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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Course Contents Summary
UNIT 1: DSP Concepts, Algorithms and Design
UNIT 2: DSP Processors: Enhanced Conventional DSP
Processors and VLIW Architecture based DSP
Processor (TMS320C5416, TMS320C5515 and
TMS320C6713)
UNIT 3: Real Time Embedded System Development
using DSP
UNIT 4: Data Compression
UNIT 5: Image Processing (Fundamentals and
Advanced Concepts)
UNIT 6: Project
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UG CONSULTANTS
Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
UNIT 1: DSP Concepts, Algorithms and Design
Analog Signals and Systems in Time and Frequency Domains
Signal Parameters
Basic Operations on signals
Classification of signals
Basic Signal Examples
Complex Exponential
Phasor Representation of Complex Exponentials
Frequency domain representation of Complex Exponentials
Ortho-normality
Fourier Series Representation
Fourier Transform of non-periodic signals
Magnitude and Phase Spectra
Bandwidth of a Signal
Power and Energy Spectral Density
Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation of signals
Properties of Fourier Transform
Hilbert Transform
In-phase and Quadrature phase representation of signals
Bandpass Signals
Basic System Properties
Linear and Time Invariant Systems
Impulse Response and Its Significance
Input – Output Relation: Convolution
Stability Criterion
Linear Constant Coefficient Differential Equations
First-order and Second-order systems
Frequency Response of a system
Magnitude and Phase Response of a system
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Conditions for distortionless transmission through a system
Sinusoidal excitation of system
Classification of systems based on Magnitude Response
Butterworth and Chebyshev Low Pass Filters
Complex Domain Representation of Signals and Systems
Laplace Transform and Region of Convergence
Properties of Laplace Transform
Signal Sampling and Quantization
Sampling Theorem for Bandlimited signals
Niquist Criterion
Reconstruction of a signal from its samples
Aliasing
Anti-Aliasing Filter
Sampling Theorem for Bandpass Signals
Quantization
Quantization Error
Analog –to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion
Binary Representation of Quantized Signal
Source Coding and Huffman Coding
Coding Efficiency
Discrete Signals and Systems in Time and Frequency domains
Basic Digital Signals
Classification of Signals
Operations on Signals
Auto-Correlation and Cross-Correlation of Signals
Frequency variable for Discrete Signals
Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Magnitude and Phase Spectrum for Digital Signals
Basic System Properties
Systems connected in Parallel and Cascade
Linear and Time-Invariant Systems
Stability Criterion for an LTI System
Impulse Response
Frequency Response of a System
Magnitude and Phase Responses of System
Classification of Systems based on Magnitude and Phase
Responses of a system
Convolution
Conditions for Distortionless Transmission through a System
Sinusoidal Excitation of a System
IIR and FIR Systems
First-order Analog System and Its equivalent Discrete System
Realization of a Digital System using Direct Form-1 and Direct
Form-2 methods.
FIR Symmetric System
Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equation
Recursive and Non-Recursive Systems
Comb filter
Impulse Invariant Method and Bi-linear Transformation to
transform a signal from Laplace domain to Z-domain.
Frequency Transformations: LP to HP, BP, BS etc.
Discrete Fourier Transform and Signal Spectrum
Discrete Fourier Series Coefficients
Discrete Fourier Transform
Amplitude Spectrum and Power Spectrum
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Spectral Estimation using Window Functions
Fast Fourier Transforms (Decimation in Time and Decimation in
Frequency)
Complex Domain Representation of Digital Signals
Z-Transform
Properties of the Z-Transform
Region of Convergence in Z plane
Inverse Z-Transform
Solution of Difference Equations using Z Transform
Digital Processing Systems and Digital Filter Realizations
Difference Equations and Transfer Function
System Function and Pole-Zero Diagram and Stability Criterion.
Digital Filter Frequency Response.
Classification of Digital Filters
Realization of Digital Filters
Tranformation of Analog Systems to Digital Systems
Impulse Invariant Method
Bilinear Transformation Method
Finite Impulse Response Systems
FIR System: Definition and Difference Equation
FIR Filter Design:
o Fourier Transform Design & Window Method
o Frequency Sampling Method
o Frequency Sampling Method
Realizations of FIR Systems:
o Transversal Form
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
o Linear Phase Form
o Lattice Structure
Coefficient Accuracy Effects on FIR Filters
Infinite Impulse Response Systems
IIR System: Definition and Difference Equation
Digital Butterworth and Chebyshev Filter Design
Higher order Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design using
Cascade Method
Pole-Zero Placement Method for IIR Filters
Adaptive Filters
Least Mean Square Adaptive Finite Impulse Response Filters
Basic Wiener Filter Theory
Applications of Adaptive Filtering
o Noise Cancellation
o System Modeling
o Canceling Periodic Interference Using Linear Prediction
o Electro-Cardiography Interference Cancellation
o Echo Cancellation in Telephonic Circuits
Waveform Quantization and Compression
Quantization and Quantization Error
Mu – Law Companding
Waveform Coding
o Differential Pulse Code Modulation
o Delta Modulation
o Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation
o Discrete Cosine Transform
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Multirate Digital Signal Processing
Multirate Digital Signal Processing Basics
Decimation and Interpolation
Polyphase Filter Structure and Implementation
Over-sampling of Analog to Digital Converter
Under-sampling of Bandpass Signals
Image Processing Basics
Image Data Formats
Image Histogram and Equalization
Image Level Adjustment and Contrast
Image Filtering Enhancement
Image Pseudo Color Generation
Image Spectra
Image Compression by DCT
Video Signal Basics
Motion Estimation in Video
Introduction to MATLAB Environmant
Basic Commands and Syntax
MATLAB Array and Indexing
Plot Utilities
MATLAB Script Files
MATLAB Functions
DSP Implementation using MATLAB
MATLAB Program for Uniform Quantization Encoding
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Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
MATLAB Program for Uniform Quantization Decoding
MATLAB Program for Calculating Signal to Noise Ratio
MATLAB Program to Compute the Signal Spectrum
MATLAB Program for Spectral Estimation Using Window Functions
MATLAB Program to Compute Output Sequence for a Given Input
Sequence and a Given Difference Equation
MATLAB Program to Compute and Plot Magnitude and Phase
Response.
