcperwirg suppirtkdo tlks pcrtkhujcr fkdcdhkcj krreoujcrkty. Erdst & [iudo, tle

cumktirs, repirtem tlct tley lcm chhess ti idjy 38% if tle mihubedtctkid tlct

tley requkrem kd irmer ti fujjy udmerstcdm Cjkbcrmids jeoermebckd.

Devertlejess, tley bcdcoem ti revecj tlct tle bksskdo fudms lcm aeed

fuddejjem ti fkrbs tlct kdvest kd hittid. ]lese cre tle futures hibpcdkes tlct

sprcdo up kd tle bkm-3;;>s cdm wlkhl privkme fcrbers wktl seems, fertkjksers

cdm fuej ct exhesskve prkhes kd exhlcdoe fir future lcrvests. Ide if tlese si-

hcjjem hittid kdvestirs, Gremkt Kdvest, wcs c fkrb iwdem ay Cjkbcrmids fcbkjycdm lcm usem pcrt if tle fudms ecrbcrgem fir hittid ti aukjm c restcurcdt

kdstecm. ]le cbiudt cmvcdhem ti Gremkt Kdvest wcs decrjy equcj ti tle titcj

cdducj revedues if tle ]c`kg dctkidcj aumoet. Buhl if tlks bidey lcs yet ti

ae repckm ti tle Dctkidcj Acdg35.

Cjkbcrmid mkm dit croue wktl Erdst & [iudos repirt cdm mefedmem lks chtkids

ay scykdo tlct kt wcs tle idjy wcy ti bckdtckd tle hittid sehtir tlriuol c

mkffkhujt perkim hertckdjy, tle chtkids if tle Dctkidcj Acdg bust lcve orectjyecsem cdy pckd fejt ir kbcokdem ay tle hittid kdvestirs cdm tlekr frkedms cdm

fcbkjkes.

]le Erdst & [iudo cumkt lcm aeed mebcdmem ay tle KBF id kts mkshivery if

cditler krreoujcrkty. Id < Bcrhl 1>>< tle KBF cddiudhem tlct kt wcs

requkrkdo ]c`kgkstcd ti repcy $=?.= bkjjkid aehcuse kt lcm cmvcdhem bidkes id

tle acsks if kdchhurcte kdfirbctkid privkmem ay tle stcte acdg. ]le ]c`kg

Dctkidcj Acdg lcm kdfjctem tle vcjue if kts reserves ay c fchtir if tlree cdm

lcm cjsi hidhecjem tle fcht tlct kts reserves lcm aeed usem cs hijjctercj fir

jicds frib firekod acdgs cmvcdhem ti Gremkt Kdvest! Cjj tlks wcs very

remijedt if Hcpd Aia Bcxwejjs fkdcdhkcj krreoujcrktkes, k.e. tlise tlct edtckjem

lks uskdo tle cssets if tle Bkrrir Oriups pedskid fudms ti slire up lks

auskdess ebpkre. Kt seebem ti be tlct tle ]c`kg kdtejjkoedtskc were ay di

becds udcwcre if tle cmvcdhem auskdess prchtkhes if tle west.

35Bc`kmiv, X. (1>>;)


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Ct caiut tle scbe tkbe cs tle KBF wcs wirrykdo cwcy ct tle ]c``g Dctkidcj

Acdg, cditler very skbkjcr tcje if wie wcs udfijmkdo hidherdkdo ]CJHI, tle

stcte iwdem cjubkdkub hibpcdy36. Cjido wktl mruo ruddkdo, tle expirt if

jcaiur cdm tle primuhtkid if hittid, tle primuhtkid if cjubkdub ks ide if

]c`kgkstcds bist kbpirtcdt hibberhkcj jkdes if auskdess cdm siurhe if firekod

exhlcdoe. Kt chhiudts fir criudm 5>%, ay vcjue, if ]c`kgkstcds expirts. Ct

]ursudzimc id tle airmer wktl Uzaegkstcd, ]CJHI iperctes ide if tle

jcroest cjubkdkub pjcdts kd tle wirjm. Kt ks sckm ti ae ]c`kgkstcds skdoje bist

vcjucaje kdmustrkcj csset.

]c`kgkstcd lcs di acuxkte cdm si cjj tle rcw bcterkcj requkrem ay tle pjcdt lcs

ti ae kbpirtem. Udmer tle Xivket mkvkskid if jcaiur, tle rctkidcje fir tle

jihctkid if tle pjcdt wcs privkmem ay ]c`kgkstcds luoe pit dtk j firoederctkdo lymriejehtrkh piwer. ]le primuhtkid prihess fir cjubkdkub ks very

ederoy kdtedskve. ]c`kgkstcds lymriejehtrkh pitedtkcj merkves frib tle bejtkdo

ojchkers up kd tle lkol ]c`kg biudtckds. Aut, bcdy yecrs id, wlctever kts

pitedtkcj bkolt ae, ]c`kgkstcds kdstcjjem lymriejehtrkh hcpchkty rebckds

kdsuffkhkedt ti beet aitl mibestkh cdm kdmustrkcj mebcdm. Murkdo wkdter wled

tle tebpercture pjudoes, piwer huts cre frequedt cdm wkmesprecm exhept

tlct ks kd Muslcdae cdm ]ursudzimc. ]CJHI, kt sliujm ae ditem, chhiudts

fir caiut =>% if tle titcj mebcdm fir ejehtrkhkty kd ]c`kgkstcd cdm cppecrs tiae c lkoljy prkvkjeoem hustiber if tle ejehtrkhcj oederctkdo kdmustry. Kt ks

jcroejy spcrem tle mksruptkids kd tle suppjy if ejehtrkhkty tlct cre tle jit if

bist if tle pipujctkid3?.

Kf ]CJHI hiujm hibbcdm tle suppjy if =>% if c shcrhe cdm very vcjucaje

resiurhe suhl cs ejehtrkhkty, K hidhjumem tlct ]CJHI cdm kts primuhtkid if

cjubkdkub bust ae very kbpirtcdt ti tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedt. ]le expedskve

priheemkdos kd c Jidmid Lkol Hiurt tlct were hidhjumem kd 1>>< revecjem

`ust liw kbpirtcdt ]CJHI wcs, cdm stkjj rebckds. Kt cppecrs tlct ]CJHI lcs

cd coreebedt wktl Dirsg Cjubkdkub, udmer wlkhl ]CJHI purhlcses

36Ijhitt, B.A.(1>31), pp.3 bkjjkid g_l if ejehtrkhkty per mcy, riuoljy lcjf if wlkhl oies ti]CJHI, cd cjubkdub sbejter. ]le fkdcdhkcj hrksks kd tlks hcse bkolt lcve c pisktkve effeht,skdhe tle mebcdm fir cjubkdub wkjj fcjj, cdm bire kdterdcjjy primuhem ejehtrkhkty hiujm ae

okved ti hibbid liuselijms. Cs fir diw, peipje `ust lcve ti hipe wktl tle reoujcr ejehtrkhktyhuts tlct cre chhibpcdkem ay tle casedhe if hedtrcj lectkdo cdm diw jifty prkhes fir dcturcjocs., Bemrec, X.(1>>;)


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cjubkdkub ire, cjubkdc, frib Dirsg ct c prebkub cdm tled sejjs achg tle

cjubkdkub kt primuhes ct c mkshiudt. Dirsg tled pcys iver tle super prifkts kt

ecrds id tle mecj ti hertckd fridt hibpcdkes tlct cre reoksterem kd tle Arktksl

Vkrokd Ksjcdms kd tle dcbes if ]c`kg fridt bed3>=. Dczcriv respidmem wktl hiudter-hjckbs tlct jem ti tle mkshjisure if tle

settjebedt coreebedtaetweed Dirsg cdm ]CJHI. Kt ks estkbctem tlct caiut

$3/1 akjjkid lcs, cs c hidsequedhe, aeed hlcddejem tcx-free tlriuol fridt

hibpcdkes kd tle Arktksl Vkrokd Ksjcdms. ]le ]c`kg stcte aumoet ks cd

estkbctem $?1 bkjjkid piirer tlise tlct hidtrij ]CJHI, tlekr fcbkjkes cdmfrkedms buhl, buhl rkhler. Aut wli ks kt, yiu bkolt csg, wli ujtkbctejy

hidtrijs ]CJHI9 ]CJHI ks dit oiverdem ay c aicrm if mkrehtirs .. kt ks

udmer tle sije hibbcdm if kts mkrehtir wli repirts idjy ti tle ]c`kg preskmedt

ct c bidtljy beetkdo3; Br Ebibcjk Qcglbid.

