Energy Management Opportunities for
Commercial Customers
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Your Presenters
– Welcome: Pat Egan, vice president, Customer & Community Affairs
– Technologies: Mike Carter and Mark Farrell, energy engineers
– Energy Efficiency Programs: Chris Kanoff, programs manager
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Energy Management Benefits
– Bottom line cost savings today! Energy Maintenance
– Reduced noise levels– Better indoor air quality– Reduced air emissions
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Energy Management Opportunities
– Energy Basics
– Energy Management
Restaurants Lodging Food Retailers Machine & Auto
Body Shops
HVAC Lighting Motors Compressed
Air
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Energy Basics– Demand versus Energy
Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of demand—similar to the speedometer of your car that records the rate at which miles are traveled
• A bigger engine is required to travel at a faster rate
• Peak power demand is usually measured as an average over a 15-minute period
» Spikes and surges from motor startup and other short-term anomalies have little influence on peak demand
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy/consumption—similar to the odometer on your car which measures miles traveled
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Energy Basics
– Demand versus Energy Energy Cost = Energy Consumption x Unit Cost =
kWh x $/kWh• A 113-Watt four-lamp light fixture costs about $66 annually when operating
16 hr/day (113 W x 5,840 hr x $0.10/kWh ÷ 1,000 W/kW) Motor power (kW) = Horsepower (HP) x 0.746/efficiency
• A 10 HP motor = 10 HP x 0.746/0.90 = 8.3 kW• A 10 HP motor costs about $4,850 annually (8.3 kW x 5,840 hr x
$0.10/kWh) when operating 16 hr/day
Pay the price for improved energy efficiency!• The operating cost over the lifetime of a motor or light fixture can far exceed
the original purchase price
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Demand Reduction Ideas
– Lighting Turn off lights in unoccupied or day lighted rooms Turn off display and decorative lighting Reduce corridor lighting Use occupancy sensors in low-traffic areas
– HVAC Allow space temperatures to rise as high as 78°F Raise the chilled water temperature above normal settings during off-
season periods Ensure that ventilation grilles and fan coil units are not blocked by
books, flowers, debris, or other obstructions
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Demand Reduction Ideas
– Office Equipment Activate ENERGY STAR® power-down features Use SmartStrips to completely remove power from printers and
copiers Restrict use of personal appliances such as coffee pots, refrigerators
and heaters Turn off or unplug chilled-water drinking fountains
– Other Convert your roof to a reflective surface Use slower charging battery chargers for forklifts Shut off selected elevators and escalators Consider variable speed motors for fans and pumps Lower hot water setpoint from 140F to 120F
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Corporate Energy Management
– Key Components of Energy Management
Commitment by owners and management
Clearly stated goals on energy efficiency and waste reduction,
Delegation of responsibility and accountability
Sustained tracking and assessment of energy use and technology application
Continuous investigation of potential energy projects
Our Business Solutions Toolkit offers free energy efficiency posters for your business
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Corporate Energy Management
– Energy Information Systems Measure and Evaluate
• Knowledge is power» “If you can't measure it, you can't manage it!”
• Access to real-time energy consumption/demand and cost data across multiple plants and facilities
Plan• Benchmark
» Against yourself» Against similar facilities
• Prioritize solutions Implement
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HVAC
Implementation Energy (kWh)
Demand (kW)
Temperature setback
Economizers
Heat/energy recovery ventilators/wheels
Chiller water temperature
New HVAC equipment
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HVAC
– Temperature Setback/Setforward Save 3% per °F per 24 hr 72°F 68°F ( 4°F) for 12 hr saves 6%
– Obtain Proper Humidity Control In the Summer, decrease relative humidity (RH) to feel cool. Operation at 78°F / 40% RH provides the same level of occupant
comfort as 74°F / 50% RH does.• 74°F 78°F setforward for 24 hr saves 10% to 12%• Remove moisture with desiccant or enthalpy/heat wheel• Relative humidity >70% with temperature >70°F can encourage mold growth!
