How How Students Students
LearnLearn
Learning TheoriesLearning Theories
BehaviorismBehaviorism CognitivismCognitivism ConstructivismConstructivism Multiple Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences
BehaviorismBehaviorism(Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner) – early-mid 20(Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner) – early-mid 20thth
CenturyCentury Particularly interested in measurable changes Particularly interested in measurable changes
in behaviorin behavior Behavior change indicates learningBehavior change indicates learning Stimulus & ResponseStimulus & Response
Critics claim behaviorists regard learners as Critics claim behaviorists regard learners as empty vessels needed to be filledempty vessels needed to be filled
– – stressesstressesteacher-centered approachesteacher-centered approaches
CognitivismCognitivism(Gagne, (1950s to late 20(Gagne, (1950s to late 20thth Century) Century) To complement behaviorismTo complement behaviorism Non observable mental constructs are also Non observable mental constructs are also
importantimportant Non observable are hard to measure & Non observable are hard to measure &
analyzableanalyzable– – stressesstresses
the mind: thinking, reflection, the mind: thinking, reflection, motivation, memory, student control, motivation, memory, student control,
metacognition, etc. metacognition, etc.
ConstructivismConstructivism(late 20(late 20thth Century till now) Century till now) Knowledge is actively constructed by Knowledge is actively constructed by
learnerlearner New knowledge is possible through New knowledge is possible through
reflection upon existing knowledge reflection upon existing knowledge Learning is a social processLearning is a social process
stresses stresses student-centered approaches, learning student-centered approaches, learning
rather than teaching, contextual, rather than teaching, contextual, cooperative, etc.cooperative, etc.
Multiple Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences
1 Linguistic 1 Linguistic 2 Logical-mathematical 2 Logical-mathematical 3 Spatial 3 Spatial 4 Bodily-kinesthetic 4 Bodily-kinesthetic 5 Musical 5 Musical 6 Naturalistic 6 Naturalistic 7 Interpersonal 7 Interpersonal 8 Intrapersonal 8 Intrapersonal
stresses stresses individual-centered approachesindividual-centered approaches
How Students How Students LearnLearn
MathematicsMathematics
How Students LearnHow Students LearnMathematicsMathematics
• GeneralizationGeneralization• DiscoveryDiscovery• InvestigationInvestigation• AuthenticAuthentic• MotivationMotivation• Recognizing Recognizing Patterns Patterns• Drill & Drill & PracticePractice• ReflectionReflection
• MnemonicsMnemonics• VisualizationVisualization• Connections Connections • CompetitionCompetition• Social Social InteractionInteraction• In IsolationIn Isolation• FunFun• Learn what they Learn what they like !like !
How Students How Students LearnLearn
MathematicsMathematics- Pythagoras - Pythagoras
TheoremTheoremInvestigation & Investigation &
DiscoveryDiscovery
How Students How Students LearnLearn
MathematicsMathematics- - Distances & Distances &
ScalesScalesThrough Authentic Through Authentic ActivitiesActivities
How Students How Students LearnLearn
MathematicsMathematics- - Basic Basic
Operations Operations & Beyond& BeyondThrough Competition & FunThrough Competition & Fun
Numbers - Numbers - DivisionDivision
If David Beckham gets $250 million If David Beckham gets $250 million in 5 years, what is his salary? Wage?in 5 years, what is his salary? Wage?
In a day? An hour? A second?In a day? An hour? A second?
in Rupiah !!!!!!!!in Rupiah !!!!!!!!
Through Interests & Through Interests & CuriosityCuriosity
How Students How Students LearnLearn
MathematicsMathematics- - GraphsGraphs
Multiple Intelligences: Multiple Intelligences: Through VisualizationsThrough Visualizations
How Students How Students LearnLearn
MathematicsMathematics- Formulas- Formulas
Through MnemonicsThrough Mnemonics
Through MnemonicsThrough Mnemonics
sin x = sin x =
kos x = kos x =
tan x = tan x =
hipotenus
tentang
hipotenus
sebelahan
sebelahan
tentang
How Some How Some Geniuses Geniuses
LearnLearnMathematicsMathematics
by Following Instructionsby Following Instructions
Found it
by Following Instructionsby Following Instructions
Found itFound it
by Following the Rulesby Following the Rules
by Following the Rulesby Following the Rules
by Following the Rulesby Following the Rules
by Following More Rulesby Following More Rules
by Following More Rulesby Following More Rules
by Following More Rulesby Following More Rules
by Recognizing Patterns by Recognizing Patterns
by Recognizing Patterns by Recognizing Patterns
by Peter the Greatby Peter the Great