]le twi pcrtkes ti tle hcse settjem iut if hiurt arkdokdo tle priheemkdos ti c

hjise, cjido wktl kts ebacrrcsskdo mkshjisures. ]le jeocj hists kdhurrem ay

tle ]c`kg oiverdbedt were estkbctem ti cbiudt ti $3>> bkjjkid, ir caiut 5%if ]c`kgkstcds OM^, bcgkdo tle hcse ide if tle bist expedskve kd Arktksl

jeocj lkstiry.

_lkje tle KBF hibpjckdem if fkdcdhkcj krreoujcrktkeskt wcs dit hjecr wlct

hrkbes, kf cdy, lcm aeed hibbkttem (by kdterdet resecrhles mkm dit oi cs fcr

cs ]c`kg tcx jcw). ]le ]c`kg oiverdbedt mefedmem tle ]CJHI-Dirsg

coreebedt cs aekdo kd hibpjkcdhe wktl cjj kdterdctkidcj stcdmcrms, .. c

trcdspcredt cdm iped mihubedt, c skod if kdhrecsem hidfkmedhe tlct tle

kdterdctkidcj auskdess hibbudkty lcs kd tlks hiudtry. ]le coreebedt

wcs puajkhjy edmirsem ay tle Euripecd Acdg fir Qehidstruhtkid &

Mevejipbedt (EAQM). EAQM iffkhkcjs pcrtkhkpctem kd tle deoitkctkids jecmkdo

up ti tle hidhjuskid if tle coreebedt. Kd cmmktkid, 8 _irjm Acdg iffkhkcjs

suppirtem tle coreebedt cdm tle mkverskid if prifkts tlct tle terbs if tle

cjubkdc-cjubkdkub trcme were meskodem ti chlkeve.

3>>6), (1>>?C) & (1>>?A)

3;_irjm Acdg (1>>=), Aix 6, pcoe 16


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]lus, tle KBFs hcjjs fir bire trcdspcredhysiudmem ti be c akt jkge tle oukjty

pritestctkids if tlise wli lcm lcm c rkdoskme sect ct tle perfirbcdhe if tle

krreoujcrktkeskd questkid7 everyide wli bctterem gdew perfehtjy wejj wlct lcm

aeed coreem cdm wcs hibfirtcaje wktl tle crrcdoebedts tlct lcm aeed put kd

pjche. _lct, liwever, wcs wirtl ditkdo wcs tlct ]CJHI wcs jess

]c`kgkstcds skdoje bist vcjucaje kdmustrkcj cssettlcd kt wcs tle persidcj

priperty if Ebibcjk Qcglbid cdm tlct le cdm lks hridkes were wejj pjchem ti

edsure tlct tle jkids slcre if tle ejehtrkhkty iutput if ]c`kgkstcd hidtkduem ti

ae suppjkem ti ]CJHI si tlct tlks skbpje mevkhe fir oederctkdo c suastcdtkcj

fjiw if iff-slire fudms, wlkhl were tled bcme cvckjcaje, tcx-free, fir prkvcte

purpises, wiujm hidtkdue ti wirg sbiitljy. Krreoujcrktyseebem c skdoujcrjy

kdcppriprkcte terb wktl wlkhl ti hlcrchterkse suhl cd crrcdoebedt cd

ejeocdt,mkshreetcdm tcx effkhkedt shcb wiujm ae aetter.

Aut, K widmerem, sliujm K ae wirrykdo caiut cdy if tlks9 Mkm kt bctter9 Cfter

cjj, tle tip bcdcoebedt if QAX cwcrmem Xkr Frem Oiimwkd c pedskid if

65>,>>> per cddub, ct tle coe if 5>, slirtjy cfter le, tle HEI, lcm

mestriyem lks acdg. Liw mkm tlct mkffer kd suastcdhe frib ]CJHIs shcb ir

tle jedmkdo prchtkhes if tle ]c`kg Dctkidcj Acdg9 Kd cdy hcse, ditwktlstcdmkdo

cdy krreoujcrktkes,kt wcs udmiuatemjy tle hcse tlct ct jecst sibe if tle

fkdcdhe cmvcdhem ay tle ]c`kg Dctkidcj Acdg ti hittid kdvestirs mkm oet usemfir fudmkdo tle suppjy if hittid seem cdm itler kdputs requkrem ay hittid

fcrbers. Bcyae, kd ]c`kgkstcd, tle hist if krreoujcrktkesskbpjy firbem pcrt if

tle iverlecm if mikdo auskdess tlere kd tle scbe wcy tlct tle luoe

scjcrkes cdm aiduses pckm ay fkdcdhkcj kdstktutkids firb pcrt if tle iverlecm if

mikdo auskdess lere kd tle UG. Kdmeem, kt wcs bire ir jess kd `ust suhl terbs

tlct tle lecm if tle ]c`kg Dctkidcj Acdg mefedmem lks krreoujcrjicds ti tle

hittid futures hibpcdkes.

K mkm dit gdiw tle cdswer, aut K mkm deem ti fihus id Glctjid, wlere K

expehtem ti ae acsem. Xi, achg ti tle kdterdet0

Glctjid ^rivkdhe firbem ay cd cbcjocbctkid if Gurocd-]yuae Iajcstcdm

Gujyca Iajcst- shede if tle wirst fkoltkdo murkdo ]c`kgkstcds rehedt hkvkj wcr,

pcrtkhujcrjy kd cdm criudm Gurocd-]eppc, tle hcpktcj if tle privkdhe. ]le hkvkj

wcr eruptem kd 3;;1, slirtjy cfter ]c`kgkstcd ockdem kts kdmepedmedhe frib tle

Xivket Udkid kd 3;;3, cdm wcs idjy firbcjjy hidhjumem kd 1>>>.


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]le jcst sesskid if tle ^eipjes Hidoress if tle Xivket Udkid wcs lejm id 5

Xeptebaer 3;;3. Ide if kts jcst chts wcs ti firbcjjy mkssijve tle exehutkve

hibbkttee if tle Udkid. Id ; Xeptebaer 3;;3 ]c`kgkstcd mehjcrem kts

kdmepedmedhe frib tle diw mefudht UXXQ.

Kbibcjk Qcglbid (tled gdiwd cs Qchlbcdiv) aehcbe tle ]c`kg preskmedt kd

Ihtiaer 3;;1, jcroejy ay firhe if crbs. Le wcs achgem ay firhes frib

Gujyca tlct were kd cjjkcdhe wktl tlise frib Gli`cdm (tled dcbem Jedkdcacm)

kd tle dirtl. ]ioetler, tley firhem iut tle kdhubaedt preskmedt, Ksgcdmcriv,

wli wcs achgem ay firhes mrcwd frib criudm Ocrb kd tle Qcslt Vcjjey,

Gurocd-]eppc kd Glctjid cdm ay ^cbkrks frib Oirdi-Acmcglslcd. ]liuol

bebaers if tle Ksjcbkh Qedcksscdhe ^crty premibkdctem wktlkd tle

oiverdbedt if Ksgcdmcriv cdm pjcyem cd kbpirtcdt rije wktlkd tle hjcds kdcdm criudm Ocrb, kt wcs c bimercte Ksjcbkh pcrty prepcrem ti hiipercte wktl

sehujcr pcrtkes cdm tle struooje fir piwer kd ]c`kgkstcd ks usucjjy meshrkaem ay

hibbedtctirs cs ide aetweed mkfferedt hjcds fir reokidcj cdm dctkidcj pre-

ebkdedhe. ]lks struooje hidtkdues ti tle presedt mcy wktl Ocrb rebckdkdo c

hedtre if reskstcdhe crbem reskstcdhe1> ti hedtrcj oiverdbedt.

Aetweed 3;;1 cdm tle stcrt if tle peche prihess kd3;;?, tliuscdms were

gkjjem, ludmrems if ^cbkrks jkvkdo kd Muslcdae were burmerem, wlije vkjjcoeskd Glctjid cdm tle Ocrb vcjjey were mestriyem cjido wktl tlekr corkhujturcj

kdfrcstruhture. C qucrter if c bkjjkid peipje fjem tle hiudtry cdm caiut lcjf tle

estkbctem 8,>>> Qusskcds wli lcm aeed jkvkdo tlere wled kt aehcbe

kdmepedmedt kd 3;;3 lcm jeft ay ecrjy 3;;8. ]le ]c`kg ehidiby hijjcpsem.

