March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 1
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)(WPANs)
Submission Title: [Merged UWB proposal for IEEE 802.15.4a Alt-PHY]
Date Submitted: [13 Mar 2005]Source: [Francois Chin, et.al.]
Company: [Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore]
Address: [21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119613]
Voice: [65-68745687] FAX: [65-67744990] E-Mail: [[email protected]]
Re: [Response to the call for proposal of IEEE 802.15.4a, Doc Number: 15-04-0380-02-004a ]
Abstract: [Merged Proposal to IEEE 802.15.4a Task Group]
Purpose: [For presentation and consideration by the IEEE802.15.4a committee]
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 2
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
This contribution is a technical merger between*:
Institute for Infocomm Research [05/032]General Atomics [05/016]Thales & Cellonics [05/008]KERI & SSU & KWU [05/033] Create-Net & China UWB Forum [05/019]Staccato Communications [04/0704]Wisair [05/09]
* For a complete list of authors, please see page 3.
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 3
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
AuthorsInstitute for Infocomm Research:
Francois Chin, Xiaoming Peng, Sam Kwok, Zhongding Lei, Kannan, Yong-Huat Chew, Chin-Choy Chai, Rahim, Manjeet, T.T. Tjhung, Hongyi Fu, Tung-Chong Wong
General Atomics: Naiel Askar, Susan Lin
Thales & Cellonics: Serge Hethuin, Isabelle Bucaille, Arnaud Tonnerre, Fabrice Legrand, Joe Jurianto
KERI & SSU & KWU: Kwan-Ho Kim, Sungsoo Choi, Youngjin Park, Hui-Myoung Oh, Yoan Shin, Won cheol Lee, and Ho-In Jeon
Create-Net & China UWB Forum: Zheng Zhou, Frank Zheng, Honggang Zhang, Xiaofei Zhou, Iacopo Carreras, Sandro Pera, Imrich Chlamtac
Staccato Communications: Roberto Aiello, Torbjorn Larsson
Wisair: Gadi Shor, Sorin Goldenberg
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 4
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Multiband Ternary Orthogonal Keying (M-TOK)
for IEEE 802.15.4a UWB based Alt-PHY
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 5
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Goals
• Good use of UWB unlicensed spectrum
• Good system design
• Path to low complexity CMOS design
• Path to low power consumption
• Scalable to future standards
• Graceful co-existence with other services
• Graceful co-existence with other UWB systems
• Support different classes of nodes, with different reliability requirements (and $), with single common transmit signaling
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 6
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Main Features
Proposal main features:• Impulse-radio based (pulse-shape independent)
• Common preamble signaling for different classes of nodes / type of receivers (coherent / differential / noncoherent)
• Band Plan based on multiple 500 MHz bands• Robustness against SOP interference• Robustness against other in-band interference• Scalability to trade-off complexity/performance
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 7
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Chip rate 24 Mcps
# Pulse / Chip Period 1
Pulse Rep. Freq. 24 MHz
# Chip / symbol (Code length) 32
Symbol Rate 24/32 MHz = 0.75 MSps
info. bit / sym (Mandatory Mode) 4 bit / symbol
Mandatory bit rate 4 bit/sym x 0.75 MSps = 3 Mbps
#Code Sequences/ piconet 16 (4 bit/symbol)
Code position modulation (CPM)
Lower bit rate scalability Symbol Repetition
Modulation {+1,-1} bipolar and {+1,-1, 0} ternary pulse train
Total # simultaneous piconets supported
6 per FDM band
Multple access for piconets Fixed sequence & FDM band for each piconet
Proposed System Parameters
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 8
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
System Description• Each piconet uses one set of code sequences
for different classes of nodes / type of receivers (coherent / differential / non-coherent receivers)
• 16 Orthogonal Sequences of code length 32 to represent a 4-bit symbol
• PRF (chip rate): 24 MHz– Low enough to avoid significant interchip interference
(ICI) with all 802.15.4a multipath models– High enough to ensure low pulse peak power
• FEC: optional (or low complexity type)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 9
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Band Plan
BAND_ID Lower frequency Center frequency Upper frequency
1 3168 MHz 3432 MHz 3696 MHz
2 3696 MHz 3960 MHz 4224 MHz
3 4224 MHz 4488 MHz 4752 MHz
4 4752 MHz 5016 MHz 5280 MHz
5 5280 MHz 5544 MHz 5808 MHz
6 5808 MHz 6072 MHz 6336 MHz
7 6336 MHz 6600 MHz 6864 MHz
8 6864 MHz 7128 MHz 7392 MHz
9 7392 MHz 7656 MHz 7920 MHz
10 7920 MHz 8184 MHz 8448 MHz
11 8448 MHz 8712 MHz 8976 MHz
12 8976 MHz 9240 MHz 9504 MHz
13 9504 MHz 9768 MHz 10032 MHz
14 10032 MHz 10296 MHz 10560 MHz
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Multiple access
Multiple access within piconet: TDMA+CSMA/CAsame as 15.4
Multiple access across piconets: CDM + FDMDifferent Piconet uses different Base Sequence & different 500 MHz band
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 11
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Types of Receivers Supported• Coherent Detection: The phase of the received
