Key idea: The UK has a range of diverse landscapes.
Task 1: Use an atlas to label the map of UK rivers and the map showing UK upland areas on the
previous two pages.
Task 2: Use the map of upland areas in the UK to answer the following question:
Q: Describe the distribution of upland areas in the UK. (4marks)
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In order to describe a distribution you need to…
Give a sense of the overall pattern using compass directions.
Say which countries of the UK they are mainly found in and
back this up with examples.
Give any anomalies to the general pattern.
Key idea: Ice was a powerful force in shaping the landscape of the UK.
As the climate has changed in the past, at various times when the Earth has been colder that it
is now (in an ice age) the UK has been covered by ice. The map shows the extent of ice cover
across the UK in the last major cold period 20,000 year ago.
Key terms:
Glacier: _____________________________________________________
Ice age: _____________________________________________________
Interglacial: __________________________________________________
During this time,
the landscape was
covered in
glaciers which
bulldozed their
way across the
landscape making
it what it is today.
Today we are in an
interglacial, a
relatively warm
period and there
are no glaciers
left in the UK.
Glacial processes:
A range of processes occur in and around glaciers to shape the landscape.
Match the glacial process to its description:
The most common process of weathering that takes place in glacial
areas where during the day, water gets into cracks in the rock. This
freezes and expands by 9% at night when temperatures fall below
zero, making the cracks bigger. Eventually bits of rock break off and
fall onto the glacier below.
The process of erosion where meltwater at the base of a glacier
freezes onto rock below. As the glacier moves forwards it pulls pieces
of rock away with it.
The process of erosion where rocks within the ice (from either freeze
thaw weathering or plucking) are scraped along the valley floor as the
ice moves. This wears away the rock below in a sandpapering action.
The process of ice movement where water at the base of the glacier
causes it to slide along the rock surface below.
Basal sliding in a curved movement because it takes place where the
glacier is in a hollow on the mountainside (a corrie.)
The movement of material at the snout of the glacier where soil, rocks
and boulders are shoved forwards by the sheer force of the moving
ice.
The carrying along of pieces of rock added to the ice by freeze thaw
weathering and plucking, on top, within or at the base of the glacier.
Rocks within the ice are put down or deposited when the ice melts.
This mainly happens at the snout (front) of the glacier where most
melting happens.
Rotational slip * Plucking * deposition * basal sliding * abrasion * freeze-thaw weathering *
transportation * bulldozing
So, in summary:
Freeze thaw weathering of rock above the glacier adds rock fragments to the ice.
More fragments are added through plucking at the base of the glacier.
The glacier moves along the valley floor by basal sliding and erodes the rock at the base
through abrasion.
At the snout of the glacier where temperatures are warmer, melting occurs and rocks
within the ice are deposited.
Describe how a glacier erodes the landscape. (3marks)
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A bit more about deposition:
When the ice melts and directly drops the rock it is carrying, this material is called ________.
The water that is created when the glacier melts is called meltwater and these meltwater
streams also carry bits of rock (sediment) within them. This will later be deposited further
away from the glacier when the stream runs out of energy. This material is called
_______________.
Complete the following summary table to show the differences between till and outwash:
Till Outwash
Deposited by…
Shape
Is it sorted by size?
Is it deposited in layers?
Why is it deposited?
Distinguish between till and outwash. (3marks)
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Key idea: Distinctive glacial landforms are created by different processes.
1. Landforms of glacial erosion:
Corries, aretes and pyramidal peaks:
Key processes: _______________________________________________
Remember – when explaining the formation of
landforms you must:
a) Give the full sequence of formation.
b) Name and explain the processes involved.
Description of a corrie: An armchair shaped hollow on a mountainside with a steep back wall and
a rock lip at the front. It may contain a lake called a tarn.
In the space below, draw a sequence of diagrams with your teacher to show the sequence of
formation of a corrie:
Label the following on the photo below:
A place where freeze thaw weathering is happening.
Steep back wall.
Rock lip
Tarn.
What type of glacial movement created this corrie? ___________________
Which two processes of erosion created this corrie? ___________________
Description of an arete: A knife edged ridge found between two corries.
Formation: Formed when two corries erode a mountain back to back causing the land in-between
to become narrower.
Label an arete on the photograph on the previous page.
Description of a pyramidal peak: A sharp point in the landscape.
Formation: Formed when 3 or more corries erode back to back.
Glacial Troughs and associated features: With your teacher annotate these diagrams to show
the sequence of formation of a glacial trough (U shaped valley) and the different features
associated with it.
Match the description with the feature:
Feature Description
U shaped valley with a flat valley bottom and
steep valley sides.