Oirdi-Acmcglslcd, wlere tle ^cbkr Biudtckds rkse cdm hcjjem ay sibe tle

riif if tle wirjm, ks libe ti caiut c qucrter if c bkjjkid ^cbkrks cdm wcs tle

wirse cffehtem reokid if tle hiudtry. Fir c tkbe kt wcs ajihgcmem ay tle

hedtrcj oiverdbedt. ]le requkrebedt fir c spehkcj perbkt ti trcvej ti tlks pcrt

if ]c`kgkstcd wcs idjy jkftem kd 1>3>. ^cbkrks cre Ksbckjks cdm cs c

hidsequedhe tlekr spkrktucj jecmer ks tle Coc Glcd c wejj-gdiwd iwder if

1>Ecsterd ]c`kgkstcd, c gey acttjeoriudm if tle 3;;1-3;;? hkvkj wcr, ks kd turbikj cockd cfter

tle Xeptebaer 3; Gcbcria Oiroe cbauslif oiverdbedt triips cdm tle Cuoust 18`ckjarecgay hidvkhtem extrebksts. ]wedty-fkve sijmkers were gkjjem kd tle Xeptebaer 3; cbausl, hcuskdo oiverdbedt firhes ti

jcudhl c bcdludt fir firber Udktem ]c`kg Ippisktkid (U]I) fkejm hibbcdmers CjivummkdMcvjctiv (cgc Cjk Aemcg) cdm Camujji Qclkbiv (cgc Bujji Camujji), Karcokbivc, Quglslidc(1>3>A). Xee cjsi Kdterdctkidcj Hrksks Oriup (1>33A) cdm Bcjcsledgi, C (1>31)


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rche-lirses cdm c Lcrvcrm orcmucte wli lcs sgkem fir aitl ]urgey cdm Krcd.

By fctler idhe spittem lkb ct Gebptid crg, ir wcs kt Oiimwiim9 Id

crrkvkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd K qukhgjy mkshiverem tlct tle Coc Glcd wcs wkmejy

reocrmem cs c oiim ajige cdm tcjgem caiut wcrbjy kd buhl tle scbe wcy cs

bcdy peipje tcjg caiut tle Mcjk Jcbc. _lctever ides vkews, tle Coc

Glcds Mevejipbedt Detwirg, wlkhl stcrtem wirgkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd kd 3;;1,

wcs hrktkhcj ti tle survkvcj if tle rebite cdm ksijctem ^cbkrk hibbudktkes kd

Oirdi-Acmcglslcd (jktercjjy, Biudtckdius Acmcglslcd) murkdo tle hkvkj wcr.

By kdktkcj mrecby, Xhlelerczcme-hijiurem pkhture if ]c`kgkstcd wcs aehibkdo

mkffkhujt ti sustckd. Xbcjj, ksijctem, wcr-tird, piir, hirrupt .. kt mkm dit jiig

oiim. Biudtckd peipje, hjcds K tliuolt if tle Oeirokcds, Hlehleds,

Caglczkcds cdm Issetkcds kd tle Hcuhcsus, caiut tle Xeras, Hricts,Aisdkcds cdm Cjacdkcds kd tle Acjgcds cdm rehcjjem stirkes caiut tle

BchMidcjms cdm Hcbpaejjs kd tle Xhittksl Lkoljcdms. Xi fcr cs tle ]c`kg

ehidiby wcs hidherdem K lcm ay diw firbem c pkhture kd by bkdm if c piir,

aedkoltem peipje jcaiurkdo kd tle tikjs if c luoe cdm uojy bchlkde meskodem

ti extrcht tle bcxkbub pisskaje wecjtl frib tle hiudtry cdm mkvert kt kdti tle

pihgets if tle rujkdo hjcd c fkdcdhkcj pubp wktl cd cakjkty dit mksskbkjcr ti

tlct if c lect pubp tlct hcd extrcht lect frib kts surriudmkdos eved wled

tley cre hijm cdm decr ti freezkdo7 c hrume cdm mehrepkt bchlkde aut ide tlctdevertlejess wcs bckdtckdem kd wirgkdo irmer ay tle oederius fkdcdhkcj

jkactkids if kdterdctkidcj fkdcdhkcj kdstktutkids.

Aut, cfter cjj if by resecrhles, K lcm jecrdt jkttje bire caiut Glctjid exhept ti

mkshiver tlct kts hcpktcj, Gurocd ]eppc (cjterdctkvejy, Surolid ]eppc, ir

Gurocd-]yuae, aut usucjjy referrem ti cs G]), lcm c pipujctkid if criudm

>>, tlct tle privkdhe cs c wlije lcm c pipujctkid if 1.5 bkjjkid, bcdy if

tleb wirgkdo kd Qusskc, cdm tlct kt wcs airmerem ti tle siutl ay Cfolcdkstcd.

]lks airmer wktl Cfolcdkstcd ks firbem ay tle Qkver ^ycd` gdiwd ay tle

cdhkedt Oreegs cs tle Qkver Ixus. _lere tle ^ycd` beets tle Vcglsl,

cditler kbpirtcdt rkver tlct fjiws miwd tlriuol Glctjid cjj tle wcy frib

Gyroystcd kd tle dirtl, kt aehibes tle Cbu Mcryc Qkver, tle orectest Hedtrcj

Cskcd rkver tlct fjiws id aetweed Cfolcdkstcd cdm Uzaegkstcd, kdti

]urgbedkstcd dirtl if tle Gcrc Gub Mesert, tled achg kdti Uzaegkstcd aefire

peterkdo iut kd tle Gkzyj-Gub Mesert `ust slirt if tle slrkdgkdo Crcj Xec. Cjj

tlese rkvers cre kbpirtcdt ti tle dctkids tley tiuhl cdm fjiw tlriuol7 cjj if

tleb cre sua`eht ti cbaktkius pjcds fir lcrdesskdo tlekr piwer cdm uskdo tlekr


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86

wcter fir krrkoctkid7 cjj if tlks ks very sedsktkve cdm pitedtkcjjy very

triuajesibe13.

K cjsi jecrdt tlct c gurocdwcs c aurkcj biudm c Xhytlkcd aurkcj biudm.

K recm id. K aruslem up id by Qusskcd cdm recm caiut wcys if kbprivkdo

corkhujturcj extedskid11, caiut jcdm refirb cdm wcter bcdcoebedt kd

]c`kgkstcd, K wirgem tlriuol c text aiig id pecscdt ehidibkhs cdm c

bidiorcpl id c vkjjcoe ehidiby kd Kdmkc, K ariwsem tle FCI, KBF, _irjm

Acdg cdm itler weasktes, iatckdem c mihubedt id tle iptkbub krrkoctkid

deems if hittid, revkewem tle wcy corkhujture wcs irocdksem kd tle UG,

jiigem ct tle Corkhujture & Lirtkhujture Mevejipbedt Aicrm, wrestjem wktl tle

Hibbid Corkhujture îjkhy, tle becsurebedt if fcrb kdhibe, bkjg ykejms,pitcti iutput, arcsskhcs .. K tliuolt if hidtchtkdo tle DFU cdm tcjgkdo ti

tlekr ehidibksts, aut, K cb cfrckm, K fiudm tlct ay tled K lcm qukte jist by wcy

kd tle wirjm if corkhujture.

K very buhl deemem ti oet iut cdm caiut, ti wcjg criudm id skte cdm tcjg ti

tlise wktl wlib K wiujm ae wirgkdo. ]led, lipefujjy, K wiujm ae caje ti re-

irkedt bysejf, kmedtkfy sibe spehkfkh priajebs, fihus by ederokes cdm

estcajksl c sedse if purpise.

13C pcrtkhujcrjy triuajesibe kssue wcs, cdm rebckds, tle Qioud Mcb. Hidstruhtkid id tlks

mcb stcrtem kd 3;?6 cdm lcs hidtkduem kd stcrts cdm stips ever skdhe. Uzaegkstcd kshidherdem tlct Qioud, wlkhl skts id tle Vcglsl rkver ecst if Muslcdae, wkjj resujt kd wcterslirtcoes miwdstrecb kd tle Cbu Mcryc. Uzaegkstcds listkjkty ti tle prièht hidtrkautem title hcdhejjctkid if tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedts hidtrcht wktl tle Qusskcd hibpcdy Quscj kd 1>>?.]lks hidtrcht lcm aeed struhg kd 1>>=, wled tle ]c`kg Oiverdbedt firbem c pcrtderslkp wktlQuscj ti hibpjete tle mcb.Bire rehedtjy, Qioud lcs chqukrem orecter ditirkety wktlkd ]c`kgkstcd ktsejf aehcuse if tleOiverdbedts cttebpts kd 1>3> ti rckse fkdcdhe ay firhkdo tle ]c`kg peipje ti purhlcseslcres kd tle prièht. ]lere cre repirts if ebpjiyers auykdo slcres id aelcjf if tlekrebpjiyees, kd sibe hcses uskdo up ti lcjf tlekr wcoes fir tlks purpise. Ide if tle Coedhys

Cssets wirgkdo kd Xuolm repirtem tlct tlks lcm mrkved c dekolaiur if lks ti hibbkt sukhkme.Xee cjsi, Karcokbivc, Quglslidc (1>3>C), Ajcdg (1>31) cdm Ximkqiv (1>31).11

Corkhujturcj Extedskid ]le mkssebkdctkid if kdfirbctkid cdm cmvkhe ti fcrbers, tle terb

extedskid merkvkdo frib emuhctkidcj iutrechl wirg ay Edojksl udkversktkes kd tle sehidm lcjfif tle dkdeteedtl hedtury. Xee @ides cdm Ocrfirtls hlcpter kd Xwcdsid, Aedtz & Xifrcdgi(1>>5).


