IntroducingIntroducingIndianaIntroducing
ANDPastPastPast
PresentPresentPresent
A Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryA Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryA Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryThe Indiana HistorianThe Indiana HistorianThe Indiana Historian
A book called a gazetteer was amain source of information aboutIndiana. Today, the Internet—includingthe Web site of the State of Indiana—provides a wealth of information.
2 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
25.2 74.4 16.4 63.2 34.0 85.6 2.21 4.22 40.54
22.2 73.3 13.7 62.3 30.8 84.4 1.75 3.88 37.8622.7 73.1 14.3 61.7 31.0 84.5 1.89 3.86 37.4522.4 72.7 14.4 61.5 30.4 83.9 1.80 3.62 36.1724.2 74.7 15.4 63.5 33.1 85.9 2.04 4.47 40.2524.5 74.0 15.7 63.0 33.2 85.0 2.16 4.46 40.1223.9 73.2 15.2 62.1 32.6 84.3 2.00 4.06 38.6529.2 77.0 20.2 66.0 38.2 88.0 2.68 4.55 45.0528.7 75.5 19.1 64.3 38.3 86.8 2.82 4.67 45.4129.3 75.8 19.8 64.4 38.7 87.2 2.76 4.44 43.85
meantemperature
minimumtemperature
maximumtemperature
monthlyprecipitation
annualprecipitation
JulyJanuary JulyJanuary JulyJanuary JulyJanuary
Indiana
Northwest
North Central
Northeast
West Central
Central
East Central
Southwest
South Central
Southeast
regions
Adams
Allen
Bartholomew
Benton
Black-ford
Boone
Brown
Carroll
Cass
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crawford
Daviess
Dearborn
Decatur
De Kalb
Delaware
Dubois
Elkhart
Fayette
Floyd
Fountain
Franklin
Fulton
Gibson
Grant
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Hendricks
Henry
Howard
Huntington
Jackson
Jasper
Jay
Jefferson
Jennings
Johnson
Knox
Kosciusko
La Grange
Lake La Porte
Lawrence
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Newton
Noble
Ohio
Orange
Owen
Parke
Perry
Pike
Porter
Posey
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Ripley
Rush
St. Joseph
Scott
Shelby
Spencer
Starke
Steuben
Sullivan
Switzerland
TippecanoeTipton
Union
Vander-burgh
Verm
illio
n
Vigo
Wabash
Warren
Warrick
Washington
Wayne
WellsWhite
Whitley
NorthwestNorthCentral
Northeast
EastCentral
Central
WestCentral
SouthwestSouth
Central
Southeast
Physical featuresPhysical features of the land
have been a major factor in the growthand development of Indiana.
The land of Indiana was affectedby glacial ice at least three timesduring the Pleistocene Epoch. TheIllinoian glacial ice covered most ofIndiana 220,000 years ago. TheWisconsinan glacial ice occurredbetween 70,000 and 10,000 years ago.Most ice was gone from the area byapproximately 13,000 years ago, andthe meltwater had begun the develop-ment of the Great Lakes.
The three maps at the top ofthese two pages provide three ways ofpresenting the physical makeup of theland. The chart at the bottom of page3 combines several types of studies togive an overview of the land and itsuse and some of the unique andunusual aspects of the state’s physicalfeatures and resources.
At the bottom of page 2 is a chartof “normal” weather statistics. Thefirst organized effort to collect dailyweather data in Indiana began inPrinceton, Gibson County in approxi-mately 1887. Hourly collection of datausing airplanes began around 1930.
Surficialtopography
Normals are based on thirty-year time intervals. Normals will next be recalculated from data for 1971-2000. Indiana has a stateclimatologist, who works with the Applied Meteorology Group, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University. The group maintains an Indianaclimate data archive (from which these statistics have been excerpted) available on the Internet (http://shadow.agry.purdue.edu/index.html).The map indicates the weather statistics regions.
Normal Monthly Weather Statistics, 1961-1990
Source: Applied Meteorology Group, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, <http://shadow.agry.purdue.edu/index.html>
1
2
Elevation key
below 400 feet
400-600 feet
600-800 feet
800-1000 feet
1000-1200 feet
above 1200 feet
lowest point inIndiana, 320 feethighest point in
Indiana, 1257 feetSource: Adapted from IndianaGeological Survey, Surficial To-pography, <http:www.indiana.edu/~igs/maps/vtopo.html>
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2
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© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 3The Indiana Historian, December 1998
TerrainPhysiographicprovinces
(numbers correspondto chart below)
Southern limitof Wisconsinan
glacial boundary
Southern limit ofIllinoian glacial
boundary
➛
➛
Adapted from: IndianaGeological Survey, <http://
www.indiana.edu/~igs/maps/vphysio.html>
Adapted from:Cartesia Software,MapArt Stock ImageSeries: USA, <http://www.map-art.com>
notable featuresland usageterrainprovince(region or area)
plateau dissected by streams withbottoms of valleys as much as 450 ft.lower
30% of land in crops; 45% in pasture forgrazing beef cattle
some of highest elevations in state in this region
dunes show great biological diversity with largenumber of rare plantsnative vegetation along ridge from east to westincludes forests, wetlands, oak openings, prairiesarea once one of largest freshwater marshes inU.S. drawing hunters and fishermen from all overworldEuropean and American settlers significantlychanged land by draining wetlands and clearingforestsoriginally covered with dense swamp forests;rapidly cleared and drained by settlersglacial meltwaters carved deep canyons alongWabash River valley and tributaries; cool ravinesexhibit plant life more common in boreal northernforests
climate and environment of bottomlands alongOhio and Wabash River valleys resembles GulfCoast; mistletoe, bald cypress, and bamboo
a continuous belt of rugged hills running southfrom Putnam County to Perry County on the Ohiosignificant karst topography; Salem limestoneformation near Bedford world famous fordimensional building stoneescarpment most prominent landform in state
Falls of Ohio State Park at Clarksville containsfossilized remains of Devonian coral reef showingmore than 600 kinds of coral, fish, and plantsminor karst topography with sinkholes and cavesalong valley borders
large urban areas along lake; 70% of landin cropsmuch of area in farms growing corn, feedgrains, haymuch of area in farms, growing corn, feedgrains, hay
much of area in farms growing corn, feedgrains, hay, soybeans
farms occupy 90% of area; crops are corn,winter wheat, soybeans, hay90% of land in farms, growing corn, soybeans,feed grains, hay; dairying important near urbanareas; some truck and canning crops grownalso; oil and gas in east central section discovered1889, depleted by 191240 - 50% of land in crops including corn,soybeans, feed grains, strawberries, melons,and orchards; most available coal, oil, andgas in state in this regionHoosier National Forest occupies much ofarea; little urban developmentsmall to medium sized farms; hay and pasturefor beef cattle are principal crops; burley tobaccoimportant cash croplittle urban development; Brown County StatePark located in north central part of region
50% of farmland in crops, rest in pasture; tobaccoimportant cash crop
50% of farmland in crops; rest in pasture; tobacco important cash crop
many sand ridges; massive high dunes
elevated morainal ridge, 700 - 800 ft.above sea levelflat to gently rolling terrain, underlainby sand
most diverse area in Indiana, includesforests, lakes, bogs, fens, marshes,prairies, and savannasalmost level plain with few features
flat to gently rolling except for WabashRiver valley along western border
broad lowland about 500 ft. abovesea level; sand dunes along largerriver valleys
deeply dissected upland with state’slargest caves; steep stream valleysarea of low relief, sinkholes (300,000estimated) a primary feature
Knobstone Escarpment rises 300 ft.above lowland on eastern border,crests 400 - 600 ft. at New Albanywide alluvial plains; northern areacovered with up to 150 ft. of glacial drift
gently sloping plain; northern portioncovered with glacial drift up to 150 ft.