In the Winter, opposite applies–raise RH to feel warm.• Add moisture with evaporative humidifier• Ultrasonic humidifiers require filtered water
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HVAC
– Narrow Your Chiller Water Temperature Set Points Typical conditions are chilled water temperature of 42°F and
condensing water temperature of 80°F to 85°F.• 2% savings per °F that chilled water temperature is raised• 5°F to 10°F increase is possible; more may cause damage and reduce
cooling capacity (ton rating)
Efficiency benefits from lowering condensing water temperature are offset by increased fan and pump operation, along with reduced cooling capacity.
• Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and oversizing the cooling tower can help
• The larger the system, the greater the net energy savings
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HVAC
– Upgrade older HVAC (10 to 15 years) Chillers: 0.8 kW/ton 0.5 kW/ton (37% less!) Unitary rooftop: 1.5 kW/ton 1.2 kW/ton (20% less!)
Source: courtesy of McQuay International
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Lighting
Implementation Energy (kWh)
Demand (kW)
Replace T12 with T8 or T5
Replace metal halide with T8 or T5HO
Replace incandescent with CFL
Replace incandescent with LED
Use daylighting and occupancy sensors
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Lighting
– Lumens-- A measurement of the perceived power of light. 60-watt incandescent ~ 850 lumens (100 CRI) ~ 14 lpw efficacy 32-watt T8 fluorescent ~ 2,800 lumens (83 CRI) ~ 88 lpw 400-watt metal halide ~ 24,000 lumens (65 CRI) ~ 60 lpw 400-watt high-pressure sodium ~ 45,000 lumens (22 CRI) ~ 112 lpw
– Color Rendering Index (CRI)-- A measurement of a light source's ability to render colors the same as sunlight does.
CRI describes to what degree the light spectrum source is “filled out”
65CRI 92CRI
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Lighting
– Replace existing T12 fluorescent lamps with T8 fluorescent lamps (up to 30% savings)
– Also, T5 lamps are more efficient than T8s. The T5s are smaller and shorter so are not interchangeable with T8s T5s have lower mercury content than T8s T5 lumen maintenance is better at higher ambient temperatures but
worse in cold
Four-lamp T12 versus T8 Fixtures
Lamp Type
Fixture Watts
Fixture Lumens
LPW
F32T12 148 9,120 62
F32T8 113 10,600 94
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Lighting
– Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for Highbay Probe start MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%) is the best target for replacement
The lumen maintenance of metal halides can decrease to 45% during their lifetime, whereas fluorescents maintain 90% to 95% in optimal conditions
Compare 320 W probe start MH with 20,000 EOL lumens and six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens at 220 system watts
Lumen output of fluorescents declines with heat/cold
– Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL) You get the same or more light output (lumens) with a 75%
energy reduction and over six times the rated life!
Energy savings far outweigh the difference in lamp price
Use reflector flood CFLs in recessed-can lights Issue of mercury content can be addressed
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Lighting Case Study
– Gear Jammer Travel Plaza 24 hour / 7 day per week travel stop Upgraded from T12 to T8 fluorescent
lighting in the kitchen, restaurant and store areas
Eliminated fixtures and replaced some incandescent lights with CFLs
– Annual energy savings of $5,000 per year plus Pacific Power incentives of $5000 mean a two-year payback
– Gear Jammer president Chuck Hinckley, customers and employees have noted the improved light quality
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Lighting
– Day Lighting Skylights/lightpipes, clerestory windows, and roof monitors Energy savings can range from about $0.50/ft2 to $0.75/ft2, depending
on the building type, location, office area plan, and local cost of energy
– Occupancy Sensors Ultrasonic has wider range than infrared
but is prone to false positives Can shorten life of fluorescents with
instant start ballast $30 to $150 cost 2 year payback is normal
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Motors
Implementation Energy (kWh)
Demand (kW)
Replace motors
Use variable speed drives
Right size the motor
Disconnect unused transformers
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Motors
– Repair or Replace Motors Replace motors <40 HP Replace if cost of rewind is >65% of new motor Replace motors last rewound before 1980
• See the Motor Calculator in the Business Solutions Toolkit
– Variable Speed Drives/Adjustable Speed Drives Best for variable torque loads often found in variable flow
applications (pumps and fans) and greater than 2,000 hours operation
Horsepower varies as the cube of speed/flow Cut speed/flow by 50% and you cut energy consumption by nearly
90%! (0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.125) Converts 60 Hz to 120-400 Hz in pulse width modulation
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Motors
– Soft-start (reduced voltage starter) Does not really save energy or reduce peak demand Does keep lights from dimming and circuit breakers from popping open
– Right-size the Motor Motor efficiency plummets
at <40% rated load
– Premium Efficiency Motors Good motor efficiency varies
from about 85% (1 HP) to 95% (>75 HP)
NEMA Premium Efficiency motors are 1% to 3% basis points more efficient than baseline (EPACT 1992)
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Compressed Air
Implementation Energy (kWh)
Demand (kW)
Only use when there is no other option
Fix leaks
Right size
Use variable speed compressor motor drives
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Compressed Air
– Compressed Air energy cost for 6,000 hrs@ $0.10/kWh = $125/CFM At 4 CFM/HP, a 250 hp compressor costs about $125,000 annually
Typical Demand Components
Excessive Pressure
5%
Wrong application
20%
Normal Production 50%
Leaks 25%
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Compressed Air
– Only use compressed air when it is absolutely necessary!