MATLAB Program for Pre-Emphasis of Speech Signal
MATLAB Program for Bandpass Filtering of Speech
MATLAB Program for FIR Filter Design Using Window Method
MATLAB Program for the application of Noise Filtering using FIR
Filter
MATLAB Program for FIR Filter Design using Frequency Sampling
Method
MATLAB Program for FIR Filter Design using Optimal Design
Method
MATLAB Program for the Realization of FIR Filter in Transversal
Form
MATLAB Program for demonstrating Coefficient Accuracy Effects
on FIR Filter Performance.
MATLAB Functions for the Bilenar Transformation Design
MATLAB Program for the design of Digital Low Pass Butterworth
Filter
MATLAB Program for the design of Digital High Pass Butterworth
Filter
MATLAB Program for the design of Digital Low Pass Chebyshev
Filter
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
MATLAB Program for the design of Digital High Pass Chebyshev
Filter
MATLAB Program for the design of Digital Band Pass Butterworth
Filter
MATLAB Program for the design of Digital Band Stop Chebyshev
Filter
MATLAB Program for the design of Hiher Order Low Pass
Butterworth Filters
MATLAB Program for the Digital Audio Equalizer
MATLAB Program for the relaization of IIR Systems in Direct Form
I and Direct Form II methods.
MATLAB Program for heart rate detection using an ECG Signal
MATLAB Program for the DTMF generation
MATLAB Program for the DTMF detection using Goertzel
Algorithm.
MATLAB Program for Adaptive Noise Cancellation
MATLAB Program for Adaptive System Identification
MATLAB Program for Adaptive Line Enhancement
MATLAB Program for Linear Midtread Quantizer
MATLAB Program for MU-Law Encoding and Decoding
MATLAB Program for ADPCM Encoding and Decoding
MATLAB Program for Waveform Coding DCT and W-MDCT
MATAB Program for Decimation
MATLAB Program for Interpolation
MATLAB program for changing sampling rate with a non-integer
factor.
MATLAB Program for Image Format Conversion
MATLAB Program for Equalization
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
MATLAB Program for Image Filtering (Gaussian & Median
Filtering)
MATLAB Program for Pseudo Color Generation.
UNIT 2: DSP Processors: Enhanced Conventional DSP
Processors and VLIW Architecture based DSP
Processor (TMS320C5416, TMS320C5515 and
TMS320C6713)
Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
Why use a DSP
What is Digital Signal Processing
Advantages of DSP
Basic Componnts of a Basic DSP System
ADC and DAC
Applications for DSPs
Low Cost DSP Applications
Power Efficient DSP Applications
High Performance DSP Applications
Overview of DSP Algorithms
Algorithm – Definition
DSP Systems
Analog to Digital Conversion
Niquist Criteria
Aliasing
Anti Aliasing Filter
Sample Rate and Processor Speed
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Digital to Analog Conversion
Multirate Applications
Introduction to Filters
FIR filter and their Characteristics
FIR Filters as Moving Averages
Hardware Implementation
Basic Software Implementation
Design and Implementation of FIR Filters
Basic FIR Optimizations for DSP Devices
IIR Filters
IIR Fiter Design
IIR Trade-Offs
DSP Architecture Optimization for Filter Implementation
Time Vs Frequency
DFT & FFT
Butterfly Structure
Forms of FFT Algorithm
FFT Implementation Issues
Introduction to Digital Signal Processors:
Evolution of DSP Processors
General purpose Microprocessors and DS Processors
Basic Architectural Features of DS Processors
DSP’s Computational Blocks
Bus architecture and Memory
Data Addressing Capabilities
Address Generation Unit
Speed Issues
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
DSP Architectures
Fast, Specialized Arithmetic
MAC Unit
Parallel ALUs
Numeric Representations
High Bandwidth Memory Architectures
Data and Instruction Memories
Memory Options
High Speed Registers
Memory Interleaving
Bank Switching
Caches for DSPs
Execution Time Predictability
Direct Access Memory (dMA)
DMA Example
Pipelined Processing & Limitations
Resource Conflicts
Pipeline Control
Specialized Instructions and Addrss Modes
Circular Addressing
Bit Reversed Addressing
Examples of DSP Architecture
Low Cost Accumulator Based Architecture
Low Power DSP Architectures
Event Driven Loop Applications
A DSP with Idle Modes
High Performance DSP
VLIW Load and Store DSP
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
TI’s TMS320 Processors and their Features
Software Development Tools for C54x: Code Composer Studio
(CCS)
Developing a Simple Program
Create/Open a new project
Adding the required files to the project
Build, Load Program and Run the project
Execution: Run, Halt, Step into, Step over etc
Debugging a project using CCS
Add/remove Breakpoint
Viewing variables and changing their values by using watch
window
View Memory and CPU Registers
View Disassembly
Viewing the Call Stack
Additional features of CCS
Adding a probe point for File I/O
Displaying Graphs
Creating a Library Project
Profiling the program
Data Formats and Computational Accuracy in DSP
Implementations
Signed two’s complement integer representation of data
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Fixed Point and Floating Point data formats
Fixed Point Arithmetic
Fixed Point Addition (Numbers with same Q format)
Fixed Point Subtraction (Numbers with same Q format)
Fixed Point Addition (Numbers with same different format)
Fixed Point Multiplication (Numbers with same Q format)
Q Values in the Watch Window of CCS.