Calumet LacustrinePlainValparaiso MorainalArea
Kankakee Outwash and Lacustrine Plain
Steuben Morainal Lake Area
Maumee LacustrinePlain
Tipton Till Plain
Wabash Lowland
Crawford Upland
Mitchell Plain
Norman Upland
Scottsburg Lowland
Muscatatuck Regional Slope
Dearborn Upland
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
The Land of Indiana Sources: John Clements, Indiana Facts (Dallas, Tex., 1995), 40-41; Marion T. Jackson, ed., TheNatural Heritage of Indiana (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), 159-222; Alton A. Lindsey, ed.,Natural Features of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1966), 40-56.
12
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
1213
6
5
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4 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
Indiana‘s People
Key1 Vincennes—Territorial capital, 1800-1813. Firstsettled by the French in the early 18th century;Americans began settling in the 1780s.2 Clark’s Grant—Donated by Virginia to GeorgeRogers Clark’s soldiers, 1779. First settled 1784.3 Whitewater Valley—First settlers came from KY,NC, TN, VA, 1810-1820; later migrants also camefrom the same area and also included some Germansand Irish, 1830-1840.4 Ohio Valley—First settlers came from KY, TN, NC,VA, 1810-1820; Germans and Irish settled in thisarea, 1830-1850.5 Central Indiana—Settlers from OH, PA, VAfollowed the National Road to eastern Indiana border,1820-1840, spreading through the central part ofthe state.6 Upper Wabash Valley—Settlers from OH, PA,NY, and New England followed the Erie Canal andGreat Lakes to northern Indiana, 1830-1850; Irishand Germans also settled along the Wabash andErie Canal.7 Northern Indiana—Settlers from MI, OH, NewEngland; also settlers from south and central Indiana;some Germans and Canadians, 1830-1850.
Early Settlement of Indiana
Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, vol. 1; Moore; Taylor andMcBirney.
The land whichbecame the state of Indianawas occupied bypaleoindians, approximately12,000-10,000 years ago.There is rich archaeologicalevidence of their habitations.
Historic AmericanIndian tribes lived on thisland as well, inspiring thestate’s name—Indiana, theland of Indians.
The earliest docu-mented European to visitthe area was LaSalle in1679. French and laterBritish traders entered thisarea from Canada eager forfurs. They traded with theNative Americans, whogenerally established onlyseasonal villages. Frenchforts were established atsites that are now Lafayette(1717), Fort Wayne (1721),and Vincennes (1732).
Settlers from theBritish colonies on the eastcoast of America beganmigrating west in the mid-1700s seeking land forfarming. The AmericanRevolution and the forma-tion of the United States ofAmerica brought moredemand for western landand more conflicts withNative Americans, who hadestablished more permanentvillages.
The illustrations onpage 4 demonstrate thedisplacement of NativeAmericans by American andother settlers. The U.S.acquired Native Americanland through treaties,moving them farther north.By the 1840s, most NativeAmericans had been forciblyremoved from the state tothe West.
Various groups ofpeople over time bought andsettled these treaty lands. Inthe early 1800s, free blackswere among the settlers whocame to Indiana formingcommunities throughout thestate. In the 1860s after theCivil War, large numbers ofblacks came from the south
1830
Historic Native American Villages in Indiana
1679-1701
1772-1794
1810= historic Native American village
Source: Adapted from Ronald Hicks, ed., Native American Cultures in Indiana (Muncie, Ind.,1992), 62-63, 67-69.
U.S. Land Treatieswith Native Americans
Sources: Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs:Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C., 1903), vol.2.; Francis P. Prucha, Atlas of American IndianAffairs (Lincoln, Neb., 1990).
Adams
Allen
Barthol-omew
BentonBlack-ford
Boone
Brown
Carroll
Cass
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crawford
Daviess
DearbornDecatur
De Kalb
Delaware
Dubois
Elkhart
Fayette
Floyd
Fountain
Franklin
Fulton
Gibson
Grant
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Hendricks
Henry
Howard
Huntington
Jackson
Jasper
Jay
Jefferson
Jennings
Johnson
Knox
Kosciusko
La Grange
Lake
La Porte
Lawrence
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Newton
Noble
Ohio
Orange
Owen
Parke
Perry
Pike
Porter
Posey
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Ripley
Rush
St Joseph
Scott
Shelby
Spencer
Starke
Steuben
Sullivan
Switzerland
Tippecanoe
Tipton
Union
Vander-burgh
Verm
illio
n
Vigo
Wabash
Warren
Warrick
Washington
Wayne
WellsWhite
Whitley
4
4
21
6
5
3
4
77
7
1783
17951803
1804
1805
1809
1809
1817
1818
18401834
1826
1828
1821
18321832
1826
seeking jobs in Indiana’scities. Foreign-born immi-gration, mainly to Indianacities, peaked in 1910.
Indiana has becomehome to many ethnicpeoples, who continue toadd richness and diversityto the state’s heritage.
