India-EUWaterPartnershipCapacityBuildingworkshopon
RiverBasinmanagementPlanningandGovernance14-15June2016,NewDelhi
GovernanceregardingInter-StateWater
ResourcesManagementinIndia:
KeyManagementIssues
SKSharmaSr.JointCommissioner
MoWR,RD&GR
OverviewofPresentaQon� WaterAvailabilityIssues
� ConstitutionalandLegalIssues� WaterAllocationIssues
� InitiativesoftheMoWR,RD&GR
� Comparison
� Impressions
� World’sLandArea = 2.45%
� World’sRenewable
WaterResources = 4%
� World’sPopulation = 17.85%
India
Water Resources of India
Estimatedannual
precipitation
(includingsnowfall)
4000BCM
Averageannual
potential(inrivers)
1869BCM
Estimatedutilisable
waterpotential(total)
(i) Surface(ii) Ground
1123BCM
690BCM
433BCM
Year 2010 2025 2050
IrrigaQon 557 611 807
DrinkingWater 43 62 111
Industry 37 67 81
Energy 19 33 70
Others 54 70 111
Total 710 843 1180
Estimated Water Demand* in BCM
* As estimated by National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD), 1999
Water Availability - INDIA
Total utilizable water resources 1123 BCM
Ground Water 433 BCM
Surface water 690 BCM
Current utilization 450 BCM ( 65% )
Current utilization 243 BCM (58%)
Total water availability 1869 BCM
Total Precipitation 4000 BCM
WaterScenarioinIndia–complexi=es&challengesHighvariabilityinspaceandtime
> 1,000 cm in north eastern region
(1100cmatMawsynram,Meghalaya)
<10cminwesternpartofRajasthan
( June to Sept. 3000 BCM (75%)
annualrainfallinfourmonths)
(Rainfallincm)
1.24 1.33 2.123.46
6.03
15.42
23.76
19.89
14.19
7.69
3.451.42
0
5
10
15
20
25
Percent
Temporal Variation of Rainfall
01002003004005006007008009001000
Winter
Monsoon
(Jan-Feb)
Pre
Monsoon
(Mar-
May
Monsoon
(Jun-Sep)
Post
Monsoon
(Oct-Dec)
Rain
fall
in m
m
All India
75%
Water Scenario in India – complexities & challenges
Reducingpercapitawateravailability
WaterScenarioinIndia–Complexi=es&Challenges
5177
2209
18201545
13411140
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
2021
2031
2041
2051
2061
Percapitawateravailabilityinm3/year
Waterstress1700m3/capita/year
Waterscarcity1000m3/capita/year
41865
21764
98028153
3343 2346 2060 1545 1396
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
GlobalVsIndia’sPerCapitaWater
Availability(m3/year/person)
World’saveragepercapita
wateravailability≈7600
Increasingdemandsofwaterforvariouspurposes
WaterScenarioinIndia–complexi=es&challenges
557611
807
43
62
111
37
67
81
19
33
70
54
70
111
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2010 2025 2050
Others
Energy
Industry
DrinkingWater
Irrigation
Year
WaterD
emandinBCM(km
3) AverageAnnual
WaterAvailability
1122BCM
710
850
1180
Unplanned development - over-exploitation of
groundwater
WaterScenarioinIndia–complexi=es&challenges
§ Totalunits5845§ Safe4280§ Semicritical522
§ Critical169§ Overexploited803
§ Saline7182 over-exploited areas
has been notified for
regulatingdevelopment&
management of ground
water.
Groundwaterstatus(2009)
InadequateStorageCapacity
TotalLiveStorage
- PrePlan =16KM3
- Constructed(XIPlan) =253KM3
- UnderConstruction =51KM3
- Planned =110KM3
MaximumFeasibleStorage=450KM3
IrrigationforFoodsecurity
Major & Medium
Minor Total SW GW
Assessed irrigation potential
58.47 17.38 64.05 139.90
Irrigation potential created upto 3/2012
46.23 16.43 47.70 110.37
FoodSecurity-450MTcereal-1.7BillionPeople(2050)
¨ StatusofirrigationDevelopment
(inMha)
WaterinIndianConsQtuQon
Entry 17; State List (List II) - Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of entry 56 of List I.
- No exclusive jurisdiction States have the competence to make laws, formulate and implement plans and schemes for development of water resources for water supply, irrigation, hydropower etc. Several States have enacted different laws also. There are more than 300 Acts on water.
WhyCentralIntervenQon?
ProvisionsforCentralIntervenQon� Entry 56; Union List (List I) - Regulation and
development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest
� Entry 20; Concurrent List (List III) – Economic and social planning
� Article 249 – Parliament empowered to make laws on matters in the State List, if Rajya Sabha resolves (but this has limitations)
ProvisionsforCentralIntervenQonArticle 262 (1): Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication
on any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter- state river or river valley.