Fixed Point and Floating Point Processors
Dynamic Range and Precision
DSP Algorithms and their Fixed Point C Implementation
Fixed Point C Coding and Issues
To determine the impulse response of a system
To implement difference Equations
Convolution & Correlation
DFT & FFT
Decimation and Interpolation
IIR and FIR Filters: Design (Using MATLAB and Fixed C
implementation
TMS320C54X processor’s architecture
Bus Structure
Internal Memory Organization
Central Processing Unit
Data Addressing
Program Memory Addressing
Pipeline Operation
On-Chip Peripherals
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Serial Ports
Central Processing Unit
CPU Status and Control Registers
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Accumulators A and B
Barrel Shifter
Multiplier/Adder Unit
Compare, Select and Store Unit
Exponent Encoder
MEMORY SPACE
Memory Organization
Program Memory
Data Memory
I/O Memory
Pipeline
Pipeline Operation
Interrupts and the Pipeline
Dual Access Memory and the Pipeline
Single Access Memory and the Pipeline
Pipeline Latencies
Addressing Modes (Data Memory)
Immediate Addressing
Absolute Addressing
Accumulator Addressing
Direct Addressing
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Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Indirect Addressing
Memory Mapped Register Addressing
Variants of Indirect Addressing
Post Increment & Pre Increment of the data address
Circular Addressing
Bit Reverse Addressing
Program Memory Addressing Mode
Program Memory Address Generation
Program Counter
Branches
Calls
Returns
Conditional Operations
Repeating a Single Instruction
Repeating a Block of Instructions
Reset Operation
Interrupts
Power Down Modes
Tutorials on Basic Instruction Set
Simple Instructions to Move Data
Instructions with indirect addressing mode
Instructions for logical operations
Instructions for Shift operations
Arithmetic Instructions
Branch Instructions
Loop counters and Repeated instructions
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Multiplications
Multiplications with Accumulation
Using data stored in ROM
Bit Operations
Stack Operations
Sub Routine Calls
Assembly Language Programming
Simple ASM source code
Lab Experiments
Additional Instruction Set
EXP/NORM instructions
Application Specific Instructions
FIRS
POLY
LMS
Assembler Directives
Mixed C Programming
LAB Experiments
( C &Assembly Language Implementations)
Sum of Products
Linear Convolution
Circular Convolution
Complex Mathematics
Matrix manipulations
Sampling Theorem
Polynomial Evaluation
Lab Experiments (Non-Real Time)
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
IIR Filter Implementation
FIR Filter Implementation
Sym. FIR Implementation
Non-Real Time Waveform Generation
DFT
FFT
Interpolation Filter
Decimation Filter
Adaptive Filter
Delta Modulation
Adaptive Delta Modulation
Predictive Delta Implementation
Lab Experiments (Real Time)
Wave Form Generation
Multi Tone Generation and FIR Filtering
C54x interfacing with a CODEC
Audio Effects and Audio Filtering with FIR Filters
TMS320C55x Architecture
TMS320C55x CPU
Memory Interface Unit
Instruction Buffer Unit (I Unit)
Instruction Buffer Queue
Instruction Decoder
Program Flow Unit (P Unit)
Program-Address Generation and Program-Control Logic
P-Unit Registers
Address-Data Flow Unit (A Unit)
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Data Address Generation Unit
A-Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit
A-Unit Regitsers
Data Computation Unit (D Unit)
Shifter
D-Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit
Two Multiply and Accumulate Units
D-Unit Registers
TMS320C55x Buses
TMS320C55x Buses
TMS320C55x Memory Map
TMS320C55x Addressing Modes
Direct Addressing Mode
Indirect Addressing Mode
Absolute Addressing Mode
Memory-Mapped Register Addressing Mode
Register Bits Addressing Mode
Circular Addressing Mode
TMS320C55x Pipeline and Parallelism
TMS320C55x Pipeline Phases
Parallel Execution
Pipeline Protection
TMS320C55x Instruction Set
Arithemetic Instructions
Logic and Bits Manipulation Instructions
Move Instructions
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Program Flow Control Instructions
CPU Registers
Memory Registers
Accumulators
Transition Registers
Temporary Registers
Registers used to Address Data Space and I/O Space
Program Flow Registers
Registers for Managing Interrupts
Registers for Controlling Repeat Loops
Status Registers
Stack Operation
Interrupts and Reset Operations
Mixed C and Assembly Language Programming (Interfacing C
with assembly code)
Using TMS320C55x DSP Library
Lab Experiments
Quantization of sinusoidal and speech signals
Overflow and saturation arithmetic
Quantization of coefficients
Synthesizing Sine Functions
Twiddle factor Generation
Complex Data Operation
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Implementation of DFT
Experiment using Assembly Routines
Implementation of Block FIR filter
Implementation of Symmetric FIR filter
Implementation of FIR filter using Dual-MAC
Implementation of IIR filter using floating-point C, fixed-point C
using intrinsic functions and ASM programming.