carrier waveform is known, and utilized for demodulation
• Differential Chip Detection: The carrier phase of the previous signaling interval is used as phase reference for demodulation
• Non-coherent Detection: The carrier phase information (e.g.pulse polarity) is unknown at the receiver
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 12
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Criteria of Code Sequence Design
1. The sequence Set should have orthogonal (or near orthogonal)
cross correlation properties to minimise symbol decision error for
all the below receivers
a. For coherent receiver
b. For differential chip receiver
c. For non-coherent symbol detection receiver
d. Energy detection receiver
2. Each sequence should have good auto-correlation properties
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 13
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
2. To minimise impact of DC noise effect on energy collector based non-coherent receiver
• For OOK signaling, the transmitter transmits {+1,-1,0} ternary sequences
• Conventional receive unipolar code sequence – follows transmit sequence • After the energy capture in the receiver, the noise has positive
DC components in each chip; error occurs in thresholding, especially at lower SNR
• This will accumulate noise unevenly in symbol decision• An ideal receive despreading chip sequence should then have
bipolar chip values, preferrably with equal number of ‘+1 and ‘-1’ chips• This, to certain extent, will nullify DC noise energy in symbol
decision• This, will also nullify energy components from other interfering
piconets
Criteria of Code Sequence Design
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 14
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Base Sequence Set
Seq 1 0 + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 - 0 - + 0 0 - -
Seq 2 0 - 0 + - - 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 + - 0 + 0 0 0 0 + - 0 0 + 0 0 + - - -
Seq 3 0 - + 0 + + - - - 0 + 0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 + 0 + + 0 0 0 0 - + - 0 0
Seq 4 0 0 + 0 + - - 0 - - 0 0 0 - + - + + 0 0 + + 0 - 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 -
Seq 5 0 + - + - 0 0 - 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 + 0 - - 0 - 0 + 0 0 0 - - + 0 +
Seq 6 0 0 0 - + - 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 + 0 - - - + + 0 + -
• 31-chip Ternary Sequence set are chosen• Only one sequence and one fixed band (no hopping) will be used
by all devices in a piconet• Logical channels for support of multiple piconets
•6 sequences = 6 logical channels (e.g. overlapping piconets) for each FDM Band
• The same base sequence will be used to construct the symbol-to-chip mapping table
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 15
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Symbol Cyclic shift to right by n chips, n=
32-Chip value
0000 0 0 + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 - 0 - + 0 0 - -
0001 2 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 - 0 - + 0 0
0011 4 0 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 - 0 - +
0010 6 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 - 0
0110 8 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0
0111 10 0 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 +
0101 12 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0
0100 14 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 – 0
1100 15 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 –
1101 17 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 +
1111 19 0 0 + 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + +
1110 21 0 + + 0 + 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + - 0 +
1010 23 0 0 + + + 0 + 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0 + -
1011 25 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0 0 0
1001 27 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + - - 0
1000 29 0 - 0 0 0 + - 0 + + + 0 + 0 – 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 – 0 - + 0 0 - - + -
Symbol-to-Chip Mapping:Gray coded 16-ary Ternary Orthogonal Keying
To obtain 32-chip per symbol, cyclic shift the Base Sequence first, then append a ‘0’-chip in front
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 16
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Good Properties of the Mapping Sequence
1. Cyclic nature, leads to simple implementation
2. Zero DC for each sequence
3. No need for carrier phase tracking (i.e. coherent receiver)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 17
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Synchronisation Preamble
• Code sequences has good autocorrelation properties• Preamble is constructed by repeating ‘0000’ symbols • Long preamble is constructed by further symbol repetition
Correlator output for synchronisation
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 18
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Frame Format
PPDU
Octets:
PHY Layer
Preamble
4? 1
FrameLength
SFD
1
SHR PHR PSDU
MPDU
Data: 32 (n=23)
FrameCont.
Seq. # AddressData Payload CRC
Octets: 2 1 0/4/8 2
MAC Sublayer
n
MHR MSDU MFR
For ACK: 5 (n=0)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 19
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Transmission Mode Mode
Data Rate
(Mbps)
Bit / symbo
l
Sym. Rep.