[
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 5The Indiana Historian, December 1998
Indiana’s Ten Largest Cities, 1860-1950
1860 1890 1920 1950Indianapolis Indianapolis Indianapolis IndianapolisNew Albany Evansville Fort Wayne GaryEvansville Fort Wayne Evansville Fort WayneLafayette Terre Haute South Bend EvansvilleFort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute South BendTerre Haute New Albany Gary HammondRichmond Richmond Muncie Terre HauteLa Porte Lafayette Hammond MuncieJeffersonville Logansport East Chicago East ChicagoVincennes Elkhart Kokomo Anderson
Gary
HammondSouth Bend
Fort Wayne
Muncie
AndersonIndianapolis
Terre Haute
Bloomington
Evansville
New Albany
La Porte
Lafayette
Richmond
Madison
Jeffersonville
Largest Indiana cities, 1850 and 1994
1994
1850
1850 and
1994
Sources: Indiana City & Town Estimates 1996, <http://www.iupui.edu/it/ibrc/Population/CITYEST/20cities96.html>; Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 538.
yeartotal
population white blackforeign
born
Indiana Population, 1800-1990
1800 4,875 4,577 2981830 343,031 339,399 3,6321860 1,350,428 1,338,710 11,428 118,2841890 2,192,404 2,146,736 45,215 146,2051920 2,930,390 2,849,071 80,810 150,8681950 3,934,224 3,758,512 174,168 100,6301980 5,490,260 5,004,567 414,732 101,8021990 5,544,159 5,020,700 432,092 94,000Source: Madison, Indiana Way, 325-29.
Total 5,864,108Hispanic 136,568Black 483,558American Indian 14,340Asian & Pacific Islander 53,361White 5,312,849
Indiana Population1997 Estimates
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, <http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/county/crh/crhin97.txt>
As the chart (below left) indicates, for over onehundred years, the rural population of the state of Indianaoutnumbered the urban population; in 1920, the percent-age of urban population outnumbered rural for the firsttime.
The two charts of the largest cities over time providean indication of how Indiana’s population has moved andgathered in urban areas throughout Indiana.
Indiana Rural and UrbanPopulation Growth, 1800--1990
Sources: Madison, Indiana Way, 325-29; U.S. Census Bureau “Table 1. Urbanand Rural Population: 1900 to 1990,” <http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/urpop0090.txt> (October 1995).
percentage of urban population
percentage of rural population
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1800 1830 1860 1890 1920 1950 1980 1990
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950(Washington, D.C., 1952), vol. 11, part 14, pp. 9-10.
6 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
Governing Indiana
Indiana Counties in 1816
After George RogersClark defeated the Britishat Fort Sackville, VincennesFebruary 25, 1779, the landthat became Indiana wasclaimed by the U.S. as partof the Treaty of Paris withGreat Britain in 1783,ending the AmericanRevolution. The land wasfirst organized by the U.S. in1787 as part of the NorthwestTerritory.
In 1800, the IndianaTerritory was formed. Itcontained all of the formerNorthwest Territory exceptthe area of the present stateof Ohio and a small part ofthe present state of Michi-gan. Vincennes became thecapital; William HenryHarrison was appointed thefirst of three territorialgovernors.
Indiana Territoryboundaries were alteredtwice: in 1805 with theformation of MichiganTerritory and in 1809 withthe formation of IllinoisTerritory. The territorialcapital was moved toCorydon, Harrison Countyin 1813.
When Indiana becamea state on December 11,1816, its boundaries wereestablished as they aretoday. A map of the countiesat statehood is on this page.Corydon became the capitalof the new state. JonathanJennings was elected firstgovernor of the state.
In January 1821, thesite of Indianapolis wasdesignated as the new statecapital, and the city wascreated. State governmentmoved to Indianapolis in thefall of 1824. The MarionCounty Courthouse servedas the first capitol building.State government movedinto a newly constructedState House in 1835. Thepresent State House wascompleted in 1888.
The state was governedunder the 1816 Constitutionuntil 1851. Indiana is stillgoverned under the 1851Constitution—with variousamendments. There arethree branches of govern-ment: legislative, executive(including administrative),and judicial.
The Indiana General
Assembly consists oftwo houses: a Houseof Representatives ofone hundred mem-bers and a Senate offifty members. Termsof representatives aretwo years; terms ofsenators are fouryears.
The governorand lieutenantgovernor are electedtogether; six otherofficials are elected:secretary of state,auditor of state,treasurer of state,attorney general,superintendent of publicinstruction, and clerk ofsupreme and appellatecourts. All officials servefour-year terms.
The judicial branchincludes three levels ofjurisdiction. The SupremeCourt consists of a chiefjustice and four associatejustices. The Court ofAppeals is based on geo-graphic districts; there arefive districts and fifteenjudges. There are ninetyCircuit Courts. Each judicial
circuit equals one county,except that Jefferson andSwitzerland counties makeup the fifth circuit andDearborn and Ohio countiesmake up the seventh circuit.
Indiana has ninety-twocounties formed from 1790to 1860. Some countieschanged boundaries as newcounties were formed. Manycounties have had severalcounty seats. The latestchange in a county seat wasin 1994 when Perry Countychanged to Tell City fromCannelton.
Adapted from: Pence and Armstrong, 147.
Knox
Vincennes
ClarksvilleCorydon
Gibson
WarrickHarri
son Clark
Fran
klin
Way
ne
Uno
rgan
ized
PoseyPerry
Dear-born
SwitzerlandJe
fferso
n
Wash-ington
Jackson
Ora
nge
Adapted from: Pence and Armstrong, 137.
Jonathan Jennings, firstgovernor of the State of
Indiana, portrait by JamesForbes. The state maintains a
Governors’ Portraits Collectionthat includes an image of allbut one territorial governor.
Information about governorsand artists is included on the
Indiana Historical BureauWeb site (www.statelib.lib.in.
us/www/ihb/ihb.html).