Radix-2 Complex FFT (using C program)
Radix-2 Complex FFT using Assembly Language
FFT and IFFT
Fast Convolution
Real Time DSP implementation using C5515 eZdsp USB Stick
Interfacing with the on-board Audio Codec
Interfacing with the on-board LED
Interfacing with the on-board dip switches
Interfacing with the on-board NOR flash
Interfacing with the on-board SD card
I2S interface between C5515 DSP processor and Audio Codec
Waveform Generation
Multitone Generation and FIR Filtering
Audio Effects
o Echo and Reverberation
o Upsampling and Down Sampling
o Flanging
Audio Filtering with FIR filters (Equalizers)
Acostic Echo Cancellation
Architecture and Instruction Set of the C6x Processor
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Introduction
TMS320C6x Architecture
Functional Units
Fetch and Execute Packets
Pipelining
Registers
Linear and Circular Addressing Modes
TMS320C6x Instruction Set
o Assembly Code Format
o Types of Instructions
Assembler Directives
Linear Assembly
ASM Statement within C
C-Callable Assembly Function
Timers
Interrupts
o Interrupt Control Registers
o Interrupt Acknowledgement
Multichannel Buffered Serial Ports
Direct Memory Access
Memory Considerations
o Data Allocation
o Data Alignment
o Pragma Directives
o Memory Models
Fixed and Floating Point Format
o Data Types
o Floating point Format
o Division
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Code Improvement
o Intrinsic Functions
o Trip Directive for Loop Count
o Cross Paths
o Software pipelining
Constraints
o Memory constraints
o Cross-Path Constraints
o Load/store Constraints
o Pipelining Effects with More Than One EP within an FP
Code Optimization
DSP/BIOS and RTDX using MATLAB, Visual C++, Visual basic,
and Lab View.
Lab Experiments : (SIMPLE PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES USING C
and ASM CODES)
Sine generation using eight points with DIP switch control.
Generation of the sinusoid and plotting with CCS
Dot product of two arrays
Loop Program Using Interrupt
Loop Program Using Polling
Sine Generation Using Polling
Sine Generation with Two Sliders for Amplitude and Frequency
Control
Loop Program with Input Data Stored in Memory Buffer
Loop with Data in Buffer Printed to File
Square-Wave Generation Using Lookup Table
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Ramp Generation Using Lookup Table
Ramp Generation without a Lookup Table
Echo (echo)
Echo Using Two Interrupts with Control for Different Effects
Sine Generation with Table Values Generated within Program
Sine Generation with Table Created by MATLAB
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Sweep Sinusoid Using Table with 8000 Points
Pseudorandom Noise Sequence Generation (noise_gen)
Efficient dot product
Sum of n + (n - 1) + (n - 2) + . . . + 1 Using C Calling Assembly
Function
Factorial of a number using C program calling ASM function.
Dot product using assembly program calling assembly function
Dot product using C function calling linear assembly function
Factorial using C calling linear assembly function
FIR filter implementation: Bandstop and Bandpass
Effects on Voice using Three FIR Lowpass Filters
Implementation of four different filters: LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF.
FIR implementation with pseudorandom noise sequence as input
to filter.
FIR filter with frequency response plot using CCS
FIR filter with internally generated pseudo random noise as input
to filter and output stored in memory.
Two notch filters to recover corrupted input voice
FIR implementation using four different methods
Voice scrambler using filtering and modulation
Illustration of Aliasing effects with downsampling
Implementation of an inverse FIR filter
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
FIR implementation using C calling ASM function
FIR implementation using C calling faster ASM function.
FIR implementation using C calling ASM function implementing
circular buffer.
FIR implementation using C calling ASM function implementing
circular buffer in external memory
IIR filter implementation using second order stages in cascade
Generation of two tones using two second order difference
equations
Sine generation using a Difference equation.
generation of a swept sinusoid using a difference equation
IIR inverse filter
DFT of a sequence of real numbers with output from CCS window
FFT of a real time input signal using an FFT function in C
FFT of a sinusoidal signal from a table using TI’s C callable FFT
function.
Fast convolution with overlap-add for FIR implementation using
TI’s floating point FFT functions
Graphic Equalizer
Adaptive Filter – C implementation
Adaptive filter for noise cancellation
Adaptive FIR filter for system ID of Fixed FIR
Adaptive FIR filter for system ID of Fixed FIR with weights of
adaptive filter initialized as FIR bandpass.
Adaptive FIR for system identification of fixed IIR.
Adaptive predictor for cancellation of narrowband interference
added to desired wideband signal.
Sum of products with word-wide data access for fixed point
implementation using C code
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Separate sum of products with C intrinsic functions using C code
Sum of products with word-wide data access for fixed point
implementation using linear ASM code
Sum of products with Double-Word load for floating point
implementation using linear ASM code
Dot product with no parallel instructions for fixed-point
implementation using ASM code.
Dot product with parallel instructions for Fixed-Point
implementation using ASM code.
Two Sums of Products with Word-Wide (32-bit) Data for Fixed-
Point Implementation Using ASM Code
Dot Product with No Parallel Instructions for Floating-Point
Implementation Using ASM Code
Dot Product with Parallel Instructions for Floating-Point
Implementation Using ASM Code
Two Sums of Products With Double-Word-Wide (64-bit) Data for
Floating-Point Implementation Using ASM Code
Dot Product Using Software Pipelining for a Fixed-Point
Implementation
Dot Product Using Software Pipelining for a Floating-Point
Implementation.
