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Hannah Arendt
On Revolution
Faber Sarah
Margani Dennyz
Tosti Mattia
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Hannah Arendt
Born in 190
19!!" #or$ed to leave %er&any
be$ause o# Anti'Se&itis&
(art o# lively intelle$tual $ir$le in)e* +or,
Most i&-ortant *or,s . The
Origins of TotalitarianismandThe Human Condition
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On Revolution
(ublished in 19!
Main #o$us is on the
analysis o# revolutions" in-arti$ular the Fren$h andthe A&eri$an
Arendt/s &ain goal *as to
deter&ine the spirit ofrevolution
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ars and revolutions
Wars
'Oldest -oliti$al -heno&ena originally never$onne$ted *ith the $on$e-t o# liberty
Revolutions
'Re$ent -oliti$al -heno&ena born a#ter&odern age
'2onne$ted *ith the $on$e-t o# liberty
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ars and revolutions
The author identi3es 4 trends o# *ar use#ul tounderstand and inter-ret revolutions .
1 2hange in -oliti$al &eaning o# &ilitary
5 2on$e-t o# survival
! 2hange in nature o# *ar
4 6ntera$tion bet*een *ar and revolution
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6ntera$tion bet*een *arand revolution
6ntensi3$ation in the intera$tionbet*een the t*o
More e&-hasis on revolutionsthan on *ar
Histori$ally interde-endent
Both are -oliti$al -heno&enadi7erent #ro& the rest i&-ossibleoutside the do&ain o# violen$e
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The (oliti$al theory on the &atter is relevant only i#
18 Glorifes violence
'Anti'-oliti$s
58 Justifes violence
' state o# nature
' $on$e-t that ea$h beginning it/s al*ays $onne$ted *ithviolen$e and $ri&e $ain abel
Ro&ulus and Re&us
Revolutions
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Meaning o# revolution
Origins o the term
18 Ma$hiavelli. s-iritual #ather o# revolutions:
be$ause. '(oliti$al -eriod . 6talian renaissan$e
' 6nterest in -oliti$al $hange
' ;&-hasis on use o# violen$e
)ever used the ter& revolution.
&utatio reru&
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58 2o-erni$o. De rivolutionibus orbiu& $aelestiu&
'&eaning. designates a regular la*#ully &otion o# the stars
beyond the in
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!8 %lorious Revolution
'hen the ter& *as used in it/s -oliti$al sense" but still *ithits astrologi$al &eaning
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48 A&eri$an and the Fren$h revolution
' 6nitially &anaged as a restoration o# an oldorder o# things that had been disturbed andviolated either by a $olonial govern&ent or by a
&onar$h
- here are the ele&ents o# a ne* beginning$hara$teristi$ o# the &odern &eaning o#revolution =
American revolution. &ove&ent *as not
revolutionary but it lead to a revolution
French revolution: at the beginning $on$eivedas a a restoration and a#ter the initial -hase *e$an 3nd ele&ent o#: -athos o# soðing ne*:
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The So$ial >uestion
Historical shit
1) Beore Moern Age
'distin$tion bet*een rulers?ruled " -o*er#ul?-o*erless *asinevitable in the stru$ture o# a state
!) Ater Moern Age
'started @uestioning i# -overty is inherent in hu&an naturea#ter $olonial e-erien$e A&eri$a. sy&bol o# so$iety
*ithout -overty
greatest inuence of the American Revolution on the FrenchRevolution was not the bill of rights but welfare:
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So$ial -roble& and theFren$h Revolution
(overty. state o# -er&anent ne$essity
#reedo& and -overty are in$o&-atible: ' arl Mar
France
18 State *as over$harged o# e$ono&i$ -roble&s
Biggest &ista,e to inter-ret ne$essity in -oliti$al ter&s
58 Revolution ins-ired" su--orted and then su7o$ated byne$essity
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!8 Heavy histori$al tradition
48 Role o# $o&-assion
The only #or$e that $an uni#y di7errent so$ial $lasses:'Montes@uieu
;&-hasis on -eo-le rather than on institutions
o-ened the doors o# -oliti$s to the -oor
C8 Hunting the hy-o$rite
reign o# terror double #ear
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So$ial -roble& and theA&eri$an Revolution
18 Revolution ins-ired not by so$ial needs but by-oliti$al needs
58 Hidden so$ial -roble&
400000 bla$,s vs 1C0000 *hite
)o $onde&n on the state that reserves #or a se$tiono# so$iety ignoran$e and -overty
)e$essity didn/t su7o$ate the revolution
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!8 ;&-hasis on -oliti$al institutions
)e* govern&ent Division o# -o*er
Eiberty through long lasting institutions
48 Hunting o# hy-o$rites too, -la$e a#ter the revolution*ith in, rather than *ith blood
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(rere@uisites #or
revolution Revolutions are i&-ossible in states *here the authority
of the body politic is truly intactG
)eed o# a sucient number of men who are prepared forits collapseG
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)otion o# Freedo&
6n the Fren$h Revolution
(resen$e o# Mass'(overty and So$ial >uestion during the
revolution
Tennis 2ourt Oath *as a 3rst atte&-t to bring an end to the;tats gnrals
Fren$h $itizens didn/t have any e-erien$e in the
3eld o# Freedo&
)o o--ortunity to dis$uss a $onstitution
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)otion o# Freedo&
6n the A&eri$an Revolution
The $reation o# the 2onstitution $reated Freedo&
)u&erous #a$ts $aused the su$$ess o# the A&eri$an revolutionsu$h as.
