Key idea: The UK has a range of diverse landscapes.

Task 1: Use an atlas to label the map of UK rivers and the map showing UK upland areas on the

previous two pages.

Task 2: Use the map of upland areas in the UK to answer the following question:

Q: Describe the distribution of upland areas in the UK. (4marks)

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In order to describe a distribution you need to…

Give a sense of the overall pattern using compass directions.

Say which countries of the UK they are mainly found in and

back this up with examples.

Give any anomalies to the general pattern.

Key idea: Ice was a powerful force in shaping the landscape of the UK.

As the climate has changed in the past, at various times when the Earth has been colder that it

is now (in an ice age) the UK has been covered by ice. The map shows the extent of ice cover

across the UK in the last major cold period 20,000 year ago.

Key terms:

Glacier: _____________________________________________________

Ice age: _____________________________________________________

Interglacial: __________________________________________________

During this time,

the landscape was

covered in

glaciers which

bulldozed their

way across the

landscape making

it what it is today.

Today we are in an

interglacial, a

relatively warm

period and there

are no glaciers

left in the UK.

Glacial processes:

A range of processes occur in and around glaciers to shape the landscape.

Match the glacial process to its description:

The most common process of weathering that takes place in glacial

areas where during the day, water gets into cracks in the rock. This

freezes and expands by 9% at night when temperatures fall below

zero, making the cracks bigger. Eventually bits of rock break off and

fall onto the glacier below.

The process of erosion where meltwater at the base of a glacier

freezes onto rock below. As the glacier moves forwards it pulls pieces

of rock away with it.

The process of erosion where rocks within the ice (from either freeze

thaw weathering or plucking) are scraped along the valley floor as the

ice moves. This wears away the rock below in a sandpapering action.

The process of ice movement where water at the base of the glacier

causes it to slide along the rock surface below.

Basal sliding in a curved movement because it takes place where the

glacier is in a hollow on the mountainside (a corrie.)

The movement of material at the snout of the glacier where soil, rocks

and boulders are shoved forwards by the sheer force of the moving

ice.

The carrying along of pieces of rock added to the ice by freeze thaw

weathering and plucking, on top, within or at the base of the glacier.

Rocks within the ice are put down or deposited when the ice melts.

This mainly happens at the snout (front) of the glacier where most

melting happens.

Rotational slip * Plucking * deposition * basal sliding * abrasion * freeze-thaw weathering *

transportation * bulldozing

So, in summary:

Freeze thaw weathering of rock above the glacier adds rock fragments to the ice.

More fragments are added through plucking at the base of the glacier.

The glacier moves along the valley floor by basal sliding and erodes the rock at the base

through abrasion.

At the snout of the glacier where temperatures are warmer, melting occurs and rocks

within the ice are deposited.

Describe how a glacier erodes the landscape. (3marks)

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A bit more about deposition:

When the ice melts and directly drops the rock it is carrying, this material is called ________.

The water that is created when the glacier melts is called meltwater and these meltwater

streams also carry bits of rock (sediment) within them. This will later be deposited further

away from the glacier when the stream runs out of energy. This material is called

_______________.

Complete the following summary table to show the differences between till and outwash:

Till Outwash

Deposited by…

Shape

Is it sorted by size?

Is it deposited in layers?

Why is it deposited?

Distinguish between till and outwash. (3marks)

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Key idea: Distinctive glacial landforms are created by different processes.

1. Landforms of glacial erosion:

Corries, aretes and pyramidal peaks:

Key processes: _______________________________________________

Remember – when explaining the formation of

landforms you must:

a) Give the full sequence of formation.

b) Name and explain the processes involved.

Description of a corrie: An armchair shaped hollow on a mountainside with a steep back wall and

a rock lip at the front. It may contain a lake called a tarn.

In the space below, draw a sequence of diagrams with your teacher to show the sequence of

formation of a corrie:

Label the following on the photo below:

A place where freeze thaw weathering is happening.

Steep back wall.

Rock lip

Tarn.

What type of glacial movement created this corrie? ___________________

Which two processes of erosion created this corrie? ___________________

Description of an arete: A knife edged ridge found between two corries.

Formation: Formed when two corries erode a mountain back to back causing the land in-between

to become narrower.

Label an arete on the photograph on the previous page.

Description of a pyramidal peak: A sharp point in the landscape.

Formation: Formed when 3 or more corries erode back to back.

Glacial Troughs and associated features: With your teacher annotate these diagrams to show

the sequence of formation of a glacial trough (U shaped valley) and the different features

associated with it.

Match the description with the feature:

Feature Description

U shaped valley with a flat valley bottom and

steep valley sides.