UNIT 3: Real Time Embedded System Development
using DSP
Real-Time Embedded Systems
Real-Time Systems
Hard Real-Time and Soft Real-Time Systems
DSP Systems as Hard Real-Time Systems
Real-Time Event Characteristics
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Efficient Execution of a Real-Time System
Challenges in Real-Time System Design
Response Time
Recovering From Failures
Distributed and Multiprocessor Architectures
Components and Characteristics of a typical Embedded System
Embedded System Development Life Cycle using DSP
Introduction to Embedded Systems
The Embedded System Life Cycle using DSP
Examining The Overall Needs of the System
Selecting the Hardware Components Required for the System
Hardware gates
Software Programmable
General Purpose Processors
Microcontrollers
FPGA Solutions
A General Signal Processing Solutions
DSP Accelaration Decisions
Understanding DSP Basics and Architectures
Models of DSP Processing
Input and Output Options
Calculating DSP Performance
DSP Software
DSP Frameworks
Optimizing DSP Implementation
What is Optimization
The Process
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Integrated DSP Certification Course Contents
Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Making the Common Case Fast
Make the Common Case Fast – DSP Architectures
Make the Common Case Fast – DSP Algorithms
Make the Common Case Fast – DSP Compilers
DSP Optimization Techniques
Direct Memory Access
Using DMA
Staging Data
Pending Vs Polling
Managing Internal Memory
Loop Unrolling
Filling The Execution Units
Reducing Loop Overhead
Fitting The Loop To Register Space
Trade-Off
Software Pipelining
An Example
A Serial Implementation
A Minimally Parallel Implementation
Compiler Generated Pipeline
An Implementation with Restrict Keyword
Enabling Software Pipelining
Interrupts and Pipelined Code
DSP Compilers and Optimization
Compiler Architecture and Flow
Compiler Optimizations
Instruction Selection
Latency and Instruction Scheduling
Register Allocation
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Compiler Time Options
Programmer Helping Out the Compiler
Intrinsic functions
Keywords
In-lining
Reducing Stack Access Time
Compilers Helping Out the Programmer
Summary of Coding Guidelines
Profile based Compilation
Advantages
Issues with Debugging Optimized Code
Summary of the Code Optimization Process
Power Optimization Techniques using DSP
Introduction
Power Optimization techniques in DSP Devices
Power Optimization for DSP Operating Systems
Power Optimization Techniques for DSP Applications
Using Idle Modes
Top Ten Power Optimizations
Power Optimization Life Cycle
Power Optimization Summary
Real Time Operating Systems for DSP
What makes OS as an RTOS?
Selecting an RTOS
DSP Specializations
Concepts of RTOS
Task-Based
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Multitasking
Rapid Response to Interrupts
RTOS Scheduling
Scheduler
The RTOS Kernel
System Calls
Dynamic Memory Allocations
Chip Support Software for DSP RTOS
DSP RTOS Application Example
Defining the Threads
Determining Relative Priority of Threads
Using Hardware Interrupts
Thread Period
DeadLock
Deadlock Prerequisites
Handling Deadlock
Shared Resource Integrity
Synchronizing Tasks for Mutual Exclusion
Mutual via Interrupt Control
Mutual Exclusion with a Simple Semaphore
Mutual Exclusion via Blocking Semaphores
Mutual Exclusion Through Sharable Resources
Circular Queue or Ring Buffer
Pseudocode for a Ring Buffer
Double Buffering
Basic Buffer Size Calculation
Data Pipes
Pseudocode for Telecommunications System Tasks
Other Kinds of Synchronization
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Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Task Synchronization (Rendezvous)
Conditional Synchronization
Schedulability and Response Times
Scheduling Policies in Real-Time Systems
Static Scheduling Policies
Dynamic Scheduling Policies
Scheduling Periodic tasks
Analyzing Scheduling Behavior in Preemptive Systems
Rate Monotonic Analysis
Calculating Worst-case Execution Time
Completion Time Theorem
Response Time Analysis
Interrupt Latency
Context Switch Overhead
Analyzing More Complex Systems
Deadline Monotonic Scheduling
Other Dynamic Scheduling Algorithms
Scheduling with Task Synchronization
Testing and Debugging DSP Systems
Debug Challenges for DSP
Introduction to JTAG
Emulation Basics
Emulation System Components
Emulator Physical Attributes
Emulator/Target Communication
On-Chip Emulation Capability
Emulation Capabilities
Breakpoints
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Event Detectors
Trace
Continuous Execution Visibility
Source Level Debugging
High-speed Data Collection and Visualization
Compiler and Linker Dependencies
Real-Time Embedded Software Testing Techniques
Task Synchronization and Interrupt Bugs
DSP Software Development
Overview
Challenges in DSP application Development
The DSP Design Process
Concept and Specification Phase
DSP Algorithms Standards and Guidelines
High-Level System Design and Performance Engineering
Software Development
System Build, Integration and Test
Factory and Field Test
Design Challenges for DSP Systems
High Level Design Tools for DSP
DSP Toolboxes
Host Development Tools for DSP Development
A generic Data Flow Example
Code Tuning and Optimization
Getting Started
Putting it all Together
Embedded DSP Software Design
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Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Multicore System-on-a-Chip
Software Architecture for SoC
SoC System Boot Sequence
Tools Support for SoC
A Video Processing Example of SoC
DSP BIOS
Real-Time System Concepts
Define the topology common to most DSP systems
List factors involved in design of a real-time system
Compare and contrast tradeoffs in R/T system design
Identify where various BIOS elements apply to DSP systems
Observe how BIOS can be used in systems from small to massive
BIOS configuration tools (GCONF, TCONF)
List the advantages and limitations of static systems
Demonstrate how to define target memory in CCS
Demonstrate routing S/W components into desired H/W memory
Describe the files created in a CCS project build
Observe the results of a built project
Describe how to optimally tune a static system
Describe the startup sequence of a BIOS based system
Lab adapt prior lab to use different linking options
Hardware Interrupts (HWI)
Describe the concepts of foreground / background processing
List details of the Idle (IDL) thread
Compare Hardware Interrupts (HWI) to ISR’s
Demonstrate how to invoke Interrupt Preemption
Describe the purpose of the Interrupt Monitor
Create an HWI object using CCS Gconf tool
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Add an idle thread to a given CCS project
Lab: Observe performance of HWI threads using CCS tools
Software Interrupts (SWI)
Describe the basic concepts of SWIs
Demonstrate how to post a SWI
Describe the SWI object
List several SWI posting options
Define the benefit of each SWI posting method
Lab: Add a SWI to an HWI-based system
Tasks and Semaphores (TSK, SEM)
Describe the fundamental concepts of tasks
Demonstrate the use of semaphores in tasks
Author TSK code using simple data block pointers
Create a TSK with the CCS GUI
Describe the TSK object
Explain the value of double buffers in DSP systems
Lab: Modify SWI based code to employ TSK
Multi-Threaded Systems (CLK, PRD)
Describe the way BIOS can implement a time base
Setup a time base via the BIOS CLK module
Describe the results of invoking various BIOS CLK API
Set functions to run at a periodic rate via the PRD module
Describe how to implement delayed ‘one-shot’ functions
Describe how the scheduler can be managed via BIOS API
List various BIOS scheduler management API
Lab: scheduler management API for system performance
Inter-Thread Communication (MSGQ ...)