' Eu$, Ino Mass'-overty and So$ial >uestion that *as do&inant8
' ;-erien$e Iorganization o# the $olonies8
(resen$e o# To*n Hall MeetingsG" *here A&eri$ansheld debates" and -oliti$al dis$ussions
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The 2onstitution
2onstitution and #oundation o# a state are
t*o $orrelative $onJun$tions
2onstitutional asse&blies be$a&e the
hall&ar, o# revolutions
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The 2onstitution in theKnited States
ar o# 6nde-enden$e *ith the British 2ro*n
Founding o# a ne* govern&ent and a2onstitution
The A&eri$an revolutionaries based the&selveson Montes@uieuLs do$trine o# se-aration o#-o*ers
ohn Ada&s. The great art o# la*'giving
$onsists in IN8 and in $onstituting the legislativea -er#e$t balan$e against the ee$utive -o*erG
6ntrodu$tion o# the $he$, and balan$e syste&
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The 2onstitution in theKnited States
"i#erences $ith the French Revolution
An i&-ortant -art o# the de$laration o# the Rights o#
&an and the $itizen $a&e to -lay in the $ourse o# theFren$h Revolution
These rights *ere assu&ed not to indi$ate theli&itations o# all la*#ul govern&ent but on the $ontrary
to be its ounation
2ontrast to the Knited States" *here the but thesour$e o# all la*s should be the 2onstitution" and notthe -eo-le the&selves
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)ovus Ordo Se$loru&
%ro&lem: legitimi'ation o (o$er
An$ien Rgi&e divine -o*er grants
legiti&a$y to &onar$h
Stable govern&ent &ust
originate #ro& a su-eriorauthority
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Solutions
FR*+H R,O-./0O*
Robes-ierre #ound a su-erior authority in religion Ior
ho* he so&eti&es de3ned it a $ontinuous a--ealto Justi$e:8
His des-erate solution *as the $reation o# the $ult o#the Su-re&e Being
(e$uliar given se$ularization *as trying to do theo--osite
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Solutions
AMR0+A* R,O-./0O*
Ro&an -oliti$al institution. senate potestas inpopulo! auctoritas in senatu
A&eri$an govern&ent se-aration o# authority #ro&legislative -o*er
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Revolutionary-rin$i-les
Other issue #or granting stability *as that o#&aintaining alive the -rin$i-les that &oved
the t*o revolutions. -ubli$ #reedo&
-ubli$ ha--iness Iindividual ha--iness o#
the &asses8 -ubli$ a$$ountability Ia$tive -arti$i-ation in
-ubli$ li#e8
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Freedo&
R,O-./0O* FR"OM
6nvasion o# -ubli$ s-here by-rivate s-here.
Freedo& is no* intended as
#reedo& o# s-ee$h" o#o-inion and #reedo& to-arti$i-ate a$tively in -ubli$ad&inistration
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Revolutionarytraditions
FRA*+
2ivil $oun$ils and societ"s populaires.
Revolutionary institutions in *hi$h #reedo& $ould bee-ressed
2ivil $oun$ils held a sli$e o# legislative -o*ers" ea$hinde-endent one #ro& another
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Reign o# terror
6n order to sto- the strea, o# violen$ebrought by revolution Robes-ierre
atte&-ted su$$ess#ully to $entralizegovern&ental -o*ers 6n this -ro$ess $ivil$oun$ils *ere $rushed
#or the si&-le #a$t thattheir eisten$e *as
in o--osition *ith a$entra' lizedsour$e o# -o*er
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Revolutionarytraditions
AMR0+A
Fren$h e-erien$e
A2T6O). violen$e and rebellion #reedo& violen$e
e7erson identi3ed in #reedo& di7erent-rin$i-les
A2T6O). ad&inistration #reedo&
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e7erson/s heritage
0eal re(u&lican government
2on$eived by e7erson *ith the division o# the
$ountry in $onstituen$ies" s&aller individualre-ubli$s in *hi$h every &an $ould be$o&ean a$tive &e&ber o# the govern&ent