Final Review

C483 Spring 2013

Replication

Transcription

Nonspecific binding

One-dimensional promoter search

Holoenzyme and promoter form closed complex

Open complex allows initiation

Sigma subunit released; promoter is cleared and elongation starts

Eukaryotic Transcription

• Multiple RNA Polymerases—compartmentalization

• General Transcription Factors• Role of Chromatin• mRNA processing

Operon

• Three genes for three proteins controlled by single promoter region (operon)

Lac repressor (not part of operon)

B-galactosidase (hydrolyse lactose)

Lactose permease

Thiogalactosidetransacetylase

Translation

Overview

• Genetic Code• tRNA structure• Aminoacyl-tRNA

synthetase• Ribosome structure• Next lecture:

initiation, elongation, termination

tRNAPhe

Question Distribution

• Comprehensive (chapters 1-19)– Approximately 2-3 questions/chapter– Study questions from lectures– Major in the majors– Be able to apply major principles

• Chapters 20-22– Approximately 5-6 questions per chapter

Chapter Overviews

1. Compartmentalization2. IMF, acid/base, pH and buffers3. Amino acids and primary structure4. Protein structure and Hemoglobin5. Enzyme kinetics, Inhibitors, allosteric 6. Catalytic mechanisms, serine protease

7. Function of coenzymes8. Structure of carbohydrates9. Membranes and signal transduction10.Free energy, standard free energy, ATP11.Glycolysis

chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation

12.Gluconeogenesis, PPP, glycogen metabolism chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation

13.Citric acid cycle chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation

14.Electron transport, ATP synthase, P/O ratio15. purpose of light reactions, dark reactions16. energetics of FA synthesis and degradation17. nitrogen processing, catabolism of AA18. medical applications of nucleotide

metabolism19. nucleic acid structure on atomic level

Major Principles

• Chemical Structure• Structure-Function relationship• Thermodynamics of reactions• Kinetics (catalysis) of reactions• Cofactors and high energy bonds• Purpose/outcomes of process• Regulation of pathway related to purpose

Major Enzymes

• You should be able to figure out what many enzymes do by their names IF you know your basic biochemistry– Substrate structures– Dehydrogenase, carboxylase, kinase, protease,

phosphorylase, phosphatase

Key Metabolites

• Know structures; associate with pathway• Glucose, glucose-6-P, DHAP, PEP, pyruvate,

acetyl CoA, ribulose, UDP-glucose, glycogen, oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate

• Amino acids, nucleotides