Become familiar with signaling/data transfer methods in
DSP/BIOS:
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ATM Atomic Fxns
SEM Semaphore
LCK Lock
MBX Mailbox
QUE Queue
SCOM Synchronized Comm
MSGQ Message Queue
Each API compared/contrasted to select optimal choice for a
need
BIOS Instrumentation (LOG, STS, SYS, TRC)
Demonstrate statistical data on variables without halting the DSP
Describe why printf() is unsuitable for real-time systems
Describe how LOG_printf() overcomes this problem
Demonstrate how to use LOG_printf() in debugging
Describe how to implement trace control
Demonstrate how to perform real-time graphing
Describe the various API for responding to system errors
Lab: Incorporate/ observe R/T instrumentation into lab solution
Dynamic Systems (MEM, BUF)
Contrast static and dynamic system coding benefits
Implement dynamic BIOS object creation and deletion
Contrast the BIOS MEM API to malloc and free
Contrast MEM API with BUF API
Lab: Modify the prior static solutions to employ dynamic methods
Input Output Mini-Drivers (IOM)
Describe the concepts of BIOS drivers
List the key MD API
List the basic activities in each MD function
Describe the support tools for writing IOMs
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Describe all components of an example IOM
DSP Algorithm Standard (XDAIS)
Describe the benefits of using XDAIS compliant algorithms
Describe how users control algorithm behavior
Describe how users control algorithm’s RAM and ROM usage
Describe how XDAIS algorithms support multiple instances
List the interface methods required in XDAIS algorithms
List the sequence of actions in using a XDAIS algorithm
Use Component Wizard to develop an XDAIS interface
Reference Frameworks (RF1, 3, 5, 6)
Describe the goals of reference frameworks
Identify which RF to select for a given system
Describe the basic topology and API included with each RF
UNIT 4: Data Compression
INTRODUCTION
Compression Techniques
Loseless Compression
Lossy Compression
Measures of Performance
Modeling and Coding
MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES FOR LOSSLESS COMPRESSION
A Brief Introduction to Information Theory
Derivation of Average Information
Models
Physical Models
Probability Models
Markov Models
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Composite Source Models
Coding
Uniquely Decodable Codes
Prefix Codes
The Kraft-McMillan Inequality
Algorithmic Information Theory
Minimum Description Length Principle
HUFFMAN CODING
The Huffman Coding Algorithm
Minimum Variance Huffman Codes
Optimality of Huffman Codes
Length of Huffman Codes
Extended Huffman Codes
Nonbinary Huffman Codes
Adaptive Huffman Coding
Update Procedure
Encoding Procedure
Decoding Procedure
Golomb Codes
Rice Codes
CCSDS Recommendation for Lossless Compression
Tunstall Codes
Applications of Huffman Coding
Lossless Image Compression
Text Compression
Audio Compression
ARITHMETIC CODING
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Introduction
Coding a Sequence
Generating a Tag
Deciphering the Tag
Generating a Binary Code
Uniqueness and Efficiency of the Arithmetic Code
Algorithm Implementation
Integer Implementation
Comparison of Huffman and Arithmetic Coding
Adaptive Arithmetic Coding
Applications
DICTIONARY TECHNIQUES
Introduction
Static Dictionary
Digram Coding
Adaptive Dictionary
The LZ77 Approach
The LZ78 Approach
Applications
File Compression
Image Compression – The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
Image Compression – Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
Compression over Modems – V.42 bis
CONTEXT-BASED COMPRESSION
Introduction
Prediction with Partial Match (ppm)
The Basic Algorithm
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The Escape Symbol
Length of Context
The Exclusion Principle
The Burrows-Wheeler Transform
Move-to-Front Coding
Associative Coder of Buyanovsky (ACB)
Dynamic Markov Compression
LOSSLESS IMAGE COMPRESSION
Introduction
The Old JPEG Standard
CALIC
JPEG-LS
Multiresolution Approaches
Progressive Image Transmission
Fascimile Encoding
Run-Length Coding
CCITT Group 3 and 4 – Recommendations T.4 and T.6
JBIG
JBIG2 – T.88
MRC – T.44
MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES FOR LOSSY CODING
Introduction
Distortion Criteria
The Human Visual System
Auditory Perception
Information Theory Review
Conditional Entropy
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Average Mutual Information
Differential Entropy
Rate Distortion Theory
Models
Probability Models
Linear System Models
Physical Models
SCALAR QUANTIZATION
Introduction
The Quantization Problem
Uniform Quantizer
Adaptive Quantization
Forward Adaptive Quantization
Backward Adaptive Quantization
Nonuniform Quantization
pdf-Optimized Quantization
Companded Quantization
Entropy Coded Quantization
Entropy Coding of Lloyd-Max Quantizer Outputs
Entropy-Constrained Quantization
High-Rate Optimum Quantization
VECTOR QUANTIZATION
Introduction
Advantages of Vector Quantization over Scalar Quantization
The Linde-Buzo-Gray Algorithm
Initializing the LBG Algorithm
The Empty Cell Problem
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Use of LBG for Image Compression
Tree Structured Vector Quantizers
Design of Tree-Structured Vector Quantizers
Pruned Tree-Structured Vector Quantizers
Structured Vector Quantizers
Pyramid Vector Quantization
Polar and Spherical Vector Quantizers
Lattice Vector Quantizers
Variations on the Theme
Gain-Shape Vector Quantization
Mean-Removed Vector Quantization
Classified Vector Quantization
Multistage Vector Quantization
Adaptive Vector Quantization
Trellis-Coded Quantization
DIFFERENTIAL ENCODING
Introduction
The Basic Algorithm
Prediction in DPCM
Adaptive DPCM
Adaptive Quantization in DPCM
Adaptive Prediction in DPCM
Delta Modulation
