HighPressureX-rayDiffractionExperimentsontheOmegaandNIFLaserFacilities+futureexperimentsattheESRF
Raymond F. Smith Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Jon Eggert, Ryan Rygg, Federica Coppari, Marius Millot, Amy Jenei, Rick Kraus, Dayne Fratanduono, and others (LLNL)
June Wicks, Thomas Duffy (Princeton Univ.)
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid (1)
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Time
LaserPower
Multi-shock
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(2)
(1)
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Time
LaserPower
Shock+Ramp +isentropicreleaseTime
LaserPower
Multi-shock
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(3)
(2)
(1)
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Time
LaserPower
Time
LaserPower
Ramp
Shock+Ramp +isentropicreleaseTime
LaserPower
Multi-shock
Mg2SiO4(olivine(
B1(MgO((+((MgSiO3(Pv%
MgSiO3(pPv%
FeNi(alloy(liquid%
B1%(NaCl0type)(
B2%(CsCl0type)(
S8shovite(CaCl2%0type(
PbO2%0type(
Pyrite(
Cotunnite(
Fe2P0type(
Perovskite%(Pv)%
Post0Perovskite%(Pv)%
MgO(+(MgSi2O5(?(
?(
Fe(alloy((
liquid?%hcp?%fcc?%
500(GPa(
1300(GPa(
MgO$MgSiO3$ SiO
2$
135(GPa(
23(GPa(
Super(Earth((10(Earth(masses)(
Earth((1(Earth(mass)(
hcp?%
360(GPa( ~4000(GPa(
RecentexperimentsonOmegahavefocusedondeterminingthehighpressurecrystalstructureofMgO andFeSi alloys
JuneWicks
DemonstratedatOmega,PXRDIP(PowderX-RayDiffractionImagePlates)
NIFTARDIS(TARget DiffractionInSitu)
28.6mm
R62.6mm
1TPa =1000GPa =10MbarWehavedevelopednsx-raydiffractionplatformsontheOmegaandNIFLaserfacilities
Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
OnOmegaandNIFX-rayprobeisquasi-monochromaticHe-αlineemission
1011 - 1012 photonsincidentonsample3.5%bandwidth
X-raySpectrumemittedin4π~nsLaser
~nsLaser
Cufoil
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
PXRDIPBOX
Mainsourcesofnoise
HardX-rayemissionfromHe-αsource
ThermalX-rayemissionfromdriveplasma(scaleswithLaserIntensity,plasmavolumeandduration)
CH MgO Quartz
250µm
Targetdesign
CH MgO Quartz
VISARvelocityinterferometer,providesinformationonMgOpressureversustime
LaserDrive
ShockFront
Experimentalsetup
StreakedOpticalPyrometer
ProvidesinformationonMgOtemperatureversustimeattheshockfront.
LaserP
ower
Time(ns)0 10
CH MgO Quartz
Hydrocode simulationsmatchedtoQuartzshockvelocityto
determineMgOPressureduringx-rayprobetime.
VISARLaserDrive
ShockFront
PressureDeterminationusingreflectingshockinquartz
Dist
ance
(µm
)
14121086Time (ns)
MgO Qtz
18
16
14Quar
tz S
hock
Ve
loci
ty (
km/s
)
15141312Time (ns)
Visar Hydrocode
LaserP
ower
Time(ns)0 10
Leftpanel
TaTa
Ta
Ta
Ta
MgOB2
011
002
112
022
013
222
MgOB2 110
MgOB2 100
JuneWicks
At515GPa MgO isintheB2phaseontheHugoniot
LaserDrive
DiamondFeSi
Targetdesignforramp-compressionofFeSi
Diamond
Las
er P
ower
80 Time (ns)
VISAR
UsingthistechniquewehaveobtaineddiffractiondatafromsolidstateFeSialloysupto1300GPa
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
X-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmega/NIFandESRF
- X-raysource- RequiredLaserSpotSize- Signal-to-Noise- Achievablesamplepressures- ShotRate
EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
FutureESRF250µmphaseplate
EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
ESRF250µmphaseplateNIF
Energy~ 144kJin30ns@351nmShotRate=1shot/8hoursMaxSamplePressure> 3,000GPa
EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
ESRF250µmphaseplateOmega-EP
Energy~ 8kJin10ns@351nmShotRate=1shot/90minutesMaxSamplePressure> 1000GPa
EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
FutureESRFEnergy~ 100-200Jin4-10ns@527or1054nmShotRate=1shot/1minuteMaxSamplePressure500+GPa
FutureESRF250µmphaseplate
EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
ESRF250µmphaseplateToachieve800GPa indiamondover10ns:
NIF:20kJOMEGA:3kJESRF:200J
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpotESRF250µmphaseplate400µmx-raysspot,
nsduration300µmx-raysnsduration
20µmx-rays?100ps duration
Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
LaserspotsareneededonOmegaandNIFtoaccommodatelargerdiameterx-raybeams.Thisimprovesthesignal-to-noiseinthediffractionpattern
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpotESRF250µmphaseplate
400µmx-rays
300µmx-rays
20-80µmx-rays
Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
LaserspotsareneededonOmegaandNIFtoaccommodatelargerdiameterx-raybeams.Thisimprovesthesignal-to-noiseinthediffractionpattern
Improvedsignal-to-noiseatESRF:
- ReduceddriveLaserplasmavolume- Nounwantedhighenergyx-rayemission
associatedwiththex-rayprobe- Highenergyx-raysfromESRFspectrally
decoupledfromlaserplasmax-rayspectrum
New100-Jclass,pulse-shapedlasersarebeingbuiltatX-raysourcesaroundtheworld.
