DongKyun PARK
Integration of SFM into REDD+
to Address Climate Change
2020. 06. 12.
Info. from Dr. S.K. Chong, KFS an /NIFoS, UNCCD, WRI, and un/published data
Content
I. Sustainable Forest Management
II. Forest Certification System
III. REDD+
IV. SFM under REDD+
V. Challenges and Opportunities
I. Sustainable Forest Management
- Concept of SFM has originally started from a German temperate
forest in 1713
(Normal Forest, Multiple Use Forestry, Ecosystem Mgt, Landscape Restoration)
- Forest Principles : forests should be sustainably managed to meet the social,
economic, ecological, cultural/spiritual human needs of present/future generation
- Forest Principles 8(d) “SFM should be carried out by formulating guidelines of
internationally agreed methodologies and criteria”
- Chapter 11(11.22b) of Agenda 21 of the UNCED “Formulating scientifically
sound criteria and guidelines for SFM”
1.1. Changes in Sustainable Forest Management
1.2. Changes in SFM Implementation
’92 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’15 ’20
UNFF
SFM C&I
Montreal
UNGASSRio+5
Forest Principle
UNCCD
IFF
WSSDRio+10
S
F
M
IPF
FSC PEFC
UNFCCC
CBD
Kyoto Protocol
Global
Effort
Criteria
&
Indicator
ISO14001
UNCED(Agenda 21)
Carbon Credit in SFM
Forest
Certification
Paris Agreement
REDD+
Post-2015
- Challenge is not just how to.. Manage our forests Responsibly
but how to Recognize and Reward
Responsible stewardship of our natural resources?
- Mgt. of forests according to the principles of sustainable development,
which use and develop forests and forest lands in a way to maintain the
biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential
to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social
functions (& cultural opportunities).
- Basically, the goal for SFM is to protect forests in healthy conditions as well
as to manage forests in profitable ways
• Balance between Environment and Economy
1.3. Changes in SFM Implementation
Environment
Social
Sustainable
Development
Economy
Economic
SocialEnvironmental
SFM
1.4. Relationship between SFM and SDG
- Sustainable forest management (SFM) is a “dynamic and evolving
concept, which aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social
and environmental values of all types of forests, for the benefit of
present and future generations”.
- Forests and trees, when sustainably managed, make vital
contributions both to people and the planet, bolstering livelihoods,
providing clean air and water, conserving biodiversity and
responding to climate change (from FAO)
by Michael Smith (Veshengro)Sustainable-Forestry-Cycle
1.5. SFM in Forestry Cycle by FAO
Multiple-use emphasis forests
Production emphasis forests
Residential value emphasis forests
Sustainable
Forest
Management
Environmental Values
Nature emphasis forests
- IPCC 1.5 degree report: immense, urgent challenges & risks related to
climate change (rise of 2.0 °C is likely)
- Forestry:
• huge expectations for emission reductions in this sector globally: Only
active sink (negative emissions)
• Bonn Challenge →350 million ha ecosystem restoration until 2030
• Korea: restored 2 million ha of forest, cost of USD 3 billion
• IPCC 1.5° report: For BECCS and afforestation together, land demand
in 2100 is around 800-1800 M ha, mainly converted from pastureland:
feasible?
→ Costs?
→What role can forestry realistically play?
Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage
1.6. SFM in Climate Change
- Entered into practice under concept of ESSD is ‘1994 Amendment
Article 16 of Forest Law’ stipulates regulations defining duties
of KFS to promote sustainable forest management
- In 2001, 'Framework Act on Forest' is SFM, and assessment
criteria & indicators provided. Act on Promotion and Management
of Forest Resources enforced in 2006 to manage forest according
to criteria & indicators for SFM
1.7. Legal & Policy Framework of SFM in Korea
- In1994, KFRI developed criteria and indicators of SFM and in 2004,
KFS finally developed 7 criteria and 28 indicators and publicly
announced them in 2005
• Criteria 1 : conservation of biodiversity
• Criteria 2 : maintenance of productive capacity of forest ecosystems
• Criteria 3 : maintenance of forest ecosystem vitality and health
• Criteria 4 : conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources
• Criteria 5 : maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles
• Criteria 6 : maintenance and enhancement of long-term multiple socio-
economical benefits
• Criteria 7 : legal, institutional and economical frameworks for forest
conservation and sustainable management
1.8. Criteria and Indicators for SFM
II. Forest Certification System
- Forest certification is a mechanism for forest monitoring, tracing and
labeling timber, wood and pulp products and non-timber forest products,
where the quality of forest management is judged against a series of
agreed standards.