Constant Factor Adaptive Delta Modulation
Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation
Speech Coding
G.726
Image Coding
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MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES FOR TRANSFORMS, SUBBANDS
AND WAVELETS
Introduction
Vector Spaces
Dot or Inner Product
Vector Space
Subspace
Basis
Inner Product – Formal Definition
Orthogonal and Orthonormal Sets
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
Parseval’s Theorem
Modulation Property
Convolution Theorem
Linear Systems
Time Invariance
Transfer Function
Impulse Response
Filter
Sampling
Ideal Sampling – Frequency Domain View
Ideal Sampling – Time Domain View
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Z – Transform
Tabular Method
Partial Fraction Expansion
Long Division
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Z-Transform Properties
Discrete Convolution
TRANSFORM CODING
Introduction
The Transform
Transforms of Interest
KL Transform
Discrete Cosine Transform
Discrete Sine Tranform
Discrete Walsh – Hadamard Transform
Quantization and Coding of Transform Coefficients
Applications to Image Compression – JPEG
The Transform
Quantization
Coding
Application to Audio Compression – the MDCT
SUBBAND CODING
Introduction
Filters
Some Filters Used in Subband Coding
The Basic Subband Coding Algorithm
Analysis
Quantization and Coding
Synthesis
Design of Filter Banks
Downsampling
Upsampling
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Perfect Reconstruction Using Two-Channel Filter Banks
Two-Channel PR Quadrature Mirror Filters
Power Symmetric FIR Filters
M-Band QMF Filter Banks
The Polyphase Decomposition
Bit Allocation
Application to Speech Coding – G.722
Application to Audio Coding – MPEG Audio
Application to Image Compression
Decomposing an Image
Coding the Sunbands
WAVELET BASED COMPRESSION
Introduction
Wavelets
Multiresolution Analysis and the Scaling Function
Implementation using Filters
Scaling and Wavelet Coefficients
Families of Wavlets
Image Compression
Embedded Zerotree Coder
Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees
JPEG 2000
AUDIO CODING
Introduction
Spectral Masking
Temporal Masking
Psychoacoustic Model
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MPEG Audio Coding
Layer I Coding
Layer II Coding
Layer III Coding – mp3
MPEG Advanced Audio Coding
MPEG-2 AAC
MPEG-4 AAC
Dolby AC3 (Dolby Digital)
Bit Allocation
Other Standards
ANALYSIS/SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS BY SYNTHESIS SCHEMES
Introduction
Speech Compression
The Channel Vocoder
The Linear Predictive Coder
Code Excited Linear Prediction
Sinusoidal Coders
Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP)
Wideband Speech Compression – ITU-T G.722.2
Image Compression
Fractal Compression
VIDEO COMPRESSION
Introduction
Motion Compensation
Video Signal Representation
ITU-T Recommendation H.261
Motion Compensation
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Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
The Loop Filter
The Transform
Quantization and Coding
Rate Control
Model-Based Coding
Asymmetric Applications
The MPEG-1 Video Standard
The MPEG-2 Video Standard – H.262
The Grand Alliance HDTV Proposal
ITU-T Recommendation H.263
Unrestricted Motion Vector Mode
Syntax-Based Arithmetic Coding Mode
Advanced Prediction Mode
PB-frames and Improved PB-frames Mode
Advanced Intra Coding Mode
Deblocking Filter Mode
Reference Picture Selection Mode
Temporal, SNR and Spatial Scalability Mode
Reference Picture Resampling
Reduced-Resolution Update Mode
Alternative Inter VLC Mode
Modified Quantization Mode
Enhanced Reference Picture Selection Mode
ITU-T Recommendation H.264, MPEG-4 Adavanced Video Coding
Motion Compensated Prediction
The Transform
Intra Prediction
Quantization
Coding
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MPEG – 4 part 2
Packet Video
ATM Networks
Compression Issues in ATM Networks
Compression Algorithms for Packet Video
UNIT 5: Image Processing (Fundamentals, advanced
Concepts)
Digital Image Representation
Coordinate Conventions
Images as Matrices
Reading Images
Displaying Images
Writing Images
Classes
Image Types
Gray-scale Images
Binary Images
A Note on Terminology
Converting between Classes
Array Indexing
Indexing Vectors
Indexing Matrices
Indexing with a Single Colon
Logical Indexing
Linear Indexing
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Concepts, Design and Real Time System Development
Selecting Array Dimensions
Sparse Matrices
Some Important Standard Arrays
Introduction to M-Function Programming
M-Files
Operators
Flow Control
Function Handles
Code Optimization
Interactive I/O
An Introduction to Cell Arrays and Structures
Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering
Intensity Transformation Functions
Functions imadjust and stretchlim
Logarithmic and Contrast-Stretching Transformations
Specifying Arbitrary Intensity Transformations
Some Utility M-functions for Intensity Transformations
Histogram Processing and Function Plotting
Generating and Plotting Image Histograms
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Matching (Specification)
Function adapthisteq
Spatial Filtering
Linear Spatial Filtering
Nonlinear Spatial Filtering
Image Processing Toolbox Standard Spatial Filters
Linear Spatial Filters
Nonlinear Spatial Filters
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Using Fuzzy Techniques for Intensity Transformations and
Spatial Filtering
Background
Introduction to Fuzzy Sets
Using Fuzzy Sets
A Set of Custom Fuzzy M-functions
Using Fuzzy Sets for Intensity Transformations
Using Fuzzy Sets for Spatial Filtering
Filtering in the Frequency Domain
The 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform
Computing and Visualizing the 2-D DFT in MATLAB