Where the river used to flow round harder

rock forming interlocking spurs, the glacier

bulldozes straight through them cutting them

off.

Smaller tributary glaciers flowed into the

main one but couldn’t erode as deeply. When

the ice melted, smaller valleys were left

perched above the main glacial trough and

often a waterfall can be found.

A long, narrow lake formed where the glacier

has eroded more deeply. This may have been

where the ice became thicker as a tributary

glacier joined or where there was an area of

softer rock.

Hanging valley * truncated spurs * ribbon lake * glacial trough

Label the photograph to show the main features of a glacial trough: (3marks)

Explain the formation of a corrie. (4marks)

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Explain the formation of a glacial trough. (4marks)

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Suggest one

process currently

occurring in this

landscape. (1mark)

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2. Landforms created by transport and deposition:

Moraines:

Moraine is the name given to piles of material transported and deposited by the glacier.

Annotate the diagram below to describe the location of different types of moraine:

With your teacher, give a sequence of formation of moraine.

Moraines are made of till. Give two characteristics of till:

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

Drumlins:

Smooth, egg shaped hills about 10m high and several hundred meters long. They are often found

in clusters on the floor of a glacial trough. Draw a sketch with your teacher. Make sure you

include the direction the ice flowed over them.

We are unsure of how drumlins formed. Why do you think this is? What we do know is this:

Erratics:

The picture below shows an erratic. Annotate it to explain what it is and how it formed.

Explain how processes of transportation and deposition can form a variety of landforms in

glaciated areas. (6marks)

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Sort the following into the following 4 boxes:

Deposition * plucking * bulldozing * corrie * glacial trough * drumlin * abrasion *

transportation * truncated spur * erratic * hanging valley * ribbon lake * pyramidal peak

* arete * moraine

Processes of erosion:

Processes of transportation/deposition:

Landforms of erosion:

Landforms of deposition:

The Lake District in Norther England is an example of an area in the UK that was previously

covered by ice which shaped its landscape through processes of erosion and deposition. It is

famous for its mountains, lakes and beautiful landscapes. It contains England’s highest mountain,

Scafell Pike and longest lake, Lake Windermere.

Study p186 and 187 of the white textbook and complete the table to summarise the glacial

landforms of erosion and deposition found at the Lake District.

Name and type of

landform

Location Caused by erosion or

deposition?

Further details

Red Tarn – a corrie

with a lake in

East of Lake

Thirlmere

Erosion (abrasion and

plucking)

A deep wide hollow in

the landscape with a

steep back wall

Striding edge is an

example of an

Lake Coniston is an

example of a

Glacial trough

Keswick

Terminal moraine

Drumlin swarms

Erratics

Study the OS map on p139 of the blue textbook and answer the questions on the activity sheet:

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Key Idea: Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts.

Complete the 4 boxes below to summarise economic uses of previously glaciated areas: Try to

name examples of places where possible.

Farming: Write 3 bullet points each about

the following:

Farming on upland slopes:

Farming on valley floors of U shaped valleys:

Farming in lowland glaciated areas

Quarrying – extracting rock

Quarrying in upland areas:

Quarrying in lowland areas:

Forestry:

Tourism:

List the attractions of previously glaciated

areas for tourism:

Extension: Why is in necessary to develop a range of economic activities in glaciated areas?

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Conflicts in glaciated areas:

The main argument is between those who want to develop the Lake District to make money and

provide jobs and those who want to conserve (look after) the beautiful landscape and natural

environment.

Development project 1: Wind

farms in the Lake District.

Development project 2:

Glenridding zip wire proposal

in the Lake District.

Description and key facts

about the project:

Who is for this project?

What are the arguments for?

Who is against this project?

What are the arguments

against?

Did the project go ahead?

Extra: Give your own opinion

on the project and justify it.

As well as conflicts between development and conservation, there may be conflict between land

uses.

Why are uplands good for the following activities?

1. Military training?

2. Reservoir creation?

3. Wind turbines?

Explain why there might be a conflict between the following:

1. Military training and tourism?

2. The creation of reservoirs and Farming or forestry?

3. Wind turbines and tourism?

An example of a glaciated upland area used for tourism: The Lake District:

Physical attractions to the Lake District

(natural features that people want to go and

see.)

Cultural/historical attractions

Social impacts of tourism:

Economic impacts of tourism:

Environmental impacts of tourism:

How is tourism managed 1? traffic congestion

How is tourism managed 2? Footpath erosion:

Which groups of people might be for tourism in the Lake District?

Which groups of people might be against tourism in the Lake District?

Discuss how the negative effects of tourism can be managed. (9marks)

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Extra notes:

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