Northwest Territory 1787
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 7The Indiana Historian, December 1998
Adams1836
Allen1824
Barthol-omew
1821
Benton1840
Black-ford1838
Boone1830
Brown1836
Carroll1828
Cass1829
Clark1801
Clay1825
Clinton1830
Crawford1818
Daviess1817
Dear-born1803
Decatur1822
DeKalb1837
Delaware1827
Dubois1818
Elkhart1830
Fayette1819
Floyd1819
Fountain1826
Franklin1811
Fulton1836
Gibson1813
Grant1831
Greene1821
Hamilton1823
Hancock1828
Harrison1808
Hendricks1824
Henry1822
Howard1844
Hunting-ton1834
Jackson1816
Jasper1838
Jay1836
Jefferson1811
Jennings1817
Johnson1823
Knox1790
Kosciusko1837
LaGrange1832
Lake1837
La Porte1832
Lawrence1818
Madison1823
Marion1822
Marshall1836
Martin1820
Miami1834
Monroe1818
Montgomery1823
Morgan1822
Newton1859
Noble1836
Ohio1844
Orange1816
Owen1819
Parke1821
Perry1814
Pike1817
Porter1836
Posey1814
Pulaski1839
Putnam1822
Randolph1818
Ripley1818
Rush1822
St. Joseph1830
Scott1820
Shelby1822
Spencer1818
Starke1850
Steuben1837
Sullivan1817
Switzerland1814
Tippecanoe1826
Tipton1844
Union1821
Vander-burgh1818
Ver-mil-lion1824
Vigo1818
Wabash1835
Warren1827
Warrick1813
Washington1814
Wayne1811
Wells1837White
1834
Whitley1838
Decatur
Fort Wayne
ColumbusNashville
Lebanon
Fowler
Hartford City
Logansport
Delphi
Frankfort
Brazil
English
Washington
Jasper
Jeffersonville
Lawrence-burg
Greensburg
Muncie
Auburn
Goshen
Rochester
Covington
Connersville
Brookville
Bloomfield
Princeton
Marion
Noblesville
Kokomo
DanvilleGreenfield
New Castle
Huntington
Rensselaer
Franklin
Brownstown
Madison
Vernon
Portland
Warsaw
Vincennes
Bedford
La Porte
Crown Point
LaGrange
Plymouth
Peru
Anderson
Crawfordsville
Indianapolis
Bloomington
Martinsville
Shoals
Kentland
Albion
Rising Sun
Paoli
Spencer
Tell City
Petersburg
Mt. Vernon
GreencastleRockville
Winamac
Valparaiso
South Bend
Winchester
Rushville
Versailles
Shelbyville
Scottsburg
Vevay
Rockport
Sullivan
Knox
Angola
Tipton
Lafayette
Monticello
Columbia City
Wabash
Liberty
Salem
Corydon
Booanville
Evansville
Newport
Terre Haute
Richmond
Bluffton
Williamsport
New Albany
Indiana countiesand county seats
State Capitol in Corydon,1816-1824, now a statehistoric site
India
na S
tate
Lib
rary
,In
dia
na D
ivis
ion
.
State House in Indianapolis,1888 to the present
Keycounty name
date county established
county seat
Lake
1837
Crown Point
1790 to 1799
1800 to 1814
1815 to 1819
1820 to 1824
1825 to 1834
1835 to 1844
1845 to 1860
Dates counties established
India
na S
tate
Lib
rary
,In
dia
na D
ivis
ion
.
8 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
State Emblems, etc.Emblems and special days are established by law and
made a part of the Indiana Code (IC).Extended descriptions and explanations of these
items are provided on the Indiana Historical Bureau Website (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html).The Historical Bureau has a sheet of color emblems for sale.
Indiana State FlagThe blue and gold state banner was adopted by the 1917 General
Assembly as part of the commemoration of the state’s 1916 Centennialcelebration, after a competition sponsored by the Daughters of theAmerican Revolution. The winning design was by Paul Hadley ofMooresville, Indiana. The name was changed to flag by the 1955General Assembly. The dimensions were changed to standard usage.
The torch stands for liberty and enlightenment; the rays represent theirfar-reaching influence. The thirteen stars in a circle represent the originalthirteen states; the five stars in the circle represent the next five states; thelarge star is Indiana, the nineteenth state.
The state flag is always displayed on the observer’s right of the Americanflag.
Versions of this pioneer scene have beenused on Indiana seals since territorialdays. They are found on official papersas early as 1801. A seal wasprovided for in both the 1816 and1851 state constitutions. The 1963General Assembly gave legalsanction to this design and providedan official description (IC 1-2-4). Theelements are a woodsman, buffalo,sycamore trees, hills and a setting sun;leaves of the state tree are in the borderdesign.
Indiana State Seal
Round my Indiana homestead wave the cornfield,In the distance loom the woodlands clear and cool.Often times my thoughts revert to scenes of childhood,Where I first received my lessons, nature’s school.But one thing there is missing in the picture,Without her face it seems so incomplete.I long to see my mother in the doorway,As she stood there years ago, her boy to greet!REFRAIN Oh, the moonlight’s fair tonight along the Wabash,
From the fields there comes the breath of new mown hay.Thro’ the sycamores the candle lights are gleaming,On the banks of the Wabash, far away.
Many years have passed since I strolled by the river,Arm in arm with sweetheart Mary by my side.It was there I tried to tell her that I loved her,It was there I begged of her to be my bride.Long years have passed since I strolled thro’ the churchyard,She’s sleeping there my angel Mary, dear.I loved her but she thought I didn’t mean it,Still I’d give my future were she only here.Repeat REFRAIN
“On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away,” by Paul Dresser of TerreHaute, Indiana was adopted by the 1913 General Assembly (IC 1-2-6).
Indiana State Song
Indiana State TreeThe tulip tree, or yellow poplar, was adopted by the 1931 General
Assembly (IC 1-2-7). It blooms in May and June. Its leaf is in the border ofthe state seal.
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 9The Indiana Historian, December 1998
God crowned her hills with beauty,Gave her lakes and winding streams,
Then He edged them all with woodlandsAs the settings for our dreams.
Lovely are her moonlit rivers,Shadowed by the sycamores,
Where the fragrant winds of SummerPlay along the willowed shores.
I must roam those wooded hillsides,I must heed the native call,
For a Pagan voice within meSeems to answer to it all.
I must walk where squirrels scamperDown a rustic old rail fence,
Where a choir of birds is singingIn the woodland . . . green and dense.
I must learn more of my homelandFor it’s paradise to me,
There’s no haven quite as peaceful,There’s no place I’d rather be.
Indiana . . . is a gardenWhere the seeds of peace have grown,
Where each tree, and vine, and flowerHas a beauty . . . all its own.
Indiana State PoemIndiana, by Arthur Franklin Mapes of Kendallville, Indiana,was adopted by the 1963 General Assembly (IC 1-2-5).
The cardinal was adoptedby the 1933 General assembly(IC 1-2-8).
Indiana State Bird
Indiana State Stone
The Wabash River was adoptedby the 1996 General Assembly (IC1-2-11).
Indiana State River
Indiana State LanguageSalem Limestone was adopted by the 1971 General Assembly (IC 1-2-9).