Filtering in the Frequency Domain
Fundamentals 173
Basic Steps in DFT Filtering
An M-function for Filtering in the Frequency Domain
Obtaining Frequency Domain Filters from Spatial Filters
Generating Filters Directly in the Frequency Domain
Creating Meshgrid Arrays for Use in Implementing Filters in the
Frequency Domain
Lowpass (Smoothing) Frequency Domain Filters
Wireframe and Surface Plotting
Highpass (Sharpening) Frequency Domain Filters
A Function for Highpass Filtering
High-Frequency Emphasis Filtering
Selective Filtering
Bandreject and Bandpass Filters
Notchreject and Notchpass Filters
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Image Restoration and Reconstruction
A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process
Noise Models
Adding Noise to Images with Function imnoise()
Generating Spatial Random Noise with a Specified Distribution
Periodic Noise
Estimating Noise Parameters
Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only—Spatial Filtering
Spatial Noise Filters
Adaptive Spatial Filters
Periodic Noise Reduction Using Frequency Domain Filtering
Modeling the Degradation Function
Direct Inverse Filtering
Wiener Filtering
Constrained Least Squares (Regularized) Filtering
Iterative Nonlinear Restoration Using the Lucy-Richardson
Algorithm
Blind Deconvolution
Image Reconstruction from Projections
Background
Parallel-Beam Projections and the Radon Transform
The Fourier Slice Theorem and Filtered Backprojections
Filter Implementation
Reconstruction Using Fan-Beam Filtered Backprojections
Function radon()
Function iradon()
Working with Fan-Beam Data
Geometric Transformations and Image Registration
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Transforming Points
Affine Transformations
Projective Transformations
Applying Geometric Transformations to Images
Image Coordinate Systems in MATLAB
o Output Image Location
o Controlling the Output Grid
Image Interpolation
o Interpolation in Two Dimensions
o Comparing Interpolation Methods
Image Registration
o Registration Process
o Manual Feature Selection and Matching Using cpselect
o Inferring Transformation Parameters Using cp2tform
o Visualizing Aligned Images
o Area-Based Registration
o Automatic Feature-Based Registration
Color Image Processing
Color Image Representation in MATLAB
RGB Images
Indexed Images
Functions for Manipulating RGB and Indexed Images
Converting Between Color Spaces
NTSC Color Space
The YCbCr Color Space
The HSV Color Space
The CMY and CMYK Color Spaces
The HSI Color Space
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Device-Independent Color Spaces
The Basics of Color Image Processing
Color Transformations
Spatial Filtering of Color Images
Color Image Smoothing
Color Image Sharpening
Working Directly in RGB Vector Space
Color Edge Detection Using the Gradient
Image Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
Wavelets
The Fast Wavelet Transform
FWTs Using the Wavelet Toolbox
FWTs without the Wavelet Toolbox
Working with Wavelet Decomposition Structures
Editing Wavelet Decomposition Coefficients without the Wavelet
Toolbox
Displaying Wavelet Decomposition Coefficients
The Inverse Fast Wavelet Transform
Wavelets in Image Processing
Image Compression
Coding Redundancy
Huffman Codes
Huffman Encoding
Huffman Decoding
Spatial Redundancy
Irrelevant Information
JPEG Compression
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JPEG
JPEG 2000
Video Compression
MATLAB Image Sequences and Movies
Temporal Redundancy and Motion Compensation
Morphological Image Processing
Some Basic Concepts from Set Theory
Binary Images, Sets, and Logical Operators
Dilation and Erosion
Dilation
Structuring Element Decomposition
The strel Function
Erosion
Combining Dilation and Erosion
Opening and Closing
The Hit-or-Miss Transformation
Using Lookup Tables
Function bwmorph
Labeling Connected Components
Morphological Reconstruction
Opening by Reconstruction
Filling Holes
Clearing Border Objects
Gray-Scale Morphology
Dilation and Erosion
Opening and Closing
Reconstruction
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Image Segmentation
Point, Line, and Edge Detection
Point Detection
Line Detection
Edge Detection Using Function edge
Line Detection Using the Hough Transform
Background
Toolbox Hough Functions
Thresholding
Foundation
Basic Global Thresholding
Optimum Global Thresholding Using Otsu's Method
Using Image Smoothing to Improve Global Thresholding
Using Edges to Improve Global Thresholding
Variable Thresholding Based on Local Statistics
Image Thresholding Using Moving Averages
Region-Based Segmentation
Basic Formulation
Region Growing
Region Splitting and Merging
Segmentation Using the Watershed Transform
Watershed Segmentation Using the Distance Transform
Watershed Segmentation Using Gradients
Marker-Controlled Watershed Segmentation
Representation and Description
Functions for Extracting Regions and Their Boundaries
Some Additional MATLAB and Toolbox Functions
Some Basic Utility M-Functions
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Representation
Chain Codes
Polygonal Approximations Using Minimum-Perimeter Polygons
Signatures
Boundary Segments
Skeletons
Boundary Descriptors
Some Simple Descriptors
Shape Numbers
Fourier Descriptors
Statistical Moments
Corners
Regional Descriptors
Function regionprops()
Texture
Moment Invariants
Using Principal Components for Description
Object Recognition
Computing Distance Measures in MATLAB
Recognition Based on Decision-Theoretic Methods
Forming Pattern Vectors
Pattern Matching Using Minimum-Distance Classifiers
Matching by Correlation
Optimum Statistical Classifiers
Adaptive Learning Systems
Structural Recognition
Working with Strings in MATLAB
String Matching
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