English Grammar
Chapter Two
word-formation
1 转化法 conversion
2 合成法 compounding
/composition
3 派生法 derivation
/affixation 词缀法
4 截短法 clipping /shortening
5 拼缀法 blending
6 缩略词 abbreviation
7 首字母缩略词 acronym
8 反转构词法 back-formation
(1) v.→ n. try, look, say
(2) n.→ v. book, chair, bridge
(3) adj.→ v. slow, calm, better
(4) ad.→ v. further, forward
(5) adj. → n. bitter, final, daily
(6) others → n. ups and downs,
a he or a she? a must;
compound noun compound adjectivecompound pronouncompound verbcompound adverb* hyphen
* classroom; blackboard; pickpocket; overcoat; reading-room; uprising; * good-looking; evergreen; cold-blooded; man-made;* someone; anybody; nothing;* sun-bathe; broadcast; upset;* meanwhile; therefore;
词根 root /base;
前缀 prefix→ word’s meaning
后缀 suffix→ word class
some prefixes → word class
1 common prefix
2 common noun suffix
3 common adj. suffix
4 common verb suffix
5 common adv. suffix
6 common num. suffix
7 common num. prefix
1 截头 telephone → phone;
aeroplane → plane;
2 去尾 exam; lab; ad; dorm;
pop; photo; kilo; gym
3 即截头又去尾 refrigerator →fridge;
influenza →flu
4 几个词 → 一个词 nylon-stockings →nylons;
popular song singer
→pop-singer
three-dimensional film
→Three-D
smog → smoke + fogbrunch → breakfast + lunch
motel → motor + hotel botel → boat + hotel Oxbridge
→ Oxford + Cambridge
1 首 + 尾
interpol → international + police sci-fi → science + fiction moped → motor + pedal sitcom → situation + comedy comsat
→ communication + satellite
2 首 + 首
airtel → air + hotel
carbecue → car + barbecue
autopia → auto + utopia
workfare → work + welfare
lunarnaut → lunar + astronaut
3 全 + 尾
slimnastics → slim + gymnastics
medicare → medical + care
medichair → medical + chair
helipad → helicopter + pad
televiewer → television + viewer
telediagnosis→ television + diagnosis
4 首 + 全
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. Prof. Apt.
Rd. St. Ave. No.
a.m. p.m. AD/A.D. BC/B.C.
kg. km. dl.
m. dm. cm. mm. TV/T.V.
FL. PA.
S. N. E. W.
anti- 反;抗;防 anti-imperialist; antibody;
arch- 主要的 arch-enemy; archbishop;
arch-criminal;
auto- 自(动)的 automobile; autobiography;
bi- 双 bicycle; bilingual;by- 在旁;副;次要的 bystander; by-product; by-election; by-effect;co- 共同 co-existence; co-operation; co-worker;
counter- 反 counter-clockwise;
counter-revolutionary;
de- 除去;否定 demilitarize; decentralization;
dis - 不;否定(做相反动作) disorder; disarmament;
en-; em- 使成为 enable; enlarge; enslave; enc
ourage; embed;
ex- 前 , 向外 ex-president; ex-wife; export;
extra- 外 extraordinary;
extra-curricular; extra-official;
for-; fore- 先;前;预 forward; foresee; forearm;
foretaste; foreman;
for- 禁;弃 forbid; forget; forgo
hydro- 水 hydro-electric;
hydroplane;
in-; im-; il-; ir- 不;非 informal; impossible; immoral;
irregular; illegal;
inter- 间;相互 interview; international;
