EAST ASIA(chapter 9)
EAST ASIA
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF EAST ASIA
WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM ONE OF THE WORLD’S EARLIEST CULTURE
HEARTHS INTENSIFYING REGIONAL DISPARITIES POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EAST,
SITUATED IN RIVER BASINS
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA
REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER XIZANG (TIBET) XINJIANG MONGOLIA JAKOTA TRIANGLE
REGIONS OF THE REALM
CHINA PROPER- EASTERN HALF; THE CORE XIZANG (TIBET)- TALL MOUNTAINS AND HIGH
PLATEAUS; SPARSELY POPULATED XINJIANG- VAST DESERT BASIN AND
MOUNTAIN RIMS; A CULTURAL CONTACT ZONE
MONGOLIA- A DESERT, BUFFER STATE THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE
JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
EAST
ASIA
XIZANG (TIBET)
A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED
CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720
BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES
FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION
XINJIANG
COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA
A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE
POPULATION MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF
THE POPULATION BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND
NATURAL GAS UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES
HONG KONG
MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT
BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR 7 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S
COUNTRIES 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO
CHINA HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG
MONGOLIA
STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.6 MILLION INHABITANTS
PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911
BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE, wedged btw
the former USSR (Russia) and China. ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CHINA TOTAL AREA OF CHINA IS ABOUT 3.6
MILLION SQ MI LONGITUDINAL EXTENT IS COMPARABLE TO
THE U.S.; LATITUDINAL RANGE FROM NORTHERN QUEBEC TO CENTRAL CARIBBEAN
BORDERED (SURROUNDED) BY OCEAN, HIGH MOUNTAINS, STEPPE COUNTRY, AND DESERT
VAST AND VARIED TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE COMPARISONINCLUDES THE LARGEST AREA OF HIGHLAND CLIMATE IN THE WORLD
Warm
Cold
Dry
Wet
COLONIALSPHERES
ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS
CHINESE PERSPECTIVES
ONE OF THE WORLD’S GREAT CULTURE HEARTHS
CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION FOR OVER 4,000 YEARS
VIEW OF CHINA AS THE CENTER OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD
EASTERN VS WESTERN BIAS – Romans, Greeks vs. Chinese
USED TO BE INWARD LOOKING/CLOSED SOCIETY
KONGFUZI (CONFUCIUS)
CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER, 551- 479 BC
CONFUCIANISM TOOK ON SPIRITUAL PROPORTIONS AFTER HIS DEATH
FOCUSED ON THE SUFFERING OF ORDINARY PEOPLE DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY
TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES
EXTRATERRITORIALITY
Page 469 A DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL
LAW (the basis of “Diplomatic Immunity”). EMPLOYED IN CHINA DURING THE LATE 1800s AFFORDED IMMUNITY FROM LOCAL
JURISDICTION CONSTITUTED AN EROSION OF CHINESE
SOVEREIGNTY DISTINCT ENCLAVES EVOLVED
CHINA’S POPULATION 1.323 BILLION; 118 MALES /100 FEMALES
ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.6% (1970s - 3%)
DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS
LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 Years (males), 73 Years (females)
ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 358 PEOPLE/SQ MI
PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,612 PEOPLE/SQ MI ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE
POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND
DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (see next slide)
POPULATION DENSITY
CHINA’S LARGE CITIES
BEIJING (CAPITAL) SHANGHI (LARGEST CITY) TIANJIN (PORT CITY) CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN CHINA: SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
URBAN CHINA
41% URBANIZED LARGEST CITIES ARE
INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE (see Page 459)
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AIR POLLUTION CONGESTION WATER POLLUTION
REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM
1950s-1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM
BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL
LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED, AND FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED
INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES
EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY”
DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES – EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH
AGRICULTURAL
REGIONS
ENERGY RESOURCES
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION – along the coast (pg 492)
INVESTOR INCENTIVES LIKE: LOW TAXES
EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS
SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES
HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED
PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)
CHINA’SECONOMIC
ZONES
THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE CHARACTERISTICS
Great cities Enormous consumption of raw materials State-of-the-art industries Voluminous exports Global links Trade surpluses Rapid development
•Transportation •Cities
JAPAN
JAPAN’SCORE AREA
MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers Reinstated the emperor and began to transform
Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power
Adopted aspects of the British model. See movie “The Last Samurai”.
Launched a systematic study of the industrialized world
Focus was on industrialization and education system
EXPANSIONIST JAPAN
Taiwan 1895 Korea 1910 Pacific Islands Post WW I Manchuria 1931 China 1937 Hong Kong 1939 Southeast Asia 1941
1945 –1952: Allied Occupation
POPULATION COMPARISONS
297
128
49230
50
100
150
200
250
300M
ILL
ION
S
INDIA JAPAN
70+60-6950-5940-4930-3920-2910-19
0-9
AGE MALE FEMALE
20 10 0 10 20
Percent of Population
POPULATION PROFILES
MALE FEMALE
30 15 0 15
Percent of Population30
DECLINING JAPANESE POPULATION
Population: 127.9 million Birth rate: 9 births/1,000 Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 Growth rate: 0.1% Life expectancy: 78 yrs (M), 85 yrs (F) Urbanization: 78%
KOREA
KOREA
The size of Idaho but with a population of 73 million (both Koreas)
Turbulent political history Was a dependency of China Was a colony of Japan Divided into 2 Koreas along the 38th parallel by
Allied Powers > WW II (1945) Cease-fire line established in1953
NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS
NORTH KOREA 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – mainly with former Soviet Union and China
SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe
THE KOREAS
POPULATION 23,100,000 48,700,000
GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3
GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,930
AGRICULTURE RESTRICTIVE GOOD
(as % of GNP) 25 % 8 %
(% work force) 36 % 21 %
LAND USE PATTERNSRugged MountainsIndustrial AreaMain Rice ProducingSecondary Rice ProducingFree Trade Zone
SEOUL Capital of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s) 9.6 million people Located in the northwest corner of South
Korea The urban-industrial center
Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic goods
TAIWAN
TAIWAN, ROC
Historical background: A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled
from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC), NOT the same as the Peoples Rep. of China.
Territory - approximately 14,000 Square miles Population – 22.8 million 78% urbanized
FOUR ECONOMIC TIGERS
“TIGER”FormerState
Date of
Split
• SINGAPORE MALAYSIA 1965
• HONG KONG CHINA 1841
• TAIWAN CHINA 1949
• SOUTH KOREA KOREA 1952