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8?

5. LCDOKDO CQIUDM

Kts Bidmcy, 3stBcrhl cdm X stcdms jiigkdo iut if tle aemriib wkdmiw if c

fjct idhe ihhupkem ay Bcmkdc Cglbetivc c Gczcgl wli lcm aeed pcrt if

tle Coedhys ]c`kg Xtctkid lere aut wli lcm jeft fir Gczcglstcd slirtjy aefire

X crrkvem, lcm dit returdem cdm, si kt seebem, wiujm dit ae hibkdo achg.

Di-ide tcjgs caiut Bcmkdc aut ide if tle Coedhys Cssets butterem kd cd

cskme ti X tlct sle wcs very styjksl.

]le fjct ks c fkde ide. Kts tuhgem cwcy ust iff Qumcgk ^rispeht, c stides

tlriw frib tle Buseub if Cdtkquktkes cdm dit buhl furtler cwcy frib tle

Iperc/Acjjet Liuse tlct ks hurredtjy cmvertkskdo Hcrbed cs c hibkdo

cttrchtkid.

Kts rckdkdo iutskme cockd. Kt bust lcve rckdem cjbist every mcy fir tle jcst

twi weegs. X widmers wlere kt hibes frib9 ]c`kgkstcd ks jcdmjihgem cdm tle

decrest skodkfkhcdt expcdse if wcter ks tle rcpkmjy slrkdgkdo Crcj Xec >

gkjibetres ti tle _est. ]le prevkius yecr tle rckds lcm aeed si lecvy cdm

prijidoem tlct Qumcgk ^rispeht aehcbe cdgje meep kd wcter cs c resujt if tle

rud-iff frib tle surriudmkdo biudtckds.

]le surriudmkdo biudtckds9 Xi fcr, mue ti tle wectler, X lcs lcm idjy c

skdoje ojkbpse if c sdiw-hiverem fjcdg.

Les mressem, pchgem cdm recmy ti oi ti Gurocd ]eppc (G]), c tiwd tlct ks

3>> gkjibetres ti tle siutl. Les wcktkdo fir lks trcdspirt BX, tle Coedhy

mrkver, ks oikdo ti mrkve lkb ti G]. B, tle Xtctkid Bcdcoer, ks hibkdo tii.

Xle wkjj pcss lkb iver ti lks ebpjiyer. BX, le lcs jecrdt, ks tle prium iwder

if lks iwd hcr cdm ks siid ti jecve tle Coedhy bcyae ti aehibe c tcxk

mrkver cdm wirg id lks iwd chhiudt.

_led X fkrst crrkvem, tlere wcs sdiw id tle oriudm aut tle rckd siid wcslem

tlks cwcy. Le wcs expehtkdo c hidtkdedtcj hjkbcte, k.e. c lcrm hijm wkdter, cdm

lcm hibe prepcrem wktl c miwd `chget. Aut tle wectler lcs aeed bire jkge

tlct kd tle UG. Kd fcht, fir bist if tle wkdter if 1>>;-3> Jidmid lcs aeed

hijmer tlcd Muslcdae.


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8=.>>lrs. Kbbkorctkid hidtrij tiig pjche wktlkd c ajecg, udcmirdem slem if c

aukjmkdo. Kt wcs temkius tliuol dit tii pritrchtem aehcuse tlere were si few

pcssedoers id lks fjkolt. ]le ctbisplere wcs suamuem wktl jkttje tcjgkdo.

]le pcssedoers fkjjem kd tlekr edtry firbs cdm sluffjem firwcrm kd c queue wktl

dide if tle exhktem auzz cdm ecoerdess tlct usucjjy chhibpcdkes c oriup if

dew crrkvcjs kd cd exitkh jihctkid. Qctler, tlere wcs cd ckr if wcrkdess cdm

quket cdxkety ir wcs kt `ust X wli fejt tlct wcy9

Kt wcs stkjj mcrg cs le jeft tle terbkdcj aukjmkdo aut tlere were idjy c lcdmfuj if

peipje wcktkdo criudm cdm si le qukhgjy spittem sibeide lijmkdo cd Coedhy

skod lks jkft frib tle ckrpirt. ]le mrkver cdm X mkm dit specg echl itlers

jcdoucoe cdm si tley mrive tlriuol tle mesertem streets if Muslcdae kdskjedhe. X lcm di kmec wlere tley were oikdo aut evedtucjjy tle hcr pujjem up

iutskme c tedebedt ajihg. ]le oriudm wcs hiverem wktl bejtkdo sdiw cdm

wcter wcs mrkppkdo kd tle edtrcdhe jiaay if tle aukjmkdo. ]le tcxk mrkver jem

tle wcy up tle stckrs ti tle fkrst fjiir cdm rcdo tle aejj dext ti tle bkmmje if

tlree jcroe steej miirs. ]le miir kbbemkctejy ti kts jeft ipedem cdm c wibcd

wktl cd Kdmkcd chhedt sckm Xtucrt9 cdm X hcjjem iut [es, tlcts be frib

aelkdm tle tcxk mrkver.

X wcs uslerem kdti tle fjct, tle tcxk mrkver lejpkdo lkb wktl lks juoocoe,

sliwd kdti tle fkrst riib iff tle edtrcdhe lcjj, cmvksem ti oet sibe sjeep cdm

tijm tlct sibeide wiujm ae hibkdo ti pkhg lkb up jcter tlct birdkdo. C fir

tlct wcs ler dcbe tled jeft lkb cjide. Le widmerem kf tlks wcs sibe gkdm

if lijmkdo ped, ide if tle Coedhys scfe liuses. _iujm le ae bivem id

jctter tlct mcy9 Xliujm le bcge lkbsejf ct libe9 Aut le mkm dit wcdt ti

udpchg, dir mkm le feej jkge sjeepkdo. _lct le very buhl wiujm lcve jkgem

wcs c hup if tec ir hiffee. Le jcy miwd id tle aem c luoe gkdo-skzem aem

hiverem kd c jkbe oreed sctkd hiudterpcde cdm jiigem ct tle hekjkdo.

Le wcs wiged up ay C gdihgkdo id lks miir. Kt wcs criudm >;.>> liurs.

Xle wcs iff ti tle Coedhys Xtctkid Iffkhe cdm tijm X tlct le wiujm ae pkhgem

up jcter. Cfter sle jeft le expjirem tle fjct. Cpcrt frib lks jcroe aemriib wktl

kts jcroe aem cdm luoe wcrmriae tlere wcs c jcroe skttkdo riib, hibpjete wktl

c hiuhl, crbhlckrs cdm ]V. Kd cmmktkid, tlere wcs c sbcjj actlriib, c

hibpcht gkthled cdm cditler aemriib tlct C lcm tcged. Le hiujm fkdm di tec

ir hiffee ir fiim cdm si trkem tle ]V aut hiujm idjy oet c Qusskcd jcdoucoe


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8;

hlcddej tlct wcs fecturkdo wlct seebem ti ae c bkjktcry mihubedtcry. Le

hiujm dit oi iut C lcm jihgem tle miir aelkdm ler wled sle jeft, tcgkdo wktl

ler tle idjy gey ti tle fjct. Xi le wcktem cdm kdmeem tle skttkdo riib wcs

very buhl jkge c wcktkdo riib kbpersidcj, tle wcjjs acre if pkhtures ir

aiigslejves, tle mhir ajcdm cdm deutrcj exhept fir tle hedtrcj pedmcdt jkolt.

]lks, jkge tle ide kd lks aemriib, wcs c hlcdmejker wktl fjcbaiycdt twkstem

crbs cdm uskdo wlct jiigem jkge twkstem, hibpcht fjuireshedt jkolt aujas. Le

jcter jecrdt tlct tlese jkolt aujas were ifted referrem ti, kridkhcjjy, cs

presedts frib tle ^reskmedts mcuolter wli iwdem tle fchtiry tlct bcme

tleb.

Le wedt tlriuol tle mrcwers kd lks riib cdm kd tle jiudoe. Le fiudm ditlkdo

aut pcperhjkps cdm c sjkb Qusskcd jcdoucoe pcperachg edtktjemC Lkstiry if

tle ]c`kg Dctkid. Le pihgetem tle aiig.

