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English (Step Ahead)
Lets have fun !
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Index
Unit 1 : Folktales and Legends Unit 2 : Diaries Unit 3 : Ballads : Stories in verse
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Folktales and legends
Unit 1
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Folktales
Folktales andlegends are both
narratives. A
narrative is a textthat tells a story
with a beginning, a
middle, and an end
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Narratives has these features :
An introduction that presents thecharacters and setting
A clear sequence of eventsA climax or high point in the narrative
A resolution or ending to the narrativeFrequent use of the past tense
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Folktales
A folktale is a narrativewith a simple moral or
lesson.
In fact, the word folktalecome from folk and tale,
which means peoples
stories.Folktales tell stories about
how people should behave
and treat one another.
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LegendsA legend is a narrative
usually based on fact, but
which has been made more
exciting and memorable
through numerous retellings.
Legends are often about the
history of a group of people,
and they tell us about the
actions of great leaders,
warriors and poets
Folktales and le ends are
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Proverb
Proverb are wise sayings that tell
simple truths
Proverb often use simple, everyday
images that ordinary people are
familiar with
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Proverbs meaning (II)Proverbs Meaning
Action speak louder than
words
What you do is more significant than what you say
Silence is golden Its desirable or perhaps more effective not to say
anything
All that glitters isnt gold Just because something looks attractive doesnt mean it is
genuine or valuable
Looks are everything Most of people around the world judge people by his / her
appearance
Slowly but surely wins the
race
If you work slowly but constantly, you will succeed better
than if you work fast for a short while and dont continue
To win, you have to take thebull by the horns
To success we have to know the weakness
Anything for a quiet life Before we do anything to be a peaceful life
Knowledge is power The more you know, the more you can control this world
There is no pleasure
without pain
For every pleasure you enjoy, you must suffer some pain
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Proverb meanings (III)Proverbs Meanings
Do as I say, not as I do Take my devise, even though I am acting contract on it
Lend your money and lose yourmoney and lose a friend
You shouldnt lend money to your friend ; if you do, eitheryou will have to bother your friend to repay the loan, your
friend will not repay the loan, which will make you resent
your friend
Its better to be born lucky than
rich
If youre born rich, you may lose your money, but if youre
born lucky, you will always get what you need or want just by
chanceBeauty is only skin deep Something that you say which mean character is more
important than appearance
The first step is the hardest Starting a new endeavour is the hardest part of it
Treat others as you like to be
treated
Dont treat others in way you wouldnt like to be treated
Its easier to ask for forgiveness
than permission
Others will follow your footsteps easier than your advice
Easy come, easy go To explain the less of something that required only a small
amount to effort to acquire in the first place
Sticks and stones may break my
bones but names will never hurt me
Physical attacks may harm me, but cruel words will not
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CommaComma is used to divide sentences into smaller part in order to clarify their
meanings. There are three main places in a sentence where a comma can be
inserted.
1. After introductory words and phrases
1. Around phrases that provide further information about a noun always
has commas arouund it
A phrase that provides more information about a noun always has commas around it
2. Around the direct address
The direct address always has commas before and after it
However nevertheless otherwise
Consequently for example of course
Moreover thus yet
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SimilesThe simile is an expression that compares
two things with each other by using thewords as or like
Example : Those children! They are like
monkeys!
Similes are commonly found in poems and
stories. They are used to make sentencesmore vivid, interesting and memorable
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Simple past tense
The past tense indicates that an action
was completed in the past
now
past future
Happened inPast and end in past
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MetaphorA metaphor is similar to a simile in that
it is also an expression that compares
two things with one another. However,
unlike a simile, a metaphore doesnt use
the world as or like
Like similes, metaphor are used to
make sentences more vivid, interestingand memorable
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Present Perfect Tense
We use presentperfect in :
1. For an action which
took place in thepast with no definite
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Diaries
Unit 2
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Diaries has these features
Dates to indicate when
each diary entry was made
Recount of personalfeelings and experiences
Use of the first person i.e.
I
Frequent use of the simple
past tense
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ApostropheThe apostrophe is used in contractions
to replace certain letters
q Example : I am going home -> Im going home
The apostrophe is also used insentences to show ownership
q For singular nouns, add the apostrophe s to
the end of the noun. Example : Aarons bookq For noun ending in s, add the apostrophe
after the s. Example : Charles book
q
For irregular plural noun (i.e. plural nouns that
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Register
Register refers to the range of wayswe have of speadking to an audience. If
we want to communicate our ideas
clearly to our audience, it is veryimportant that we learn to adapt the
way we speak and write to suit
different people
We use an informal register during
informal occasions, or when we are with
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Personal Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that is used inplace of a noun or noun phrase
The most common form of pronoun is
the personal pronoun. A personal
pronoun is a pronoun that takes the
place of a persons name
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Slang
Slang refers to informal words andexpressions that are only used and
understood by a certain group of
people
Slang belongs to the informal register
of speech. Its frequently used amongfamily and friends, and we often dont
think about how much slang we use in
our daily lives
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Reflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that
refers back to the subject of a
sentence
We also use reflexive pronoun when we
want to emphasise who committed theaction in a sentence
Pronoun that refers to only one person
(i.e. singular) ends with -self. A
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Ballads : Stories in verse
Unit 3
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Features of Ballad
A simple narrative
A few major characters
A strong rhythm and rhyme
A repeated section called a refrain
Division into verses
Nouns to identify characters and
settings
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Titles
The titles of poems, short stories and
songs are usually written in invented
commas () or italics. Example : Knightor Ginger Cat
The titles of books and movies areusually written in a different style,
such as bold or underlined. Example :
Gnomeo and Juliet or Monster Inc.
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Rules to punctuating the titles
of poems, books, and movies
1. The first letter of the first word in
a title is always a capital letter
2. Other words in the title always begin
with a capital letter, unless they are
less significant words such as
prepositions or articles
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Words that Rhyme
A word that rhymes with another word
shares the same ending-sound.
Rhymes are what make poems so much
fun to read
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Adjectives
Adjectives is a word that tells us more
about a noun (such as a person or
thing).
Adjective are important because they
tell us more about look, colour, smell,or feel of a thing.
If there were no adjectives in a
sentence, it would not be very
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Alliteration
Alliteration occurs when a group of
words have the same consonant sound
Alliteration is often found in nursery
rhymes and tongue-twisters
Examples :She sells seashells by the seashore
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
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