Every20mins/Hr,100J@3ω,flashlamp:LOGOS/LLE
DiPOLE:10Hz,100J@1ωDPSSL:RAL
HEDscienceinstrument,HIBEF
Long pulse Laser(Ceramic)200J/10-20ns/0.1Hz/532nm
MEC
• Continuum laser, 2-20 ns, 2ω• 40 J in 10 ns, 10 min. rep rate.
PulseShapingisimportanttoaccessdifferentthermodynamiccompressionpaths
Omega-EP,Pulseshapetoproduceasteadyshock
NIFpulseshapetoproducearamp-compressionwave
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Lase
r Pow
er (
TW)
1086420Time (ns)
Delivered: 1313 J Requested Pulse Shape
100
80
60
40
20
0
Lase
r Pow
er (
TW)
3020100Time (ns)
Delivered: 452 kJ Requested Pulse Shape
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
PulseshapingisavailableonLCLS/MECalbeitwithlessfidelity
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Lase
r Pow
er (
TW)
12840Time (ns)
LD70, EF Beams, Run 89-143
MECLaser– April2014,25repeatlasershots
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
PulseshapingatAPS-DCS
100J,3𝜔,10ns
10ns
10ns
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram
1)
1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhases
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
1) 2a)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhasesb) Liquiddiffraction
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)
Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF
Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction
1) 2a)
2b)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhasesb) Liquiddiffractionc) EXAFS
15-ShotAverageTaL-ShellEXAFSatOmega
Likelyneedtoaverage10-50shots
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)
Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF
Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction
1) 2a)
2b) 2c)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
WithcompacthighpowerlasersystemsESRFandotherx-raysourcesofferexcitingpossibilitiesformuchimprovedsingle-to-noisemeasurementsofhigh-pressurecrystalstructure onmorecomplexmaterials.
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
WithcompacthighpowerlasersystemsESRFandotherx-raysourcesofferexcitingpossibilitiesformuchimprovedsingle-to-noisemeasurementsofhigh-pressurecrystalstructure onmorecomplexmaterials.
Requirements- Needgoodphaseplates- LaserPulseshaping- HighRepratetargets- GoodVISARandPyrometry diagnostics- Equationofstateandhydrocode developmentto
understandtargetconditions
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
Backupslides
ExperimentsetupontheStanfordLCLS-MEChutch
10Jin10ns
(50fs)
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
RecentMECdiffractionpublications:Gleasonetal.,Nat.Comm.(2015)Gormanetal.,Phy.Rev.Letts.(2015)
1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) Narrow-bandwidth
diffractionb) Liquiddiffractionc) EXAFS
3) Makemoviesoftransitionsusingvariabletimedelaysovermanyshots
15-ShotAverageTaL-ShellEXAFSatOmega
Likelyneedtoaverage10-50shots
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)
Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF
Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction
1) 2a)
2b) 2c)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
Equilibriumthermodynamicsisdescribedbyanequation-of-state(EOS)surface
Strongshocksprobehigh-temperatureEOSstates
RampedcompressionwavesprobeEOSatlowertemperaturesthanshocks
P
Time
P
Time
Pressure(G
Pa)
TheentireregionofphasespacebetweentheHugoniotandtheIsentrope canbeprobedbyvariabletime-dependentdrives.
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
FutureexperimentsusingtheESRFlaserLaser100-200J,4-10ns,shaped,1shot/minute,1053nm&528nm
X-raysPhaseI,thelaserwillbecoupledtoaXASbeamline(5-27keV).PhaseII,,wehopetoaddasecondbeamlinewithXRD,XRIandXES(~ 20- 60keV),pinkbeam(1-2%bandwidth),~1x1011 photonsperX-raypulsein100ps.