Transcription
Nonspecific binding
One-dimensional promoter search
Holoenzyme and promoter form closed complex
Open complex allows initiation
Sigma subunit released; promoter is cleared and elongation starts
Eukaryotic Transcription
• Multiple RNA Polymerases—compartmentalization
• General Transcription Factors• Role of Chromatin• mRNA processing
Operon
• Three genes for three proteins controlled by single promoter region (operon)
Lac repressor (not part of operon)
B-galactosidase (hydrolyse lactose)
Lactose permease
Thiogalactosidetransacetylase
Translation
Overview
• Genetic Code• tRNA structure• Aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase• Ribosome structure• Next lecture:
initiation, elongation, termination
Question Distribution
• Comprehensive (chapters 1-19)– Approximately 2-3 questions/chapter– Study questions from lectures– Major in the majors– Be able to apply major principles
• Chapters 20-22– Approximately 5-6 questions per chapter
Chapter Overviews
1. Compartmentalization2. IMF, acid/base, pH and buffers3. Amino acids and primary structure4. Protein structure and Hemoglobin5. Enzyme kinetics, Inhibitors, allosteric 6. Catalytic mechanisms, serine protease
7. Function of coenzymes8. Structure of carbohydrates9. Membranes and signal transduction10.Free energy, standard free energy, ATP11.Glycolysis
chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation
12.Gluconeogenesis, PPP, glycogen metabolism chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation
13.Citric acid cycle chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation
14.Electron transport, ATP synthase, P/O ratio15. purpose of light reactions, dark reactions16. energetics of FA synthesis and degradation17. nitrogen processing, catabolism of AA18. medical applications of nucleotide
metabolism19. nucleic acid structure on atomic level
Major Principles
• Chemical Structure• Structure-Function relationship• Thermodynamics of reactions• Kinetics (catalysis) of reactions• Cofactors and high energy bonds• Purpose/outcomes of process• Regulation of pathway related to purpose
Major Enzymes
• You should be able to figure out what many enzymes do by their names IF you know your basic biochemistry– Substrate structures– Dehydrogenase, carboxylase, kinase, protease,
phosphorylase, phosphatase