Where the river used to flow round harder
rock forming interlocking spurs, the glacier
bulldozes straight through them cutting them
off.
Smaller tributary glaciers flowed into the
main one but couldn’t erode as deeply. When
the ice melted, smaller valleys were left
perched above the main glacial trough and
often a waterfall can be found.
A long, narrow lake formed where the glacier
has eroded more deeply. This may have been
where the ice became thicker as a tributary
glacier joined or where there was an area of
softer rock.
Hanging valley * truncated spurs * ribbon lake * glacial trough
Label the photograph to show the main features of a glacial trough: (3marks)
Explain the formation of a corrie. (4marks)
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Explain the formation of a glacial trough. (4marks)
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Suggest one
process currently
occurring in this
landscape. (1mark)
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2. Landforms created by transport and deposition:
Moraines:
Moraine is the name given to piles of material transported and deposited by the glacier.
Annotate the diagram below to describe the location of different types of moraine:
With your teacher, give a sequence of formation of moraine.
Moraines are made of till. Give two characteristics of till:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
Drumlins:
Smooth, egg shaped hills about 10m high and several hundred meters long. They are often found
in clusters on the floor of a glacial trough. Draw a sketch with your teacher. Make sure you
include the direction the ice flowed over them.
We are unsure of how drumlins formed. Why do you think this is? What we do know is this:
Erratics:
The picture below shows an erratic. Annotate it to explain what it is and how it formed.
Explain how processes of transportation and deposition can form a variety of landforms in
glaciated areas. (6marks)
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Sort the following into the following 4 boxes:
Deposition * plucking * bulldozing * corrie * glacial trough * drumlin * abrasion *
transportation * truncated spur * erratic * hanging valley * ribbon lake * pyramidal peak
* arete * moraine
Processes of erosion:
Processes of transportation/deposition:
Landforms of erosion:
Landforms of deposition:
The Lake District in Norther England is an example of an area in the UK that was previously
covered by ice which shaped its landscape through processes of erosion and deposition. It is
famous for its mountains, lakes and beautiful landscapes. It contains England’s highest mountain,
Scafell Pike and longest lake, Lake Windermere.
Study p186 and 187 of the white textbook and complete the table to summarise the glacial
landforms of erosion and deposition found at the Lake District.
Name and type of
landform
Location Caused by erosion or
deposition?
Further details
Red Tarn – a corrie
with a lake in
East of Lake
Thirlmere
Erosion (abrasion and
plucking)
A deep wide hollow in
the landscape with a
steep back wall
Striding edge is an
example of an
Lake Coniston is an
example of a
Glacial trough
Keswick
Terminal moraine
Drumlin swarms
Erratics
Study the OS map on p139 of the blue textbook and answer the questions on the activity sheet:
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Key Idea: Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts.
Complete the 4 boxes below to summarise economic uses of previously glaciated areas: Try to
name examples of places where possible.
Farming: Write 3 bullet points each about
the following:
Farming on upland slopes:
Farming on valley floors of U shaped valleys:
Farming in lowland glaciated areas
Quarrying – extracting rock
Quarrying in upland areas:
Quarrying in lowland areas:
Forestry:
Tourism:
List the attractions of previously glaciated
areas for tourism:
Extension: Why is in necessary to develop a range of economic activities in glaciated areas?
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Conflicts in glaciated areas:
The main argument is between those who want to develop the Lake District to make money and
provide jobs and those who want to conserve (look after) the beautiful landscape and natural
environment.
Development project 1: Wind
farms in the Lake District.
Development project 2:
Glenridding zip wire proposal
in the Lake District.
Description and key facts
about the project:
Who is for this project?
What are the arguments for?
Who is against this project?
What are the arguments
against?
Did the project go ahead?
Extra: Give your own opinion
on the project and justify it.
As well as conflicts between development and conservation, there may be conflict between land
uses.
Why are uplands good for the following activities?
1. Military training?
2. Reservoir creation?
3. Wind turbines?
Explain why there might be a conflict between the following:
1. Military training and tourism?
2. The creation of reservoirs and Farming or forestry?
3. Wind turbines and tourism?
An example of a glaciated upland area used for tourism: The Lake District:
Physical attractions to the Lake District
(natural features that people want to go and
see.)
Cultural/historical attractions
Social impacts of tourism:
Economic impacts of tourism:
Environmental impacts of tourism:
How is tourism managed 1? traffic congestion
How is tourism managed 2? Footpath erosion:
Which groups of people might be for tourism in the Lake District?
Which groups of people might be against tourism in the Lake District?
Discuss how the negative effects of tourism can be managed. (9marks)
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Extra notes:
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