mal- 恶 maltreat;
malnutrition; malpractice;
micro- 百万分之一;微;放大; microsecond; microfilm;
microphone;
mid- 中 midday; midnight;
mid-autumn; mid-term;
mis- 误 mislead; misunderstand;
mono- 单一 monotonous; monolingual; mo
nosyllabic; monologue;
multi- 多 multi-national; multi-purpose; m
ulti-colored; multilateral;
neo- 新 neoclassical; neo-colony;
non- 不;非 nonexistent; nonsense;
non-stop; non-smoker;
post- 后于 post-war; postgraduate;
pre- 先于 prepay;
pre-war; pre-revolution;
pro- 赞成;亲善;代替 pronoun;
pro-American; pro-consul;
pseudo- 伪 pseudo-science; pseudonym;
re- 重;再;复 reunite; review; reread; retell;
semi- 半 semi-weekly; semi-final;
semiconductor; semi-colonial;
sub- 下;次 substructure; subway;
subdivide; subheading;
super- 上; 超 supermarket; super-profit; super
power; superstructure;
syn- ;sym-; syl- 同 synonym; sympathy;
tele- 远 telegram/telegraph;
telephone; telescope; television;
trans- 横过;转移 transport; transplant; transfor
mation; transoceanic;
tri- 三 triangle; trichord; tricar;
ultra- 之外;极;超 ultra-violet; ultra-leftist; ultr
amicroscope;
un- 不 unjust; unable; untrue; unfair;
uni- 一;单 uniform; unilateral; unisex;
unique; unicycle;
vice- 副 vice-governor;
vice-dean; vice-president;
over- 过于;上 overdo; over-estimate;
under- 不够;下 underfeed; under-estimate;
underground;
self- 自动(我) self-starter;
self-service; self-correcting;
mini- 特小的 minibus; miniskirt; minicab;
hyper- 超;过分 hyperactive;
hypertension; hypersensitive;
poly- 多 polytechnic; polysemy;
polygamy; polychrome;
–age 状态;集合 marriage; shortage; teenage;–al 动作;性质;状态 signal; arrival; withdrawal;
revival; approval; refusal;–an 人;语 American; Russian; Italian;
–ance 性质;状态;动作 acceptance;
importance; appearance;
–ant,ent 人 merchant;
assistant; defendant; student;
–ate 职务;动作涉及对象;…盐酸 doctorate; consulate;
electorate; sulphate;
–ation/ition 动作 repetition
preparation; competition;
–cide 杀 insecticide; suicide
–cracy 统治 bureaucracy;
democracy; aristocracy;
–craft 技巧;工艺;飞行器 handicraft; aircraft;
–dom 状态;领域 kingdom; freedom; wisdom;
–ee (被动)人 employee; absentee; trainee;
–eer 人 engineer; volunteer;
–ence/ency (抽象 n. ) currency; dependence;
excellence; frequency;
–er 人;动作者 thinker;
writer; washer; harvester;
–ese 人;语 Chinese; Japanese;
Hunanese; Viennese; Vietnamese
–ess 女性 actress; princess;
goddess; shepherdess; tailoress
–ette 小;假 / 人造;女性;组 / 组合 cigarette; kitchenette; dinette; u
sherette
–ful 量 spoonful; handful;
armful; mouthful;
–graph 书写;录 telegraph; photograph;
–hood 身份;境遇;状态 childhood; livelihood; likel
ihood; neighborhood;
–ian 人 Christian; guardian;
musician; technician;
–ice 抽象 n. justice; service;
–ing 物体;概念 building; feeling;
painting; wedding;
–ion 抽象 n.
expansion; discussion; decision;
–ism 主义;教 feudalism; Buddhism; imperialism;
–ist 主义者;人 artist; socialist; communist;
–ity 抽象 n.