English was adopted by the 1984 General Assembly (IC 1-2-10).
George Rogers Clark Day, February 25
Northwest Ordinance Day, July 13
Adopted by the 1975 General Assembly (IC 1-1-13) to celebratethe accomplishments of Clark in the American Revolution; on February25, 1779, the British surrendered to Clark at Vincennes, Indiana.
Indiana Day, December 11
Adopted by the 1988 General Assembly (IC 1-1-14) to celebratethe adoption by the U.S. Congress in 1787 of this ordinance whichestablished the Northwest Territory.
Adopted by the 1925 General Assembly (IC 1-1-10) tocommemorate the admission of Indiana to the Union in 1816 as thenineteenth state.
The peony was adopted by the 1957 General Assembly (IC 1-2-7). Itblooms the last of May and early June in various shades of red and pinkand in white. From 1931 to 1957, the zinnia was the state flower.
Indiana State Flower
10 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
Hoosiers and their HeritageHoosiers, like other
Americans, divide their livesbetween work, family, andleisure time.
Educational opportu-nities are a large concern.Indiana public and privateschools, colleges, anduniversities have continuedto educate Hoosiers andcontribute to the culturallife of the state.
Early Hoosiers hadgreat concern about reli-gious freedom, and manyreligious denominationshave flourished here andcontributed much to thefabric of Indiana life. In1990, 7,134 churches wereidentified serving 47.5percent of the population.
Residents from eventhe smallest town havepreserved their history andtraditions through muse-
ums, libraries, archives, andpublications. Today, thereare over 370 museums inIndiana focused on a varietyof subjects. There are over2,900 libraries—school,public, academic, institu-tional, and specialized. Inthe early twentieth century,Indiana received grants for164 Carnegie Libraries—more than any other state.
Hoosiers have beenprolific and successfulwriters. Studies havedetermined that best-sellingfiction by Indiana authorsranked second only to NewYork authors in the period1895-1965.
Indiana’s manycontributions to the visualarts include the HoosierGroup artists of the turn ofthe twentieth century.Today throughout the state,
Indiana’s cultural resourcesinclude many fine artists,orchestras, dance compa-nies, community theaters,art museums, historic andcontemporary visual artgalleries, local arts agencies,and statewide art servicesorganizations.
Hoosiers are avidlyinterested in sports—especially basketball, fromthe local high school teamto one’s favorite collegeteam. Other amateur sportscommand the attention ofHoosiers as well. Indianapo-lis has brought severalnational ventures to Indianain order to strengthen itsimage as an amateur sportscenter. Professional sportsare also well represented inIndiana. One of Indiana’soldest and most famous
sports venues is the India-napolis Motor Speedway. Itsfirst race was May 30, 1911.
Indiana’s naturalheritage has benefitted fromprivate and public attentionover the years. In 1916,Indiana began its state parksystem under RichardLieber, who became a leaderin the national conservationmovement. Indiana has 12state forests, 9 reservoirs,151 nature preserves, and18 fish and wildlife areas topreserve its natural heri-tage. Private organizationshelp to preserve manynatural areas in Indiana.There are 4 national areasdesignated for their specialimportance. Such areas arealso important for recreationfor Hoosiers and tourists.
Evansville
Bloomington
Terre Haute
Muncie
Anderson
Fort Wayne
South BendHammond
Gary
Indianapolis
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The Word “Hoosier”The name Hoosier for a person from
Indiana apparently became common af-ter 1833, when John Finley, Richmond,Indiana published his poem The Hoosier’sNest. The scene above was painted circa1844 by Marcus Mote and illustrates thepoem.
Jacob Piatt Dunn published TheWord Hoosier (Indianapolis, 1907) whichhas the basic research. No one as yet hasproved its true origin. One popular theoryis that settlers’ response “Who’s yere” toa knock on the door became the wordHoosier.
Indiana Division, Indiana State Library.
KeyIndiana State Park
IndianaState Reservoir
Indiana State Forest
Indiana State Fishand Wildlife area
Indiana DunesNational Lakeshore
HoosierNational Forest
NationalWildlife Refuge
Indiana‘sNatural Heritage
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© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 11The Indiana Historian, December 1998
Since the 1960s historic preservation organizationshave united to identify and save important elements ofthe built environment and archaeological sites ofIndiana’s prehistory. Through state and federal govern-ment efforts, Indiana sites have been identified and givenprotection as historic sites in the State Register and theNational Register of Historic Places.
The state has also designated 16 historic sitesunder the State Museum system and provided formilitary monuments under the War Memorials Commis-sion to honor Hoosiers who have died in combat. TheU.S. has designated 26 Indiana sites as national historiclandmarks, a national memorial, and a national historicpark with significance for all Americans.
Indiana Historic Sites
1 Angel Mounds2 Levi Coffin House3 J.F.D. Lanier Mansion4 New Harmony5 Corydon Capitol6 Culbertson Mansion7 Grissom Air Museum8 Colonel William Jones House9 Limberlost10 Mansfield Roller Mill11 Pigeon Roost12 Ernie Pyle Birthplace13 T.C. Steele House14 Gene Stratton-Porter House15 Vincennes Sites16 Whitewater Canal17 Joseph Bailly Homestead18 Broad Ripple Park Dentzel Carousel19 Butler Fieldhouse20 Cannelton Cotton Mills21 Eleutherian College22 Eugene V. Debs House23 Benjamin Harrison House24 William Henry Harrison House25 Hillforest26 Indiana World War Memorial Plaza
Historic District27 Indianapolis Motor Speedway28 Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial29 James Whitcomb Riley House
Key
Indiana State Historic Siteand National Historic Landmark
Indiana State Historic Site
National Historic Landmark
National Historic Park
National Historic Landmarkand National Memorial
30 Charles Shrewsbury House31 Spencer Park Dentzel Carousel32 Tippecanoe Battlefield33 Tippecanoe Place34 Madame C.J. Walker Building35 General Lew Wallace Study36 Wallace Circus Winter Quarters37 George Jr. and Marie Daugherty
Webster House38 West Baden Springs Hotel39 George Rogers Clark National
Historic Park
Evansville
Hammond
Gary
South Bend
Fort Wayne
Muncie
Anderson
Terre Haute
Bloomington
Evansville5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1819
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2729
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
28
39
1
2
3
4
Indianapolis
The Indiana historical marker forMadison Historic District, JeffersonCounty. The Indiana Historical Bureauadministers the state historical markerprogram to honor state and localheritage. Markers are listed on its Website (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html).