- Economic market-based instrument which aims to raise awareness and
provide incentives for both producers and consumers towards a more
responsible use of forests (Upton et al 1996)
- Identified by eco-labels which are on-product or on-packaging logo
indicating products comes from SFM
- Encourage to pay a “Green Premium” for certified forest products in the
Chain of Custody
2.1. Concept of Forest Certification
1993 FSC
(Forest Stewardship Council)
1996 ISO14001(International Organization
for Standardization)
1999 PEFC(Programme for the Endorsement
of Forest Certification Schemes )
1995 SFI(Sustainable Forestry Initiative)
1996 CSA(Canadian Standards Association)
2003 SGEC(Sustainable Green Ecosystem
Council, Japan)
World
Country
2017 KFCC(Korea Forest Certification Council)
2014 MTCC(Malaysian Timber Certification Council)
2.2. Forest Certification System
FM Certificates
Total certified area: 210,789,010 ha
FM/CoC certificates: 1,727
No. of Countries: 90
CoC Certificates: 42,558
(2020. 6)
2.3. Global FSC Certification
53 Membership : 47 Endorsement
FM Certificates : 325M ha
CoC Certificates : 20,000 certificates
2.4. Global PEFC Certification
Healthy Forests
Public Resource
maintenance
Evaluation
Product Labeling
Conservation
Good Management Practices
2.5. FSC Certification
Economic
Social Environmental
Forest Management Certification (FMC) works for a measure to evaluate
process of SFM in detail
2.6. Forest Mgt. Certification to Sustainability
• Principle 6.0 Environmental Impact
• Criterion 6.2 Safeguards shall exist which protect rare, threatened
and endangered species and their habitats…
• Indicator 6.2.1 Rare, threatened or endangered species or ecosystems
shall be explicitly taken into consideration during all operations
• Means of verification Locally or regionally set standards, e.g
• Management plan, annual operating plan, reference RTE species & detail
protection measures
• Field staff can recognize RTE species found in area
Principle
Criteria
Indicator
MOV
2.7. FSC Standards Structure
Principles are fundamental to sustainable forestry
Criteria are a category of conditions to assess SFM,
group of standards that together measure the principle
Indicators are measure of an aspect of the CR, provide
guidance as to whether a criterion has been met
• Principle 1: Compliance with laws and FSC Principles
• Principle 2: Tenure and use rights and responsibilities
• Principle 3: Indigenous peoples’ rights
• Principle 4: Community relations and workers’ rights
• Principle 5: Benefits from the forest
• Principle 6: Environmental impact
• Principle 7: Management plan
• Principle 8: Monitoring and assessment
• Principle 9: High Conservation Value Forests
• Principle 10: Plantations
FSC Principles
FSC Principles and CriteriaFSC
c
SmartWood Generic Standard
SmartWood Interim
Regional Standards
FSC Accredited
Regional
StandardsFSC
c
2.8. Hierarchy of FSC Certification Standards
➢ Third party verification of sustainable
forestry management practices using internationally recognized standards
➢ Labeling provides a mechanism to
make verifiable claims of products’
environmental and social impacts
➢ A tool to link Forest Product purchasing decisions with Sustainably Managed Forests (CoC Cert.)
FSC Certification
2.9. Structure and Operation of KFCC
III. REDD+
- REDD+ is reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in
developing countries, plus the role of conservation, sustainable management
of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks;
- Globally, deforestation contributes about one-fifth of all GHG emissions, and
REDD+ is central to global efforts to mitigate climate change.
- Aim to encourage developing countries to contribute to climate-change
mitigation by i) reducing GHG emissions by slowing, halting and reversing
forest loss and degradation; and ii) increasing removals of GHGs from the
atmosphere through conservation, management & expansion of forests.
- When the Paris Agreement was reached in 2015, the Green Climate Fund was
given an important role in serving the agreement and supporting the goal of
keeping climate change well below 2 degrees Celsius.
3.1. Concept of REDD+
C
Sto
ck
C st
ock
Maintenance with REDD+ activities
Compared to current activity level
In the absence of REDD+ activities
17.3%
Compared to active protection activity level
DeforestationRED
Deforestation
Forest Degradation
REDD
Conservation
Enhancing carbon stock
Sustainable Forest
management
REDD+
3.2. Diagram of REDD+
(Pendorni, 2009)
3.3. REDD and REDD+ by IPCC
3.4. Implications for FREL and FRL
3.5. REDD+ in Ethiopia
IV. SFM under REDD+
-Mitigation involves reducing the magnitude of climate change
itself emissions reductions, and offsetting the effects of
greenhouse gas emissions :
Afforestation / Reforestation / SFM / Reduce deforestation
- Adaptation involves efforts to limit our vulnerability to climate
change impacts : erosion control
4.1. Forest Mitigation and Adaptation
SFM can promote the sequestering of carbon, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, and enhance ecological and social resilience to environmental
change.
At the same time it can ensure the sustained supply of low-carbon forest
products and services; protect biodiversity, water supplies and soils; provide
jobs for millions of people; and support the livelihoods of forest dependent
people.
Harvested trees and other forest resources are replaced through natural
regeneration or replanting, sometimes assisted by silvicultural treatment.
4.2. SFM in REDD+
- Established processes, tools, mechanisms and capacity-building for SFM
can be applied in the implementation of REDD+.
- REDD+ finance, capacity-building and technical support can help
to promote SFM in developing countries.