possibility; capability;
–let 小… booklet;
streamlet; leaflet; bracelet;
–ling 小…(有时有轻蔑之义) duckling; sapling;
–logy 学科 psychology;
geology; philology; biology;
–man 人postman; countryman; Frenchman;
–ment 运动;结果 judgment; government; movem
ent; payment;
–ness 状态;性质 tiredness; correctness;
–or 人;动作者 tractor; accelerator; editor;
–ry/ery 行为/性质/工作(地点) /货物种类;境遇 bravery;
cookery; nursery; drapery; slavery; ministry; peasantry;
–ship 状态;身份 sportsmanship; hardship;
apprenticeship; leadership;
–sion 动作;状态 tension; revision;
–th 结果;过程 truth; depth; wealth; health;
tion 动作;状态 attention; action;
–ty 抽象 n. certainty;
cruelty; specialty; loyalty;
–ure 结果;动作 procedure; departure;
–y 抽象 n. difficulty; discovery;
modesty; inquiry;
WTO —
world trade organization
UNESCO —
United Nation’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
OPEC —
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
APEC —
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Group
VIP —
very important person
SAR —
special administration regionIQ —
intelligence quotient
AI —
Artificial Intelligence
SARS —
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
UFO –
Unidentified Flying Object
editor → edit;
mass-production
→ mass-produce;
typewriter → typewrite;
dry-cleaning → dry-clean;
sightseeing → sightsee;
–able/ible 能够 tolerable; sensible;
–al 的 cultural;
additional; national;
–an (语、地、人)的 Russian; Asian; African;
–ant/ent 的 arrogant; excellent; diligent
–ary 的 secondary; honorary;
imaginary; revolutionary
–ate 的 fortunate; passionate;
affectionate; collegiate
–ed 有;像 many-sided;
talented; skilled;
–en 的 golden; woolen; wooden;
–ern 方向 northern; southern;
–ese (地、人)的 Vietnamese; Viennese;
–fold 倍 twofold; manifold
–ful 的 useful; helpful;
hopeful; beautiful;
–ial 的 editorial; racial; material;
–ian (人)的 Canadian; Christian
–ic/ical 的(有些意义不同) electric/electrical;
historic/historical; typical;
poetic/poetical; grammatical;
–ish 属于;稍微 British; bookish;
childish; selfish; yellowish;
–ist/istic (主义)的; artistic;
idealistic; materialistic;
–ive 性;倾向 active; attractive; impressive;
–less 无 fearless; meaningless;
–like 如 homelike
childlike; father-like;
–ly 品质;的 weekly; daily;
friendly; comradely; lovely;
–most 最 foremost; topmost; utmost;
–ous 多 nervous;
glorious; superstitious;
–some 引起;适于;易于 troublesome; tiresome;
–ward 向 backward;
inward; outward;
–y 充满;性质 rainy; handy;
mighty; icy;
–ate
isolate; consolidate;
facilitate; formulate;
–en deepen; shorten
strengthen;
–ify purify; classify;
simplify; intensify;
–ize / ise
realize; modernize;
industrialize; mechanize
–ly
quickly; swiftly; highly
–ward(s)
forward; upwards;
–wise clockwise
likewise; otherwise;
–teen 13-19
–ty 20, 30, 40, … 90
–th 4th, 5th, 6th, …
1 en- + n. /adj.→ v.
endanger; enslave; enlarge
2 be- + n. /adj. → v.
belittle; befriend; behead
3 a- + n. /v.→ adj. /ad.
asleep; aboard; aside;
ashore; away; awake; ablaze
4 out- + vi. → vt.
outrun; outlive;
outshine; outvote
5 out- + vi. → n.
outcome; outlet;
outlaw; outlook;
1 mono- uni- 一;单 monologue, monoxide,
uniform; unilateral;
unisex; unique; unicycle
2 di- / bi- dialogue, dioxide,
bicycle, bilingual
3 tri- triangle; trichord;
tricar; trisect
4 quadr(i)- quadrangle
quadrilingual, quadrilateral,
5 pent(a)- pentagon,
pentagram, pentameter
6 hex(a)- sex- hexagon, sexangle
7 hepta- / sept- heptagon, heptameter, septilateral septwolf
8 oct- octa- octo- octagon, octameter
9 nona- ennea-
nonagon, enneagon, ennead
10 deci- / deca-
decagon, decaliter,
decimal, decagram
11 centi- centimeter, century, centipede
12 milli- millimeter, millennium, millipede
13 kilo- kilowatt, kilobyte, kilometer, kilogram