Article 252 - Parliament may be empowered to legislate on State
matters for two or more States by consent and such legislation may be adopted by any other State
Art 253 - Parliament has power to make any law for implementing
any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries or any decision made at any international conference, association or other body
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Article 257(1) - authorizes Centre to give directions to a State
CentralLegislatureonThe two laws enacted by theUnion underArticle 262 and
Entry56ofListI:
1. Inter-StateWaterDisputesAct, 1956(asamendedupto
1980)and
2. RiverBoardsAct,1956.
INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTE TRUBUNALS
I. Water Disputes Tribunals – Awards finalized ü Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (July, 1980) ü Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal – I (May, 1976) ü Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (Dec., 1979)
II. Existing Water Disputes Tribunals ü Ravi-Beas Water Disputes Tribunal (Final award awaited. Presidential Reference pending before Supreme
Court, as such matter is sub-judice) ü Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (Award published on 19th Feb 2013. Hearing on Further reference is going on .
Meanwhile, Special Leave Petition (SLP) filed by party States in Hon’ble Supreme Court pending and as such the matter is sub-judice. )
ü Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) – II (Final award notification stayed by Supreme Court. Term extended till 31st July, 2016 as per Section 89 of Andhra Pradesh Re-organisation Act, 2014) ü Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (under adjudication) ü Vansadhara Water Disputes Tribunal (under adjudication)
RiverBoardsinIndiaSystematicfunctioningofdevelopmentprojectsthroughthe
ControlBoards,construct,implementandsupervisevarious
river valley projects and even day-to-day functioning of
theseprojects:
TheBhakra-NangalManagementBoard
TungabhadraControlBoard
BansagarControlBoard
BetwaRiverBoard
NarmadaControlAuthority
DamodarValleyAuthority
etc.
WaterAllocaQon� CompetingWaterUses
� NationalWaterPolicy2012
ü Pre-emptiveneeds
ü A portion of river flows be kept aside to meet ecological needs
followingthepatternofnaturalflowregime.
ü Adaptation strategies in view of climate change – compatible
agricultural strategies, increasing storage,micro-irrigation techniques
(drip/sprinklermethods)
ü Asystemtoevolvebenchmarksforwaterusesfordifferentpurposes,
i.e., water footprints, and water auditing be developed to ensure
efficientuseofwater
� StateWaterResourcesRegulatoryAuthorities
IniQaQvesofMoWR,RD&GR
� NationalWaterInformaticsCenter(NWIC)
� InterLinkingofriver(ILR)� NationalWaterFrameworkLaw(NWFL)
� RiverBoardAct etc.
Na=onalPerspec=vePlanForWaterResourcesDevelopment
• In 1980, the then Ministry of IrrigaQon andCentral Water Commission formulated theNaQonal PerspecQve Plan (NPP) for WaterResources Development envisaging Inter BasinWaterTransfercomprisingoftwoComponents:
§ PeninsularRiversDevelopment -16links§ HimalayanRiversDevelopment-14links
23
Proposed Inter Basin Water Transfer Links
24
1) Additional Irrigation Potential: 35 Mha 2) Hydro- power generation- 34,000 MW 3) Domestic and Industrial Water supply 4) Mitigation of Drought & Flood Control 5) Employment Generation & Extension of Gainful
Fisheries, 6) Pollution Free Water Transport
Benefits of ILR
Dra^NaQonalFrameworkLaw� InviewoftheaboveMinistryofWaterResourcesinitiatedaction
forpreparationofWaterFrameworkAct.ADraftingCommittee
wasconstitutedforDraftingNationalWaterFrameworkLawon
3rdJuly,2012whichwasheadedby
Dr. Y.K. Alagh, Chancellor, Central University of Gujarat; Vice-
Chairman,SardarPatelInstituteofEconomics&SocialResearch;
Former Minister of Power, Planning Science and Technology,
GovernmentofIndia.
� TheotherMembersoftheDraftingCommitteewere
Ø Padma Shri Prof. N.R.MadhavaMenon, IBA-CLE Chair in
ContinuingLegalEducation,NLSIU,Banglore;
Ø Prof.K.P.Singh,Professor,PunjabUniversity;
Ø Ms.JyotiSharma,FORCE;
Ø ShriVivekUpadhyay,Advocate;and
Ø Officers fromMinistry of Water Resources, Central Water
Commission,CentralGroundWaterBoard.
ü ItproposeseighteenBasicPrinciplesforWaterManagementtobring different State legal intervenQons within a framework ofgoverning principles and alignment of exisQng legislaQons bothattheCentralaswellasStateleveltoconformtotheprinciplesandprovisionsofthisBill.