- REDD+ provides an opportunity to better integrate SFM into national
climate-change and development strategies and policies
4.3. REDD+ in SFM
4.4 Forest Certification
- Rainforest Alliance forest coffee certification programme in Ethiopia
Internal Inspection for Certification Audit by members Certification Audit by Rainforest Alliance
4.4. SFM in Ethiopia
V. Challenges and Opportunities
- BC 15th C: Provide wood to Egypt (record in Egypt)
- 15th C: Emperor(Zera-Yakob?) announced the law of forest(Afforestation)
- First tree planting at Menagesha Suba Park 500 years ago
(Juniperus procera from Wefwasha)
- Emperor Menelik II: Softwood for construction, Kosso for medicinal use
Eucalyptus in 90s, Mangesh Suba as 1st conservation forest
- Emperor Haile Selasie announced three forest related laws
- Proclamation No.542 0f 2007
- Forest laws in Province Oromia and SNNP
From Park, Chanhong of WFK, Yigremachew Seyoum
5.1. History of Forest Governance in Ethiopia
37Over 353 million seedlings in 12-hours: Ethiopia 'breaks' tree-planting world record
Prime Minister led tree planting campaign
https://www.africanews.com
Opportunities in Ethiopian Forest Sector
Strong political commitment to promote tree planting
Opportunities and issues of forestry sector
in Ethiopia in the context of Paris agreement
Mesele Negash / PhD, Associate professor in Forest Ecology Enhancing Capacity of Developing Countries to Address Climate Change:
Issues and Opportunities, COP-25/UNFCCC
Why we are interested in landscape restoration?
- 85% of country suffers from moderate to very serious land degradation
- + 4 million m3 short to meet economy’s demand for industrial roundwood
- Pledged to restore 22 million ha of deforested & degraded lands by 2030
- Strong political commitment to promote tree planting
- Conducive policies and strategies
- High labor availability
- Growing demand for forest products
- Optimism on carbon incentives
- Instituted MRV capacity building
- Strong collaboration with international partners
Tropical forests experienced 11.9 million hectares of tree cover loss in 2019:
Equivalent of losing a football pitch of primary forest every 6 seconds for an entire
year (GFW June 2, 2020). At least 1.8 giga tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions
5.2 Global Tropical Primary Forest Loss 02-19
5.3. Tree Cover Loss in Ethiopia
In 2010, Ethiopia had 12.4Mha of tree cover, extending over 11% of its land area.
In 2019, it lost 25.6kha of tree cover, equivalent to 8.56Mt of CO₂ of emissions.
some of the densest, wildest and most ecologically
significant forests on Earth
Primary Forest Loss
5.4. Location of Tree Cover Loss
Weak institutional
alignment / coordination
Limited engagement of
the private sector
Lack of adequate
financial resources Absence of National
Land Use Plan
Lack of skill in
product processing &
value addition
Absence of database
and information
Absence of technology
and inputs
Weak forest extensio
n and farmer linkage Climate change (insect
, diseases, fire etc.)
Hawassa U
Hawassa U
Hawassa U
Hawassa U
Hawassa U
CB Forest Mgt
5.5. Challenges
5.6. What to do
Nursery Management
Build up MRV
Institutional
Framework
Aggressive but
Systematic Watershed
Mgt and Plantation
Cost / Activities / Biodiversity
Bradshaw, 1984; Krystyna M. Urbanska et al., 1997
Stage and Type of Nature Env. Restoration
Original
Ecosystem
Bio
mas
s /P
rod
uct
ion /
Str
uct
ure
Monetize forest function to pay forest owner /community
- Replacement Approach, Hedonic Method, CVM/ TVM
PES(Payment of Ecosystem Service) - PFES
Ch 1. Introduction
Ch 2. Objective
Ch 3. Location
Ch 4. Climate
Ch 5. Topography and Soil type
Ch 6. Vegetation and Forest
6.1. Condition of past and current vegetation
6.2. Inventory of forest by tree species:
Ch 7. Mapping for Use Type
Ch 8. Activities of forest operation
8.1. Establishment of nursery
8.2. Preparation of plantation site
8.3. Planting: (A) Pine
8.4. Weeding and Tending
8.6. Pest and disease control
8.7. Rotation
8.8. Harvesting / Logging
8.9. Distribution
Ch 9. Protection(Conservation) of existing forest
9.1. Tendingbefore the follow land period
9.2. Reforestation / Forest establishment / Revegetation
9.3. Silvicultural method:
9.4. Harvesting / Logging / Distribution
Ch 10. Rules and regulations of User group
Ch 11. Financial Management
11.1. Benefit sharing among user group
(A) Benefit sharing system and sharing ratio
11.2. Reinvestment of community forest
(A) Reinvestment ratio for the CF
(B) Reinvestment ratio for community development programs
11.3. Ratio and system designated for revolving fund
11.4. Reinvestment ratio for forest product-based enterprise
Ch 12. Conclusion
Annex
1. Location map (Growing stock map (species), Management map)
2. Land allocation(LL) map and list of LL for individual user group
3. Activity list by year: Planting, Tending, Harvesting, Benefit sharing
Community-Based Forest Management Plan
Thank you very much
Q & A