[
12 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
Commerce and Industry
Sullivan
KnoxDaviess
Gibson
Warrick
Posey
Fort Wayne
GarySouth Bend
Hammond
Muncie
Anderson
Terre Haute
Bloomington
Evansville
Indianapolis
3
2
1
4
Key
Indiana’s extensivenatural resources havegreatly influenced itsdevelopment. It has millionsof acres of fertile soil, afavorable climate for agricul-ture, many mineral re-sources in large amounts,and a significant amount ofhardwood timber in its forests.
Indiana’s economy hasalways been heavily depen-dent on agriculture andagricultural-related prod-ucts and industries. Diver-sity of products and cropshas been a large part of its
continuing strength. Thechart Indiana Farms, 1860-1992 on page 13 demon-strates how Indiana’s farmsand farm population havechanged dramatically overtime.
Manufacturing andindustry in Indiana havevaried with technologicaladvances and societalchanges over the years.Again diversity has led to ahealthy economy for themost part. Lumber-basedand transportation-relatedindustries have long played
an important part in thestate’s economy. Industriesbased on metals, chemicals,and other products haveproved strong in Indiana’seconomic base in thetwentieth century.
The mineral resourcesof Indiana—coal, stone, gas,gravel, clay, and otherproducts—for the most partcontinue to play a valuablepart in the economy.
In 1996, the largestnumber of jobs—2,950,416—in Indiana were
in the non-farm privatesector. In decreasing orderof number of employees,Hoosiers worked in ser-vices; manufacturing; retailtrade; government andgovernment enterprises;finance, insurance, and realestate; construction;transportation and publicutilities; wholesale trade;farm employment; agricul-tural services, forestry,fishing, etc.; and mining.
Natural Resources in Indiana
CoalIndiana counties currently mining
the most coal and havingthe most reserves for future mining
LimestoneLocation of Salem limestone
formation where bestbuilding stone is located
Northern Forest Survey Unitwith 24% of Indiana forest land
Lower Wabash Forest Survey Unitwith 21% of Indiana forest land
Knobs Forest Survey Unitwith 46% of Indiana forest land
Upland Flats Forest Survey Unitwith 9% of Indiana forest land
11111
22222
33333
44444
Sources: W. L. Fix, The Forests of Indiana (FNR 34, revised 1993, WestLafayette, Ind.); Indiana Limestone, <http://www.ipalco.com/ABOUTIPALCO/Environment/Limestone/Limestone.html>; History ofMining in Indiana, <http://www.state.in.us/dnr/reclamation/education.html>.
• In 1986, 402 million board feet of hardwoodlumber were produced by Indiana mills.
• In 1909, United States Steel’s Gary Worksopened as the largest steel mill in the world.
• In the 1880s, natural gas was discovered ineast-central Indiana attracting factories thatmade glass, tinplate, and strawboard.
• In 1850, there were nearly 1,000 grain mills inIndiana.
• By the mid-1840s, Madison, Jefferson Countywas the third largest pork-packing center in theMidwest.
Looking back
[
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 13The Indiana Historian, December 1998
Indiana Agriculture, 1860-1997Rankings in U.S. for selected crops and livestock
1860 1890 1920 1950 1982 1997
corn 4th 7th 4th 4th 3rd 5thwheat 2nd 4th 8th 11th 18th 14thoats 12th 7th 6th 15th 18thsoybeans 2nd 3rd 4thhogs 1st 4th 3rd 4th 5th
crop/livestock
Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 220, 410, 414, 416, 420; 1982 Census ofAgriculture, Vol. 1, part 51, U.S. Summary and State Data; Indiana AgriculturalStatistics, <http://www.aes.purdue.edu/agstat/ranking/rank97.txt>; Thornbrough,Indiana, 381.
Indiana Farms 1860 - 1992Farm
populationAcres of
farmlandNumberof farms
na 132,000 16,388,000
998,000 198,000 20,363,000
914,000 205,000 21,063,000
667,000 167,000 19,659,000
77,180* 77,180 16,294,268
62,778* 62,778 15,618,831
1860
1890
1920
1950
1982
1992*Census categories changed from “farm population” to “operators” of farms, full or part time
Sources: Historical Statistics of the U.S., Part 1, 458-60; 1992 Census of Agricul-ture, Indiana, <http://govinfo.library.orst.edu/cgi-bin/ag-list?01-state.ins>.
1860flour & grist milling
lumber
meat packing
liquor
machinery
textiles
carriages & wagons
boots & shoes
leather
furniture
1890flour & grist milling
lumber
meat packing
railroad cars
carriages & wagons
foundry & machine shop products
liquor
clothing
furniture
food
1920iron & steel
automobiles
railroad cars
meat packing
food
foundry & machineshop products
flour & grist milling
printing & paper
furniture
clothing
1947primary metal industies
transportation equipment
machinery
food & kindred products
electrical machinery
chemicals & allied products
fabricated metal products
petroleum & coal products
stone, clay & glass products
furniture & fixtures
1977primary metal industriestransportation equipmentelectric & electronic equipmentfood & kindred productsmachineryfabricated metal productschemicals & allied productspetroleum & coal productsrubber & miscellaneous plastics productsprinting & publishing
1992transportation equipmentprimary metal industrieschemicals & allied productsfood & kindred productselectronic & electric equipmentindustrial machinery & equipmentfabricated metal productsrubber & miscellaneous plastics productspetroleum & coal productsprinting & publishing
Indiana Industries, 1860-1992 Top ten industries by value of product
Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 239, 242, 436, 444; 1977 Census of Manufactures, Indiana; 1992 Census of Manufactures, Indiana.
Men working in a quarry of the Indiana LimestoneCompany, Inc., Bedford. This company supplied the stonefor the Empire State Building, New York, completed in1931. Indiana limestone has also been used in thePentagon, the National Cathedral, and the U.S. HolocaustMemorial and Museum, Washington, D.C.
India
na D
ivis
ion
, In
dia
na S
tate
Lib
rary
.
Indiana AgricultureMore 1997 rankings in U.S.
1st ducks1st popcorn2nd ice cream production3rd tomatoes for processing4th egg production4th peppermint5th cantaloupes7th blueberries7th turkeys8th tobacco
Source: Indiana Agricultural Statistics, <http://www.aes.purdue.edu/agstat/ranking/rank97.txt>.