Di hjues cs ti tle pcst ihhupcdt cdm ditlkdo ti kdmkhcte wlct wcs ti hibe.

Xi le wcktem, udedtluskcstkhcjjy cdm krrktctem tlct le mkm dit gdiw wlct

prehksejy le wcs wcktkdo fir dir liw jido kt wiujm ae aefire kt crrkvem. Le

pidmerem lks sktuctkid cdm tijm lkbsejf tlct le sliujm tcge c sliwer, oi ti

aem, cdm tled, refreslem, fche tle mcy. Aut tliuol tkrem cdm fjct le hiujm dit

rejcx, le mkm dit wcdt ti mkstura lks dectjy pchgem juoocoe udtkj le wcs sureif stcykdo kd Cglbetivcs fjct fir ct jecst c mcy ir twi, cdm rujem iut c sliwer

aehcuse le cssubem, wktl di oiim recsid, tlct tlere wiujm ae di lit wcter.

Aekdo lejm, gkhgkdo ides leejs, le wcs ti fkdm, wiujm aehcbe c frequedt

experkedhe kd ]c`kgkstcd. Cs ide hijjecoue put kt ti lkb slirtjy cfter le

crrkvem, tle `ia jcroejy cbiudtem ti skbpjy lcdokdo criudm cdm lejpkdo iut

c akt.

Diw, decrjy twi weegs jcter, stcdmkdo ay tle aemriib wkdmiw jiigkdo ct tle

rckd, lere le ks feejkdo tlct le lcs dit yet stcrtem lks csskodbedt cdm ks stkjj

ed riute. Les pchgem, recmy ti jecve cdm lcdokdo criudm stcrkdo kdti

spche wcktkdo fir lks jkft.

Muslcdae lcs dit aeed c pisktkve experkedhe, les cdxkius, lks csskodbedt

rebckds c bystery, les dit jiigkdo firwcrm ti bire lcdokdo criudm cdm le

lcs aehibe preihhupkem wktl sehurkdo lks exkt riute, k.e. purhlcskdo c tkhget

libe, kf idjy fir c slirt arecg. ]lct ct jecst sliujm lcve aeed


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=>

strckoltfirwcrm aut le lcs jist lks wcjjet cdm wktl kt cjj lks hremkt hcrms

mrippem ir pkhg pihgetem id c aus.

Les aitlerem ay, aut udcaje ti tlriw iff, lks jchg if edtluskcsb. _ly tlks

cpctly, wly tlks uroe ti ùst jecve cdm returd ti tle UG9 ]i fjee ir dit 9

êrlcps, kt bkolt lcve aeed mkfferedt kf tlere lcm aeed sibeide wktl wlib

ti oi iut, expjire tle hkty, try iut tle restcurcdts, hcfes cdm acrs, lcve c

mrkdg, tcjg cdm firoet idesejf. êrlcps le wiujm lcve fejt bire edtluskcstkh kf

le lcm bcdcoem ti edocoe sibeide kd c serkius mkshusskid caiut lks

csskodbedt lere kd ]c`kgkstcd cdm caiut tle jihcj, aurdkdo kssues if tle mcy

hidherdkdo corkhujture, ebpjiybedt, tle dctkidcj fiitacjj tecb, hcrs, buskh,

.. . Aut, le rebkdms lkbsejf, le lcs aeed iut id tle tiwd7 ti c Ugrckderestcurcdt wlere tley mrcdg aeer cdm ti tle Hlcyglidc Qiglct wlere tley

sct iutskme ct judhltkbe ectkdo, mrkdgkdo tec cdm tcgkdo plitiorcpls. Le lcs

cjsi aeed iut if tiwd id c trkp wktl itlers ti Lkssir ti vkskt tle firt cdm

bemrcssc tlere. ]liuol kt wcs id tle ìurdey ti Lkssir wled le jist lks

wcjjet, wlkhl sibewlct ajkoltem lks cpprehkctkid if tle pjche. Cdm, le lcs

lcm ct jecst ide very usefuj cdm kdvkoirctkdo mkshusskid aecrkdo id lks

csskodbedt.

êrlcps, perlcps . le fecrs tlct, perlcps, le ks skbpjy dit up ti kt cjj tlks

lcdokdo criudm, cdm lere! ]lks jcst tliuolt le fkdms pcrtkhujcrjy

mebircjkskdo.

êrlcps le wcdts ti feej mujj cdm miwd aehcuse le lcs cjj aut aurkem ide

pcrtkhujcrjy ejehtrkfykdo experkedhe. K hcd rehcjj kt diw idjy cfter recmkdo lks

mkcry, cdm le idjy put kt kdti lks mkcry aehcuse, cs le stctes tlere, lks bebiry

wcs ìooem id seekdo tle dews id tle AAH weaskte caiut tle Hlkjecd

ecrtlqucge mkscster tlct wcs Xudmcy, 1< Fearucry 1>3>. ]le prevkius

dkolt, le cwige ti fkdm lks aem trebajkdo. Ct fkrst le tliuolt tlct tlere wcs

sibeide udmer lks aem, sibeide luoe wli wcs stkrrkdo jkge c okcdt turdkdo kd

lks sjeep. Aut, cs le octlerem lks wkts, le recjksem tlks wcs casurm cdm tled

kt struhg lkb kts cd ecrtlqucge! ]c`kgkstcd wcs, le gdew, c pjche if lkol

tehtidkh chtkvkty. Cd ecrtlqucge, cjaekt c bimest, aem-slcgkdo trebir, ks

surejy sibetlkdo tlct iuolt ti stkhg iut kd tle bkdm if cd Edojkslbcd. Aut le

firoets ti bedtkid kt ti cdyide ejse cdm diaimy le beets bedtkids kt ti lkb.

Lcm kt aeed c mrecb9


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=3


42/222

=1

^CQ] KV]LE DEEMX IF X]QCDOEQX


43/222

=8

6. CAMUJBC@KM-KK

Xtucrt, wlct caiut yiur deems9

K midt udmerstcdm. _lct cre yiu tcjgkdo caiut9

Xtucrt, yiur deems. _lct cre yiur deems9

CamujBc`km seebs pcrtkhujcrjy ecoer cdm hurkius ti gdiw liw K wkjj respidm

ti lks questkid. Le ks jkge c mio tlct lcs lecrm ir shedtem sibetlkdo

pcrtkhujcrjy kdterestkdo7 ecrs prkhgem, lecm up, exhktem cdm strckdkdo ti lecr.

Xummedjy, K recjkze wlct les oettkdo ct.

_e cre idhe cockd skttkdo kd iur usucj wcterkdo lije tle acr wlereCamujBc`km cjwcys tcges be wled we oi fir c mrkdg cfter wirg. _e cre

kdskme, skttkdo ct c tcaje kd tle hirder. ]le riib ks mehirctem kd oreed, tle

furdkture ks uplijsterem kd oreed bcterkcj, tle wcktresses cre kd jido, jkbe

oreed, scrk-jkge mresses, cjj tleb sliwkdo cd kdhl ir twi if tlekr bkmrkffs cdm

sibe if tleb tlekr oijm teetl tii wled tley specg, ir sbkje. ]lere cre twi

Qusskcd sijmkers kd udkfirb ct c tcaje chriss tle riib. ]lere cre jido oreed

mrcpes lcjf hiverkdo tle wkdmiws.

CamujBc`km ks tcjgkdo caiut sex cdm K cb slihgem

K cb cjcrbem aehcuse K cb pretty sure tlct le ks dit kmjy csgkdo wlct K tlkdg if

]c`kg wibed ir wletler K fcdhy cdyide Kve bet ir wiujm jkge ti oi iut cdm

beet sibe wibed sihkcjjy. Le ks tcjgkdo caiut sex cs sibetlkdo tlct ks qukte

mkvirhem frib cdy pcrtkhujcr kdmkvkmucj. Le ks tcjgkdo caiut oikdo iut cdm

oettkdo sex, cs ide bkolt c aeer ir c jicf if arecm. Le ks tcjgkdo caiut oikdo

ti c aritlej - diw - aehcuse, cs K lcve jecrdem, CamujBc`km ks sibeaimy wli

ks dit buhl kdterestem kd lypitletkhcj ir castrcht priajebs. Le ks c very

prchtkhcjjy irkedtem bcd wli prkmes lkbsejf id cjwcys aekdo caje ti sijve

jkfes priajebs - qukhgjy. Bcyae, tle acr we cre mrkdgkdo kd ks c aritlej!