– Examples of potentially inappropriate uses of compressed air: Open blowing Sparging Aspirating Atomizing Padding Dilute-phase transport Dense-phase transport
– If possible, switch to motors, mechanical actuators, and other means to accomplish the same function
Vacuum generationPersonnel coolingOpen hand-held blowguns or lancesDiaphragm pumpsCabinet coolingVacuum venturis
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Compressed Air
– Leaks often account for 20-30% of compressor output A 1/32" leak in a 90 psi compressed air system would cost
approximately $185 annually
– Produce only the pressure you really need For every 1 pound per square inch (1 psi) increase in
discharge pressure, energy consumption will increase by approximately 0.8% to 1% for a system in the 100 psig range with 30% to 50% unregulated usage*
Reducing system pressure by 10 psi saves 8% to 10%
*Except for centrifugal compressors
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Compressed Air
– Compressors operate at highest efficiency at full load or off Optimum controls results in big savings For example, at 50% full-load flow, kW input varies from 51% to 83%
– Variable speed is best applied to compressors that operate primarily as trim units, or as single units with loads below 75-80% demand Below 85% loading, variable displacement units
become less efficient than variable speed, and are very poor at loads below 50%
– Use ¾” diameter hose for >3 HP tools or >50’ lengths
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Compressed Air Case Study
– BD Medical (product manufacturing) 560,000 square foot manufacturing facility Air compressor sequencer controls, new air dryer
• Went from five compressors and four dryers to three
compressors and three dryers
Annual energy savings: $39,440 Project costs:
• $281,449 before incentives
• –140,725 incentive payment
• $140,724 after incentives Simple payback: 7.1 years before incentives and 3.6 years after incentives Other benefits:
• Increased plant production through reduced down time
• Lower impact on environment through lowered energy consumption
• Facilitates maintenance of ISO certifications
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Business Specific Ideas
– Restaurants
– Lodging
– Food Retailers
– Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops
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Restaurants
– Behavior Do not preheat cooking equipment until ready to use Turn cooking equipment down during slow periods Cold-rinse and stack dishes until a full dishwasher load is ready
– Systems Balance make-up air with vent hood exhaust air
• Implement variable-speed exhaust fans
Control humidity• 50% RH at 78°F = 70% RH at 74°F
Vinyl strips overlapped by at least 50% can reduce walk-in refrigerator cold air loss by up to 95%
• Best if entrance/exit rate is less than 5-6 times per hour
Consider economizer refrigerator cooling for refrigerators kept at 38°F or higher
• Best for cold climates and may require HEPA filter
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Lodging Industry
– Hot Water Reduction Strategies (energy savings) Low flow showerheads ($30 to $60 per year) 120°F laundry temperature versus 140°F (20%) Pool and hot tub covers (50%)
– Use door and motion sensors and Smart HVAC Controller to operate older Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner (PTAC) units
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Food Retailers
– Use condensation sensor to run anti-sweat heaters only when they are needed
– Use permanent case doors or overnight case covers to save up to 70% on refrigeration
– New vinyl strips overlapped by at least 50% can reduce cold air loss by up to 95% in walk-in freezers
Best when entrance/exit rate is no more than 5-6 times per hour to avoid ice buildup
– Replace fluorescent lighting with LED or fiber optic lighting Decreases heat load Minimizes maintenance Works well with nighttime occupancy sensors
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Food Retailers
– Use Air Doors/Curtains A door 8 ft wide and 8 ft high with an indoor temperature
of 70°F, an outdoor temperature of 20°F, and zero wind velocity, loses 200,000 Btu/h at a cost of roughly $2.50 per hour
Any wind at all triples the loss! Air door recovers 75% of heat loss 2-3 year payback possible
($2,600 cap. + $100 op.) Exhaust fans (negative pressure) and wind tunnel effect
are problems
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Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops
– Insulate building envelope Heat loss is walls 45%, roof 35%, and windows/doors 20%.
– Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for Highbay Probe start MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%)
is the best target for replacement
Compare 320 watt probe start MH with 20,000 EOL lumens and six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens at 220 system watts
– Use Air Doors/Curtains Air door recovers 75% of heat loss
1-2 year payback possible ($3,500 capital + $100 operations)
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Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops
– Reduce compressed air losses Replace bad applications with electric motors Reduce system pressure 10 psi Repair leaks Use variable speed compressor motor drives
– Use heat recovery ventilator to capture heat from paint booth exhaust air in the winter
– Stagger use of high horsepower motors Shift some machine use to off peak
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Online Business Tools pacificpower.net/toolkit
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Pacific Power FinAnswer Express (CA and WA only)
– FinAnswer Express is for commercial and industrial customers in California and Washington service territory– either retrofit or new construction
– Pre-calculated incentives for high-efficiency lighting, premium efficiency motors and HVAC equipment Custom incentives may be available for other types of equipment
– Incentive process (pre-purchase agreement or post purchase application) varies by technology and project type Please understand the process before you purchase!
– Check our Web site for on-line forms plus trade allies available to help
– Also check for state and federal tax incentives at dsire.org
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Pacific Power Energy FinAnswer (CA and WA only)
– Applies to comprehensive commercial or industrial projects– either new construction or commercial retrofit in our California and Washington service territory*
Lighting and non-lighting projects can be packaged– Starts with an energy analysis to identify options and highest priority
measures Commissioning is required for most measures
– Incentives are project-based WA- $0.15/kWh of annual energy savings + $50/kW of average monthly
demand reduction (up to 60% of the eligible project cost) CA - $0.12/kWh of annual energy savings + $50/kW of average monthly
demand reduction (up to 50% of the eligible project cost) Payable by one-time lump sum check, per project
– Incentive agreement must be signed before equipment is purchased– Check our Web site for participation steps and online forms
*Commercial retrofit projects must be at least 20,000 sq ft to be eligible
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Energy Trust of Oregon Business Programs
– Existing Buildings Technical assistance and cash incentives to install efficient equipment in
commercial and institutional facilities– New Buildings
Technical assistance and cash incentives for commercial and industrial new construction and major renovation projects
– Production Efficiency Technical assistance and cash incentives for improving the energy efficiency
of industrial, agricultural, water and wastewater treatment facilities– Solar Energy
Cash incentives for installation of solar electric or solar water heating systems for business
– Multifamily Home Energy Solutions Incentives for energy efficient improvements to existing multifamily
properties Incentives are currently available for insulation, windows, exterior doors,
HVAC improvements, water heating, clothes washers and lighting
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Contacts
– For more information please phone us: Call your Business Solutions Team for answers to service and account
questions at 1-866-870-3419
– Visit our Web site at: Business program Web page –
pacificpower.net/business Business Solutions Toolkit –
pacificpower.net/toolkit
– Or contact us directly: E-mail us at [email protected] Use our online inquiry form – pacificpower.net/inquiry Call our business Energy Services Hotline at 1-800-222-4335
– Also visit the Energy Trust of Oregon Web site at energytrust.org
© 2009 Tech Resources Inc.