14 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998
Transportation
Evansville
Fort Wayne
GarySouth Bend
Anderson
Bloomington
Hammond
Muncie
Terre HauteIndianapolis
9490 80
469
6965
46570
275
74
65
74
70
265
64164
Federal aid
1 National Road
2 Michigan Road
3 Wabash and Erie CanalIndiana InternalImprovements Act 1836
4 Whitewater Canal
5 Central Canal
6 Wabash Canalextension
7 Madison andIndianapolis railroad
8 New Albanyto Vincennes turnpike
9 Jeffersonvilleto Crawfordsvilleroad
10 Removal ofWabash Riverobstructionsto Vincennes
11 Erie and Michigan Canal
Indiana’sinterstatehighways
Indiana’s major railroadlines, airports, andinternational ports
Rail lines
Airports
Indiana’s International Port/Burns Harbor at Portage
Southwind Maritime Centreat Mount Vernon
Clark Maritime Centreat Jeffersonville
1
2
3
Indiana’s geographicallocation has made it acrossroads area and en-couraged development oftransportation systems.
Soon after statehood,federal financial assistancein the form of land to selland use, resulted in thebuilding of the Wabash andErie Canal and the Michi-gan Road. The federalgovernment also built theNational Road in Indianafrom 1829 to 1834. It is nowU.S. 40.
The Internal Improve-ments Act of 1836 was thestate’s over-ambitiousattempt to address trans-portation needs of Hoosiers,especially for commerce andtrade. Eight major projectswere specified. The lawresulted in financial disas-ter, and construction wasstopped in 1839. Manyprojects were later com-pleted with public andprivate funding.
The state has been amajor railroad center, withits highest mileage of over7,600 miles in 1920. Today,Indiana has approximately4,500 miles of track.
Highways—and theninterstate highways startingin 1952—became the majorground transportation.Today, the state has thir-teen interstate highways—more than any other state—with a total of 1,138 miles.
Travel and trade bywater has always beenimportant to Indiana.Today, barges and ships atIndiana’s three interna-tional ports handle millionsof dollars worth of trade toand from the state.
Aviation has becomean important part ofIndiana’s transportationnetwork. Today, Indianahas 117 public accessairports and 564 privateaccess airports throughoutthe state.
Early Internal Improvements in Indiana
Indiana‘s Transportation Today
Key
Source: Carmony, 139,178,195-96.
Maps adapted from: Cartesia Software,MapArt US Geopolitical Deluxe, <http://www.map-art.com>.
[
Ohio River
SouthBend
Fort Wayne
Lafayette
Terre Haute
Evansville
New Albany Jeffersonville
Lawrenceburg
Cincinnaati
Richmond
Muncie
Anderson
Indianapolis
MichiganCity
MadisonVincennes
10
8
9
4
7
6
2
1
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3
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© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 15The Indiana Historian, December 1998
Selected ResourcesA Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources: Items are listed on this page that enhance work with thetopic discussed. Some older items, especially, may include dated practices and ideas thatare no longer generally accepted. Resources reflecting current practices are notedwhenever possible.
The Indiana HistorianDecember 1998ISSN 1071-3301
Order Number 7046
EditorPamela J. Bennett
Lead ResearcherPaula A. Bongen
DesignerDani B. Pfaff
Contributing EditorsCarole M. Allen, Janine Beckley,
Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff,Virginia Terpening
The Indiana Historian provides re-sources and models for the study oflocal history to encourage Indiana’s citi-zens of all ages to become engaged withthe history of their communities andthe state of Indiana.
The Indiana Historian (formerly TheIndiana Junior Historian) is issued quar-terly from September through June.
It is a membership benefit for theIndiana Junior Historical Society andHistorical Bureau Associates. One com-plimentary subscription is provided toIndiana libraries, school media centers,and cultural and historical organiza-tions.
Annual subscriptions are availablefor $5.00 plus tax. Back issues areavailable at individual and bulk pricing.
This material is available to visuallyimpaired patrons in audio format, cour-tesy of the Indiana History Project of theIndiana Historical Society. Tapes areavailable through the Talking BooksProgram of the Indiana State Library;contact the Talking Books Program, 317-232-3702.
The Indiana Historian is copyrighted.Educators may reproduce items for classuse, but no part of the publication maybe reproduced in any way for profitwithout written permission of the Indi-ana Historical Bureau.
Bibliography• Barnhart, John D., andDonald F. Carmony. Indi-ana: From Frontier toIndustrial Commonwealth. 4vols, New York, 1954.Reprint, 2 vols., Indianapo-lis, 1979.
Volumes 1 and 2 coverprehistory through the earlytwentieth century. Standardsource.• Carmony, Donald F.Indiana: 1816-1850: ThePioneer Era. Indianapolis,1998.
Standard source for thisperiod.• Madison, James H. TheIndiana Way: A StateHistory. Bloomington andIndianapolis, 1986.
Covers prehistory to the1980s.• Moore, Powell A. TheCalumet Region: Indiana’sLast Frontier. Indianapolis,1959. Reprint withAfterword by Lance Trusty,1977. Reprint, 1991.
History to the close of1933, including economic,social, cultural and politicalaffairs. Afterword updates to1977.• Pence, George, and NellieC. Armstrong. IndianaBoundaries: Territory, State,and County. Indianapolis,1933.
Standard source fordevelopment of legal bound-aries.• Taylor, Robert M., Jr.,and Connie A. McBirney,eds. Peopling Indiana: TheEthnic Experience. India-napolis, 1996.
Excellent source onIndiana’s ethnic history.• Thornbrough, Emma Lou.Indiana in the Civil War Era,1850-1880. Indianapolis,1965. Reprint, 1977, 1989.
Standard source for thisperiod.
Additional resources• Barnhart, John D., and
Dorothy Riker. Indiana to1816: The Colonial Period.Indianapolis, 1971. Reprint,1983, 1994.
Standard source for thisperiod.• Bennett, Pamela J., andShirley S. McCord, comps.Progress after Statehood: ABook of Readings. India-napolis, 1974.
Excerpts from primarysources.• Bodenhamer, David J.,and Robert G. Barrows, eds.The Encyclopedia of India-napolis. Bloomington, 1994.
Excellent reference forIndianapolis history.• Bremer, John A. Constitu-tion Making in Indiana. Vol.4, 1930-1960. Indianapolis,1978.
History of 1851 Constitu-tion through 1960; also seeKettleborough.• Buley, R. Carlyle. The OldNorthwest: Pioneer Period,1815-1840. 2 vols. India-napolis, 1950. Reprint,Bloomington, 1983.