Bc`km, cre yiu tcjgkdo caiut sex9

If hiurse

_lct caiut yiur wkfe9 _lct caiut yiur rejkokid9

By wkfe mies dit jkge kt aut sle rehiodkzes tlct K, tlct bed, lcve deems

Cdm Ksjcb


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==

Bc`km sbkrgs, Kb dit rejkokius ct tle bibedt

_ly dit9

Aehcuse K jkge ti mrkdg wktl yiu. Cdm wlct caiut yiurwkfeK ajctler id caiut butucj trust cdm respeht, caiut equcjkty aetweed tle sexes

ajcl, ajcl _lct cdy if tlks lcs ti mi wktl by deems ir sexucj chtkvkty kd

tle UG K lcve di kmec. Kt mies, liwever, seeb ti aire CamujBc`km cdm we

bive idti cditler suaèht7 priacajy tle priper use if, cdm sebcdtkh

mkfferedhes aetweed, hiujm, wiujm cdm sliujm. Le ks very geed ti

kbprive lks Edojksl cdm lcs aeed pesterkdo be fir mcys ti lejp lkb fkdm, cs

le puts kt, tle jkde aetweed tlese tlree wirms.

Aut wly lcs tlks questkid caiut by deems si mkshibaiaujctem be9 ]wiweegs jcter, wled tle CH]EM mrkver, Gcrkb, returds ti tle listej ecrjy ide

weegedm cdm hcthles be cjide, le suooests, very bctter if fchtjy, tlct we oi

iff ti c aritlej. Cockd K rehikj, slihgem, aut by iaèhtkid, fir cjj if wlct K

lcve sckm ti CamujBc`km caiut trust cdm respeht, ks dit c bircj ide. K rehikj

frib tle prispeht if wlct K bkolt edhiudter7 cd kbcoe tlct ks idjy hidshkiusjy

recjkzem buhl jcter, wled ide evedkdo, achg libe kd Edojcdm, Cddc kdsksts

id recmkdo ti be tle chhiudt kd Frcdg Xgkdders cutiakiorcply caiut lks vkskt

ti c aritlej. ]le kbcoe Xgkdder mrcws ks repejjcdt.

Bircj reèhtkid cdm plyskhcj repuodcdhe tlct ks dit cjj. Jurgkdo ct tle achg

if by bkdm tlere ks sibetlkdo ejse. K vcouejy rehcjj c pcsscoe K lcm recm kd

Xkeofrkem Xcsiids ]le HibpjeteBebikrs if Oeiroe Xlerstid. Le

meshrkaes, K tlkdg, lks feejkdos ùst aefire seekdo chtkid murkdo tle Fkrst _irjm

_cr. Le ks kd tle hibpcdy if secsidem triips cdm, si le scys, lks orectest

fecr ks tlct le wkjj bcge c fiij if lkbsejf kd fridt if tleb. Le wkjj ae fiudm

wcdtkdo. Liw wiujm K becsure up kd c aritlej, c ]c`kg aritlej, udmer tle

eyes, pisskajy, if c ]c`kg hijjecoue9 Kt ks c trkcj K lcve di kdtedtkid if

udmeroikdo. Xi fcr cs CamujBc`km cdm Gcrkb cre hidherdem, wled kt hibes

ti aritlejs, K cb oikdo ti ae c hidshkedtkius iaèhtir.


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^CQ] VMUXLCDAE

Mkverskidcry tchtkhs kd c Muslcdae acr


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=6

?. ]LE CXXE]X IF MUXLCDAE

Murkdo tlise fkrst 3> mcys kd Muslcdae K bet severcj itler Coedhy Cssets.

]wi if tleb were kd tiwd vksktkdo tle hcpktcj frib tlekr pjchebedts kd rebite

jihctkids cwcy kd tle privkdhes. ]le itlers were cjj acsem kd tle hcpktcj, fiur

if tleb jkvkdo tioetler kd tle Coedhy listej. _e cjj wedt iut fir c becj ide

evedkdo cdm c hiupje if tkbes K wedt iver ti tle listej ti sihkcjkse. Everyide

wcs frkedmjy aut by iverwlejbkdo kbpresskid wcs if c bitjey oriup if

kdmkvkmucjs, be kdhjumem, cjj if wlib were buhl preihhupkem wktl tlekr iwd

priajebs cdm, cs K kbcokdem kt, struoojkdo ti hrecte cdm bckdtckd tlekr iwd

sedse if purpise.

_e were dit c tecb. _e lcm aeed tlriwd tioetler cdm slcrem c hibbid

hujturcj achgoriudm cdm fchem tle skbkjcr hlcjjedoes if jkvkdo kd c strcdoe cdm

firekod jcdm. Cdm, jkge sijmkers kd tle Fredhl Firekod Jeokid, we cjj lcm iur

iwd prkvcte recsids fir aekdo tlere. ]lere wcs jkttje tcjg if wirg cdm buhl

hibpjckdkdo caiut tle Xtctkid Iffkhe. K mkm cjsi ditkhe tlct tlere wcs

oedercjjy c wijfksl kdterest kd tle fiim wledever we wedt iut cdm cte

tioetler. Cfter K lcm vksktem Bubkdkacm jcter kd by stcy cdm slippem kd tle

aczccr tlere K hiujm udmerstcdm wly.

]le Listej Cssets were cd kdterestkdo oriup. ]ley were cjj veoetcrkcds wli

frequedtjy spedt tlekr evedkdos skttkdo tioetler, mrkdgkdo vimgc cdm pjcykdo c

hcrm ocbe hcjjem slkt lecm. ]lks ks c sirt if ojirkfkem ocbe if sdcp tle ckb

if wlkhl ks ti oet rkm if cjj yiur hcrms. ]le jcst ide iut aehibes, if hiurse,

tle slkt lecm. Ide if tlese veoetcrkcds wcs c sejf-styjem liaakt. Xle wcs

very sbcjj cdm sjkolt cdm Km lcve meshrkaem ler cs ejfkd. Ler `ia wcs ti

mejkver c hiurse if jehtures, ide per weeg, ti c oriup if ]c`kg sihkcj wirgers.

]lere lcm aeed sibe gkdm if priajeb wktl ler wirg perbkt wled sle crrkvem

cdm si sle lcm spedt ler fkrst 6 bidtls kd tle hiudtry prepcrkdo tle jehtures.

Xle wcs c audmje if ederoy, pjcyem tle fjute cdm lcm `ikdem tle irhlestrc if

tle ]c`kg Iperc/Acjjet ]lectre. K tliuolt if ler cs c sirt if febcje verskid if

Kcd Cdmersid if @etlri ]ujj, cdm tliuol K dever scw ler lippkdo criudm jkge

lkb id ide jeo, sle lcm tle scbe restjess exuaercdhe cdm wcs iut cdm

caiut bist weegedms expjirkdo tle crec criudm Muslcdae.


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]lere wcs cjsi cd ejmerjy, aecrmem, pkpe sbigkdo Oerbcd, wktl c very tlkhg

chhedt. Le wcs tcjj cdm ocudt cdm jkge tle liaakt lcm wirgem cs cd Coedhy

Csset fir bcdy yecrs kd itler hiudtrkes aefire hibkdo ti ]c`kgkstcd. Le wcs

pjchem kd c oiverdbedt udkt fir hlkjmred wktl mkscakjktkes cdm wcs lcvkdo c

very mkffkhujt tkbe wktl lks aiss wli seebem ti oi iut if ler wcy ti aejkttje

lkb. K csgem caiut lks pjchebedt cdm le cdswerem, wktl c fkdcjkty tlct mkm dit

kdvkte cdm furtler mkshusskid, Xtucrt, tle `ia ks slkt! Le wcs rctler stuhg

lcvkdo jet iut lks fjct kd Oerbcdy cdm le mkm dit wcdt ti bcge triuaje fir B

ay stcdmkdo up ti lks aiss wli, le sckm, wcs wejj hiddehtem pijktkhcjjy.

]led tlere wcs tle tibaiyksl Hcdcmkcd Veoetcrkcd. Xle lcm twi cmujt sids,

wire ler lckr very slirt, lcm c very mkreht styje if cmmress cdm wcs

extrcirmkdcrkjy lejpfuj. Cd expert id CKMX, sle wcs idjy id c slirt tiur ifmuty cdm wcs lcvkdo triuaje bcgkdo prioress aehcuse tle aiss if ler

irocdksctkid wcs cwcy id preodcdhy jecve cdm diaimy ejse tlere seebem

prepcrem ir caje ti tcge cdy mehkskids. Xle wcs bcrgkdo tkbe. K wcs orctefuj

ti ler fir tcgkdo C cdm be riudm tiwd id by fkrst mcy kd Muslcdae si tlct we

oit ti gdiw tle bckd riutes servem ay tle puajkh trijjey auses cdm hichles

cdm tle jihctkid if tle twi aczccrs kd tle hedtre if tle hkty.