ü It proposes that every individual has a right to a minimumquanQtyofpotablewater(not lessthan25litrespercapitaperday) for essenQal health and hygiene andwithin easy reach ofthe household, whichmay be provided free of cost to eligiblehouseholds,beingpartofpre-empQveneed.
ü It proposes establishment of an independent statutory WaterRegulatory Authority by every State for ensuring equitableaccesstowaterforallanditsfairpricingonvolumetricbasis,fordrinkingandotherusessuchasagriculturalandindustrial.
SalientFeatures…..1/3
ü Itproposesthatthegroundwatershallbeprotected,conservedand regulated through appropriate laws and by adequate andefficient measures using precauQonary approach, with acQveparQcipaQonofCommunityBasedInsQtuQons.
ü ItproposesthatallwaterresourcesprojectsshallconformtotheRiver Basin Master Plan to be prepared, applicable efficiencybenchmarks and shall take into account all social andenvironmental aspects in addiQon to techno-economicconsideraQons.
ü It proposes conformance to the Service Level Benchmarks forwater supply, sanitaQon, solid waste management and stormwaterdrainage,asmaybeprescribed.
SalientFeatures…..2/3
ü Itproposesthat industriestoeitherwithdrawonlythemakeupwater or have an obligaQon to return treated effluent to aspecified standard back to the hydrologic system and to fileannual‘Waterreturns’.
ü It proposes that the appropriate Government take all possiblemeasures to synergise and integrate different developmentschemes including schemes for water conservaQon, sanitaQonand improvementofwaterquality atPanchayatorMunicipalitylevel, as the case may be, and further at sub basin and basinlevel.
ü It proposes selng up of a High Powered Commimee at theCentre and in each State for coordinaQon and policy supportmechanismbetweendifferentagenciesdealingwithwater.
SalientFeatures…..3/3
Dra^NaQonalFrameworkLaw–AcQonTaken� TheCommitteesubmitteditsReporttotheGovernment
in May, 2013 and the same was placed before the
NationalForumofWaterResources/IrrigationMinisters
ofStates forwiderconsultationsat itsMeetingheldon
29.05.2013.
� The same has also been circulated amongst all States/
Union Territories and related Central Ministries. The
same was also placed on the Ministry of Water
Resourceswebsite
ü Comments have been received from 8 States/UTs, 5
Central Ministries, 12 NGOs and several individuals.
These have been analyzed and issues for stakeholder
consultationhavebeenidentified.
Dra^NaQonalFrameworkLaw–AcQonTakenü Regional consultationmeetingshavebeenplanned
for wide spread consultation with the State
Governments, NGOs, Academia/ Professionals and
Panchayati Raj Institutions to improve upon these
draftlegislationsandbringbroaderconsensus.
ü PresentlyfiveworkshopsatDelhi,Jaipur,Bengaluru,
Kolkata and Guwahati have been planned in next
threemonths.
Dra^NaQonalFrameworkLaw–AcQonTakenü A committee is proposed to be constituted under the
chairmanship of Dr. Mihir Shah, former Member Planning
commission to examine the provisions of the Draft National
WaterFrameworkLawandDraftRiverBasinManagementBill
andsuggestchanges/modificationthereintakingintoaccount
� Theemergingchallengesinthewatersector
� Reuseofwastewateraftertreatment.
� Thelikelyimpactofclimatechangeonwaterresources
� Importanceofriverrestoration/rejuvenation
� Watercontaminationissues
� Sandminingasaseriouschallenge
� ProblemsrelatedtoRivervalleysandnecessityofmaintaining
minimumflowsintheriver.
� SynergybetweenGroundwatersectionofDraftNationalWater
FrameworkLawandDraftModelModelBillforConservation,
ProtectionandRegulationofGroundWater,2011
Comparison
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
Origin
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
13thCentury
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
1stOctober1969
JurisdicQon
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
(oneof24)covers38Municipalities
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
Punjab,Haryana,H.P.,Rajasthan,Delhi
Manpower
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
700
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
15,949
Mandate
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
FloodProtection,WaterMgmt,Wastewater
treatment&MuskRat
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
Admn,OperationandMaintenenceof
Bhakhranangalandassociatedprojects
ComposiQon
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
RepresentationfromStakeholdersin
ExecutiveBoard+Others
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
StateGovernmentOfficials
Finance
DutchWaterAuthority
Rivierenland
SeparateTaxationfromPublic+Penaltyfrom
Pollutors
v/s
BhakhaBeasManagementBoard
StateFinance/PowerGeneration
Impressions� ApplicabilityofEuropeanmodelinIndianContext
� Storagev/sConservation� Administrationv/sMediation
� JointVision� GrassrootsParticipation
Thanksजल बचत – जल संचय