Importance of the Endocrine System
Hormones
• Chemical regulators produced by cells that affect cells in another part of the body.
• Endocrine hormones are produced by endocrine glands and are secreted into the blood.
• Transported by blood to cells in another part of the body.
• By contrast exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts or tubes, onto a body surface or into a cavity (ex. Sweat glands, mucous glands, digestive glands)
Hormones
activation sites of hormones non-target vs. target:
Non-target Target
Location of activation Affect many cells throughout the body
Affect specific cells or target tissues
Examples
Somatotropin- stimulates growth of body (aka growth hormone)
Parathyroid hormone – regulates calcium levels in body
Insulin- regulates blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose
Gastrin – stimulates cells of stomach to produce digestive enzymes
Epinephrine- produced in times of stress, accelerates body reactions during crisis
Chemical Control Systems• Nervous system & endocrine system work
together to control organs & tissues.
– Nervous system rapid, short-term adjustments. Neurotransmitters
– Endocrine system slower, long-term adjustments. Hormones
Handout 8.1-3
Chemical Control Systems
Nervous system and endocrine system both operating in the hypothalamus…
•The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland through nerve signals.
•The pituitary gland stimulates the endocrine glands which secrete hormones that affects the hypothalamus.
Endocrine Glands
Gland Example of Hormones Produced
Hypothalamus • Antidiuretic – H2O regulation• Oxytocin - labourBoth produced in hypothalamus but
released by posterior pituitary
Pituitary“Master Gland”
• Growth hormone • Prolactin• FSH and LH • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid • Thyroxine – metabolic rate• Triodothyronine
Parathyroid • Parathyroid hormone (Ca+ and PO43- )
Pancreas • Insulin (high blood sugar)• Glucagon (low blood sugar)
Ovary (female) • Estrogen (devel. 2o sex charac.)• Progesterone (maintains uterine lining)
Testes (male) • Testosterone • Andostrone
Adrenal Gland • Epinephrine (medulla)• Norepinephrine (medulla) • Glucocorticoids (cortex) *Handout 8.1-1*
Chemical Signals: Steroid and Protein Hormones
Steroid Hormones•Made from cholesterol.•Fat soluble diffuses into cell•E.g., sex hormones and cortisol•Hormone-receptor complex acts in nucleus to influence transcription
Protein Hormones•Made from amino acids.•Water soluble – attaches to receptor cell on target cell membrane•Changes activity of enzymes inside cell•E.g., insulin and growth hormones.
*Handout 8.1-4*
Steroid Hormones
1Hormone diffuses from cell and travels through blood stream to interstitial fluid
2Hormone diffuses across cell
membrane into target cell
3Hormone attaches to receptor molecule forming hormone-
receptor complex
4Hormone-receptor complex
attaches to DNA
5Hormone activates a gene initiating transcription of a
specific protein
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*Handout 8.1-4*
Protein Hormones
1Hormone diffuses from cell and travels through blood stream to interstitial fluid
2Hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor on cell
membrane
3Hormone-receptor complex promotes formation of cyclic
AMP
4cAMP acts 2ndary messenger and activates an enzyme
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*Handout 8.1-4*
The Pituitary Gland
*Handout 8.1-5*
The Pituitary Gland
• Referred to as the “master gland”.
• Posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
• Anterior lobe produces its own hormones, but the release is regulated by the hypothalamus.
*Handout 8.1-5*
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland1) Hypothalamus synthesizes ADH and oxytocin2) specialized nerve cells transport ADH and oxytocin to posterior pituitary3) hormones released into blood stream as needed
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*Handout 8.1-5*
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland1) Hormones secreted by nerve ends of hypothalamus2) Hormones transported in the blood to pituitary gland3) Pituitary gland stimulated to release pituitary hormones, which are carried by blood to target tissues
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*Handout 8.1-5*
*Handout 8.1-2*