Pulitzer Prize-winningstandard source for thisperiod.• Gray, Ralph D. PublicPorts for Indiana: A Historyof the Indiana Port Commis-sion. Indianapolis, 1998.
Up-to-date informationand history.• Kettleborough, Charles.Constitution Making inIndiana. 3 vols. Indianapo-lis, 1916, 1930. Reprint,1971, 1975, 1977.
Covers adoption andamendment of the 1816 and1851 constitutions through1930; also see Bremer.• Lindley, Harlow, ed.Indiana as Seen by EarlyTravelers. Indianapolis,1916. Reprint, 1992.
Excerpts from primarysources, such as travelbooks, letters, and diariesbefore 1830.• Madison, James H.Indiana through Tradition
and Change: A History of theHoosier State and Its People,1920-1945. Indianapolis,1982.
Standard source for thisperiod.• McCord, Shirley S.,comp. Travel Accounts ofIndiana, 1679-1961. India-napolis, 1970.
Excerpts from primarysources.• Phillips, Clifton J. Indi-ana in Transition: TheEmergence of an IndustrialCommonwealth, 1880-1920.Indianapolis, 1968.
Standard source for thisperiod.• Rafert, Stewart. TheMiami Indians of Indiana: APersistent People, 1654-1994. Indianapolis, 1996.
Miami Nation and itsstruggle to preserve itsculture and legal status as atribe.• Rudolph, L. C. HoosierFaiths: A History of IndianaChurches & ReligiousGroups. Bloomington andIndianapolis, 1995.
Excellent reference.• Thornbrough, Emma Lou.The Negro in Indiana before1900: A Study of a Minority.Indianapolis, 1957. Reprint,Bloomington, 1993.
Provides importantcontext for attitudes andactivities with regard toblack soldiers and blackcitizens.• Thornbrough, Gayle, andDorothy Riker, comps.Readings in Indiana History.Indianapolis, 1956. Reprint,1991.
Excerpts from primarysources.• Walsh, Justin E. TheCentennial History of theIndiana General Assembly,1816-1978. Indianapolis,1987.
Comprehensive examina-tion of legislative andpolitical history.
Internet SitesInformation about
Indiana topics on theInternet continually in-creases. Several importantsources are cited in thisissue and below. TheIndiana Historical BureauWeb site has links to manysites related to this issue,but the Web user can findmany more.Indiana Historical Bureau:<http://www.ihb.statelib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html>Indiana State Library:<http://www.statelib.lib.in.us>Indiana Historical Society:<http://www2.indianahistory.org/ihs1830/>State of Indiana, AccessIndiana: <http://www.state.in.us>
Just the Facts!Just the Facts!Just the Facts!Physical features, pages 2-3• Indiana’s geographic area is 36,420 square miles: 35,870
of land and 550 of water.• Indiana is the 38th state in rank by size.• Indiana is 265 miles long from north to south and 140
miles wide from east to west.• Indiana’s highest point is 1,257 feet in Wayne County;
lowest is 320 feet in Posey County.• Indiana wetlands, originally estimated at 5.6 million
acres, consisted of 813,000 acres in 1995.• Indiana forests originally covered an estimated 20 million
acres; in 1998 fewer than 2,000 acres of old growth forestremain.
Indiana’s people, pages 4-5• In 1997, Indiana’s population was estimated to be
5,864,108, ranking 14th in the U.S.• In 1990, 75.6 percent of Hoosiers were high school
graduates; 15.6 percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher.• Vincennes, Knox County is the oldest continuous settle-
ment in Indiana.• Indiana has contributed 2 presidents and 5 vice presi-
dents to the U.S.• In 1838, the Potawatomi Indians were removed from
Indiana to Kansas on what is called the “Trail of Death.”
Governing Indiana, pages 6-7• Frank O’Bannon is the 47th governor of the State of
Indiana.• The General Assembly meets in a 61-day session in odd-
numbered years and in a 30-day session in even num-bered years.
• In the U.S. Congress, Indiana has 2 senators and 10representatives.
• Indiana has 92 counties.• In the 1850 constitutional convention, the largest catego-
ries of delegates were farmers (42 percent), lawyers (25percent), and physicians (12 percent).
• Indiana became the 19th state on December 11, 1816.
State emblems, etc., pages 8-9• Bird - Cardinal • Tree - tulip tree• Flower - peony • Stone - Salem limestone• Language - English • River - Wabash River• Poem - Indiana, by Arthur Franklin Mapes• Song - “On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away,” by Paul
Dresser• Motto - The Crossroads of America (1937 General Assem-
bly resolution)• Nickname - The Hoosier State• There are many theories, but no certain answer, about
the origin of the name “Hoosier.”
Hoosiers and their heritage, pages 10-11• In 1998 Indiana has 1,285 properties listed in the Na-
tional Register of Historic Places.• Indiana has identified 47,500 archaeological sites.• Indiana has 65 public and private colleges and universities.• Indiana has professional sports teams in baseball, bas-
ketball, football, ice hockey, indoor soccer, soccer, andwomen’s soccer.
• Indiana’s first modern lottery tickets were sold on Octo-ber 13, 1989. In 1818, legislators passed a lottery law toraise funds for a canal.
• In 1852, the first Indiana State Fair was held in India-napolis.
Commerce and industry, pages 12-13• In 1997, the state’s unemployment rate was 3.5
percent.• In 1996-97, Indiana ranked 8th in national coal
production with about 34 million tons. Approximately95 percent was by surface mining methods.
• Indiana ranks 3rd in U.S. in hardwood forest productsmanufactured.
• In 1992, Indiana farmland was 15.6 million acres of atotal land area of 23 million acres.
• In 1929, Indiana furnished 12 million cubic feet ofdimension limestone for building construction. Today,nearly 2.7 million cubic feet of Indiana limestone isquarried annually.
• In 1915, the Coca-Cola bottle was created in TerreHaute by Root Glass Company.
Transportation, page 14• U.S. 231 is the longest Indiana roadway at 297 miles; it
spans the entire length of the state and crosses 14counties.
• State Highway Commission was created in 1919 by theIndiana General Assembly.
• Indiana’s first municipal airport was dedicated in 1919 inKokomo.
• In 1850, Indiana had 228 miles of rail lines; by 1860, itincreased to 2,163 miles.
• In 1836, Michigan City, the only established Indiana cityon Lake Michigan, received funds from the U.S. Congressto construct a harbor.
• A law of 1816-17 required males age 18-50 to donate upto 6 days labor annually to open and maintain publicroads.