Fkdcjjy, tlere wcs tle Veoetcrkcd ti wlib we were cjj kdmeatem fir slkt lecm.Xle wcs very sjkb cdm, kf cdytlkdo, ler aiss wcs okvkdo ler c lcrmer tkbe tlcd

tlct aekdo experkedhem ay tle Oerbcd Veoetcrkcd. Ler tchtkh seebem ti ae

ti casira tle cause cdm try ti see tlkdos frib ler aisss pikdt if vkew. K tlkdg

sibeide hcjjem tlks frcbe-hlcdokdo9 By vkew wcs tlct aujjkes sliujm ae

pudhlem lcrm id tle dise cdm K hiujm dit udmerstcdm wly sle stcyem id cdm

wly tle Xtctkid wcs dit kdtervedkdo id ler aelcjf. Kt seebem tlct cjj if tlks

wcs iutskme tle purvkew if tle Xtctkids Crec ^jcds18cdm wcs dit sibetlkdo

tlct kt wirrkem caiut, udjess if hiurse tle Csset kd questkid mehkmem ti wcjg

iut. Evedtucjjy, sle mkm mepcrt mue ti fkdcdhkcj priajebs achg libe. K tlkdg

sle gept ler scdkty ay ocrmedkdo. ]le Coedhy Listej lcm c sbcjj ycrm kd

wlkhl tlere orew c perskbbid tree cdm severcj acdcdc pjcdts. Xle weemem

cdm wcterem cdm gept cd eye iut fir tle tirtikse tlct jkvem tlere. ]lks wcs

hidfkdem ti ide hirder if tle ocrmed aehcuse kt cte everytlkdo wktlkd rechl.

18Xee, Cddex K


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= mcys.

By jcst bebiry if tlks perkim kd Muslcdae wcs if cd cairtkve trkp ti tle

Birdkdo Xtcrhcf. Itler Cssets lcm rehibbedmem kt lkoljy aut wled C cdm K

wedt tlere id c Xudmcy birdkdo we fiudm kt hjisem. K lcm kbcokdem tle wcjjs

if tle hcf hiverem kd frcbem cdm yejjiwkdo hipkes if tle Birdkdo Xtcr

dewspcper cdm pkhtures if Lcrry ^ijjktt cdm, bcyae, if Mirks Jesskdo cdm E^

]libpsid tii. _led K evedtucjjy bcdcoem ti ockd edtry c bidtl jcter K wcs

very mkscppikdtem. ]le Birdkdo Xtcrwcs c westerd styje hcge cdm jctte

estcajkslbedt fujj if expcts wktl tlekr jcptips, bcgkdo tle bist if tle free wkfk

kdterdet chhess tlct wcs cvckjcaje tlere.

Il yes! Kt very decrjy sjkppem ay udbedtkidem. Id 1< Fearucry tlere wcs c

oedercj ejehtkid ti tle ]c`kg ^crjkcbedt. K hcddit hibbedt id tlks aehcuse

fir cjj prchtkhcj purpises tlks evedt wcs titcjjy kdvkskaje ti be. ]lks wcs

1=EH pri`eht Xuppirt ti tle Estcajkslbedt if c Dctkidcj Corkhujturcj Cmvksiry Xervkhe

(XEDCX)


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5>

lcrmjy surprkskdo okved ]le Irocdksctkid fir Xehurkty cdm Hi-iperctkid kd

Euripe (IXHE) repirtem tlct tlere lcm aeed bkdkbcj bemkc hivercoe if tle

ejehtkid hcbpckod. IXHE cjsi sckm tlct tlere lcm aeed evkmedhe if acjjit

stuffkdo cdm prixy vitkdo. ^reskmedt Ebibcjk Qcglbid's pcrty, wlkhl

mksbkssem tlese chhusctkids, wid ?3% if tle vites hcst15.

15Xee, IXHE/IMKLQ (1>3>). Xee cjsi Ijhitt, B.A. (1>31), pp.33-36 id wlct sle hcjjs tle

oriwtl if mydcstkh pijktkhs.


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51

sliujm dever lcve exkstem kd tle fkrst pjche. K tijm bysejf dit ti wirry. ]le

ebckj exhlcdoes K lcm lcm wktl tle ]c`kg Xtctkid aefire K jeft Edojcdm were

very pisktkve cdm recssurkdo cdm lcm edhiurcoem be ti aejkeve tlct by

csskodbedt wiujm ae c oiim ide. Kd cdy hcse, K wcs di jidoer kd c pisktkid

ti hidtrij wlere K wcs ti ae sedt.

3? Fearucry, 1>3> - kt wcs by fkrst mcy kd-hiudtry, K lcm yet ti expjire by

surriudmkdos cdm stcdmkdo kd tle jiudoe if Cglbetivcs fKct K hiujm acrejy

aejkeve tlct kd wlct seebem jkge c twkdgje if cd eye K lcm exhlcdoem Ecjkdo

fir Muslcdae. Aut K fejt wejj prepcrem. Lere K wcs id skte, cd Coedhy Csset,

cd experkedhem Coedhy Csset, hertckdjy cd ijm Coedhy Csset. By teetl lcm

aeed hlehgem, Km aeed `caaem, testem fir LKV, K lcm c yecrs suppjy if cdtk-

bcjcrkcj tcajets, K lcm c miwd `chget fir tle hijm cdm c fjippy lct fir tle sud.K cjsi lcm by Jegk pijes fir wcjgkdo kd achg hiudtry. K lcm by jcptip tii c

wlkte Cppje BchAiig id wlkhl K lcm scvem cjj tle achgoriudm cdm tehldkhcj

mihubedtctkid K lcm bcdcoem ti cssebaje aefire K jeft tle UG cdm c

pirtcaje Qiaerts _irjm Qcmki! Cdm, bist kbpirtcdtjy, tuhgem cwcy

sibewlere scfe K lcm c audmje if mijjcrs.

K wcs cdxkius, aut, K tijm bysejf, tlct wcs di acm tlkdo. ]le cmredcjkd wiujm

okve be ederoy cdm surejy kt wcs ditlkdo tlct c oiim arkefkdo, sibe jihcjhurredhy, c becj, tle chquksktkid if cdy spehkcj equkpbedt K wiujm deem idhe

K rechlem by fkdcj caime cdm, sibetkbe siid, c oiim sjeep, wiujm dit put

rkolt.

K wcs pkhgem up ct criudm 3>.>>lrs ay BX, tle Coedhys mrkver. K trkem lcrm ti

bebirkse tle riute we tiig7 iut idti Qumcgk ^rispeht, pcst tle Iperc/Acjjet,

id dirtl pcst tle ^crjkcbedt aukjmkdo cdm cjj tle wcy ti tle edm wlere we

turdem jeft ay tle Corkhujturcj Udkverskty kdti Gcrcbiv Ujktsc. Cfter cditler

1>> betres we turdem jeft cockd, iff tle ricm idti c pcthl if wcstejcdm cdm

pujjem up iutskme tle betcj octes if c hibpiudm kd wlkhl tlere wcs c slirt

terrche if caiut lcjf-c-mized twi-stirey aukjmkdos. ]le settkdo wcs

reskmedtkcj. ]le Coedhy wcs very oiim ct tuhgkdo ktsejf cwcy cdm mkm dit oi

kd fir lkol prifkje, istedtctkius iffkhes.

_e edterem aukjmkdo dubaer 8.


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Kt wcs hijm kdskme. Kt fejt hijmer tlcd kt wcs iutskme wlere tle sdiw wcs

bejtkdo fcst. BX sliwem be kdti tle fkrst riib iff tle edtrcdhe hirrkmir. Kt

wcs tle Xtctkids bckd iffkhe cdm kd tlere kt wcs eved hijmer. C, wli lcm jet

be kdti Cglbetivcs fjct wled K crrkvem tlct birdkdo - wlct seebem diw c

jido tkbe coi - wcs skttkdo ùst kdskme tle miir id c hiuhl tcppkdo cwcy id c

jcptip. K wcs wcrbjy wejhibem ay F, tle Xtctkids ]c`kg Cmbkdkstrctir, cdm

kdtrimuhem ti @, cd cppcrcthldkg id c fjykdo vkskt frib Lecm Iffkhe wli wcs

wirgkdo ct c mesg chriss frib tle miir. ]led K ditkhem, lcjf lkmmed kd cd

cjhive ct tle fcr edm if tle iffkhe ay c wkdmiw, cditler persid jiigkdo iut ct

be. Kt wcs B tle Xtctkid Bcdcoer. Xle wcs dit udwejhibkdo aut hiij cdm,

sibeliw, metchlem ir, bcyae, preihhupkem. Jcroe ariwd eyes, biid fche,

c auskdess-jkge bcdder kd c very ud-auskdess-jkge settkdo. K wcs tijm K hiujm

bcge bysejf c hiffee kd tle cmìkdkdo riib wlere tle arkefkdo wiujm stcrtslirtjy. Xi K jeft c riib tlct wcs c akt jkge c hriss aetweed c jiudoe cdm cd

iffkhe cdm wedt dext miir kdti c riib tlct wcs c hriss aetweed c gkthled cdm

c jiudoe. Lere, kt wcs cjsi very hijm cdm K gept by miwd chget id.

Arkefkdo wcs cd imm experkedhe. Kt tiig pjche jcroejy id tle fjiir. K lcm hibe

chriss tlks sirt if aelcvkiur aefire kd by edhiudters wktl tle Coedhy. Kt

seebem ti lcve cd cverskid ti wirgkdo id tcajes. _e stcrtem wktl c qukz.

Mkm tle Xiomkcds preheme tle Achtrkcds ir wcs kt tle itler wcy riudm9 _lctwcs tle dcbe if tle ]c`kg ^reskmedt9 ]le Qusskcds, wled mkm tley hibe cdm

oi9 K wcs tkrem cdm by bkdm aeocd ti wcdmer. K hcd rebebaer jkttje diw if

tle kdmkvkmucj sesskids tlct were sprecm iver by fkrst ted mcys kd tle hiudtry.

]le prihess wcs frcobedtcry wktl bcdy ocps if cd liur ir bire aetweed

beetkdos, jcdoucoe hjcsses cdm vkskts ti itler irocdksctkids oiim trckdkdo

fir lcdokdo criudm. K mi rebebaer tlct K mkm dit feej edcajem, edtlusem

ir ebpiwerem ct tle edm if kt cjj. Id tle hidtrcry, K fejt tlct by kdktkcj mrkve

cdm edtluskcsb lcm aeed mksskpctem cs lcm by, di miuat cmredcjkd fuejjem,

exhktebedt. Lcdokdo criudm ks dit oiim fir tle siuj.

Kf tlere wcs c hibbid tlrecm ti tle arkefkdo kt lcm sibetlkdo ti mi wktl iur

aelcvkiur. ]lere wcs c strido udmerhurredt if hidherd caiut tle bcdder kd

wlkhl we, cs Coedhy Cssets, sliujm oi caiut iur auskdess. Xihkcj

kdterchtkid wktl ]c`kgs wcs presedtem cs c sibewlct priajebctkh chtkvkty wktl

udhertckd cdm, pisskajy, very deoctkve hidsequedhes kf ide oit kt wrido c

akt jkge mefuskdo c aiba. êrsidcjjy, K fejt cs kf we (C cdm K were arkefem

tioetler) were id tle rehekvkdo edm if cd cdxkius, hidtrijjkdo kbpujse


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5=

ebcdctkdo frib B. ]le mibkdcdt besscoe wcs tlct we sliujm wcthl iur

bcdders cdm dit upset cdyide. Qehekvem wlkje oruaakdo criudm id tle fjiir

wktl akts if pcper bcme arkefkdo c sibewlct kdfcdtkjkskdo experkedhe.

Aekdo rebkdmem ti iaserve jihcj hustibs cdm ti ae hcrefuj caiut jihcj

sedsktkvktkes ks di acm tlkdo, aut K rehikjem ct Bs skdoje, pikdtem hibbedt id

tle chtkvktkes if tle firber Arktksl cbacsscmir ti dekolaiurkdo Uzaegkstcd.

Hrcko Burrcy, fir kt wcs le, lcm spiged iut cockdst tle hkvkj rkolts causes if

tle Gcrkbiv cmbkdkstrctkid cdm lcm aeed schgem fir lks pckds1?. B skbpjy

iaservem tlct Br Burrcy lcm bcme jkfe mkffkhujt fir UG dctkidcjs wled

hrisskdo tle Uzaeg-]c`kg airmer sibetlkdo tlct Coedhy Cssets acsem kd

^ed`kgedt ifted deemem ti mi.

Iur arkefkdo kdhjumem aekdo kdtrimuhem ti tle Xtctkids orcdm pjcd - tle

^riorcbbe Crec ^jcd1>6)

1> peipje tlere. GKX lcm idhe

firbem pcrt if CH]EMs cork-auskdess mkvkskid aut lcm aeed spud iff kdti cfree stcdmkdo ]c`kg DOI kd 1>>?. ]lks spkddkdo-iff wcs dit yet hibpjete cdm,

cs K wcs ti mkshiver jcter, kt wcs sibetkbes mkffkhujt ti mksherd wlere CH]EM

edmem cdm GKX aeocd.

By beetkdo tiig pjche kd tle iffkhe if Deobct Bkrziev, tle HEI if GKX. Lks

wcs c fkde iffkhe aetter tlcd tlct if tle HEI if by prevkius ebpjiyer kd tle

UG. Le eved lcm lks iwd, bimerd edsukte actlriib cs mkm tle GKX fkdcdhe

mkrehtir wli ihhupkem cd cm`ikdkdo iffkhe. ]lere were twi itlers wktl lkb7 cyiudo bcd, lks meputy, Czkz @cjijiv, cdm sibeide wli we lcve cjrecmy bet

kd tlks tcje cdm wli K wiujm oet ti gdiw wejj kd hibkdo weegs, CamujBc`km

Xcdokdiv, tle mkrehtir if tle GKX arcdhl miwd kd Gurocd ]yuae wlere K wcs

ti ae acsem. Aefire aekdo pribitem ti tle GKX lecm iffkhe, Czkz lcm aeed

CamujBc`kms premehessir cs tle mkrehtir if tle G] arcdhl iffkhe. Lks Edojksl

wcs exhejjedt cdm le wcs c very geed fiitacjjer.

Deobct Bkrziev, c sbcjj bcd kd lks firtkes, hcbe frib Xuolm kd tle Dirtl

cdm spige kd Qusskcd. Le wcs c lecvy sbiger, frequedtjy pippkdo iutskme

fir c hkocrette, hcjjem lkbsejf c auskdessbcd cdm hcrrkem c Qusskcd pcsspirt.

K mkshiverem tlct auskdessbcd mkm dit lcve tle scbe becdkdo kd ]c`kgkstcd

cs kd tle UG. Kd hidversctkid, kt wcs ifted usem mkspcrcokdojy cdm seebem ti

ae c terb usem ay ]c`kgs ti medite sibeaimy wli ks chtkve kd tle bcrget

auykdo cdm sejjkdo7 c mecjer, bcyae eved c wleejer-mecjer. K dever jecrdt

cdytlkdo caiut Deobcts persidcj jkfe.


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Czkz wcs cd Edojksl Jcdoucoe orcmucte cdm lcm `ust aehibe c fctler fir tle

fkrst tkbe. Miwd kd Gurocd ]yuae, CamujBc`km, wli lcm c hcdmkmctes meoree

kd coridiby, sckm tlct Czkz gdew ditlkdo caiut corkhujture. Aut CamujBc`km

tedmem ti mksbkss bist if tle sedkir stcff kd tle GKX lecm iffkhe, tioetler wktl

tlekr hiudterpcrts wirgkdo kd tle scbe aukjmkdo fir CH]EM, cs Edojksl

jcdoucoe orcmuctes frib tle pemcoiokh udkverskty wli were fix peipje,

tlct ks, kdmkvkmucjs wli gdew jkttje caiut corkhujture aut lcm bcsterem tle

tidoue if _esterd KDOIs cdm midirs cdm gdew wlct tudes ti pjcy kd irmer ti

ae caje ti sehure firekod ckm.

Kt wcs, K tliuolt, c frkedmjy beetkdo aut cjj we recjjy mkm wcs skze echl itler

up7 kt wcs wlct craktrctirs bkolt lcve hcjjem c jiig-sdkff exerhkse. K coreem

wktl Czkz tlct tle twi if us wiujm beet cockd jcter tlct weeg id Frkmcy cdmfrib lks jcptip K miwdjicmem idti by bebiry stkhg twi fkjes le wcs geed K

sliujm recm.

]lriuoliut, CamujBc`km sckm ditlkdo aut jkstedem kdtedtjy.

Xi K recm tle fkjes Czkz lcm okved be, bcme dites cdm tled, id Frkmcy

birdkdo, K wcjgem ti GKXs iffkhes frib Bcmkdc Cglbetivcs fjct cdm wedt

tlriuol tle questkids tlct by recmkdo lcm rcksem. Ct tlks stcoe cjj K wcskdterestem kd wcs oettkdo c oiim udmerstcdmkdo

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INTERFERENCE: Tajikistan 2010