TX Sign-aling
Receiver type
1a 3 4 1 Ternary - Short Preamble for all receivers - High Data Rate Mode (for Energy Collection receivers)
1b 0.75 4 4 Ternary - Long Preamble for all receivers - Low Data Rate Mode (for Energy Collection receivers)
2a 3 4 1 Binary - High Data Rate Mode (for Coherent / Differential Chip Receiver)
2b 0.75 4 4 Binary - Low Data Rate Mode (for Coherent / Differential Chip Receiver)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 20
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Modulation & Coding (Mode 1)
Bit to symbol mapping: group every 4 bits into a symbol
Symbol-to-chip mapping:Each 4-bit symbol is mapped to one of 16 32-chip sequence, according to 16-ary Ternary Orthogonal Keying
Symbol Repetition:for data rate and range scalability
Pulse Genarator: • Transmit Ternary pulses at PRF = 24MHz
Bit-to-Symbol
Symbol Repetition
Binary data
From PPDU
Pulse Generator
{0,1,-1} Ternary Sequence
Symbol-to-Chip
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 21
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Modulation & Coding (Mode 2)
Bit to symbol mapping: group every 4 bits into a symbol
Symbol-to-chip mapping:Each 4-bit symbol is mapped to one of 16 32-chip sequence, according to 16-ary Ternary Orthogonal Keying
Symbol Repetition:for data rate and range scalability
Ternary to Binary conversion: (-1/+1 → 1,0 → -1)
Pulse Genarator: • Transmit bipolar pulses at PRF = 24MHz
Bit-to-Symbol
Symbol Repetition
Binary data
From PPDU
Ternary-Binary
{0,1,-1} Ternary Sequence
Symbol-to-Chip
Pulse Generator
{1,-1} Binary Sequence
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 22
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Code Sequence Properties & Performance
1. AWGN Performance
2. Multipath Performance
I. For Coherent Symbol Detector
II. For Non-coherent Symbol Detector
III. For Differential Chip Detector
IV. For Energy Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 23
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
AWGN Performance
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 24
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
AWGN Performance
AWGN performance @ 1% PER
@ 3 Mbps Coherent symbol detection
Non-coherent symbol detection
Differential chip detection
Energy detection
Mode 1 6.5 dB 8.5 dB 13 dB 13.5 dB
Mode 2 6.5 dB 7.5 dB 11.5 dB -
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 25
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Auto Correlation Properties for Coherent/Non-Coherent Symbol Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 26
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
TxSeqSet * RxSeqSet' (Mode 2) = TxSeqSet * RxSeqSet' (Mode 1) =
Cross Correlation Properties for Coherent/Non-Coherent Symbol Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 27
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Multipath Performance forCoherent Symbol Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 28
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Multipath Performance forNon-Coherent Symbol Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 29
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Auto Correlation Properties for Differential Chip Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 30
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Cross Correlation Properties for Differential Chip Detector
DifferentialChip(TxSeqSet) * DifferentialChip(RxSeqSet)’ (Mode 1) =
DifferentialChip(TxSeqSet) * DifferentialChip(RxSeqSet)’ (Mode 2) =
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 31
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
nx ,1nx ,2
nx ,3
1,1 nx 1,2 nx
1,3 nx
*,31,3
*,21,2
*,11,1 ReReRe nnnnnn xxxxxx
Multipath Combining forDifferential Chip Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 32
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Multipath Performance forDifferential Chip Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 33
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
• Energy detection technique rather than coherent receiver, for low cost, low complexity
• Soft chip values gives best results• Oversampling & sequence correlation is used to
recovery chip timing recovery• Synchronization fully re-acquired for each new packet
received (=> no very accurate timebase needed)
BPF ( )2 LPF / integrator
ADC
Sample Rate 1/Tc
SoftDespread
Non-Coherent Receiver Architectures (Mode 1)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 34
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Auto Correlation Properties for Energy Detection Receiver
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 35
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Cross Correlation Properties for Energy Detection Receiver
TxSeqSet * RxSeqSet ' =
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 36
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Multipath Performance forEnergy Detector
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 37
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Basic Data Rate Throughput (Low Rate Modes)
• Useful data rate calculation for 32 byte PSDU (Xo = 0.75 Mbps)
• Symbol Period = 1.33us
– Data frame time : 38 x 8 / 0.75= 405.3 µsec
– ACK frame time : 11 x 8 / 0.75 = 117.3 µsec
– tACK (considering 15.4 spec) : 192 µsec
– LIFS (considering 15.4 spec) : 640 µsec
– Tframe = 1355 µsec
– Useful Basic Data Rate = 189.0 kbps
LIFStACK
Data Frame (38 bytes) ACK
Tframe
(Time Slot for Multiple Piconet)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 38
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
LIFStACK
Data Frame (38 bytes) ACK
Tframe
(Time Slot for Multiple Piconet)
Basic Data Rate Throughput (High Rate Modes)
• Useful data rate calculation for 32 byte PSDU (Xo = 3 Mbps)
• Symbol Period = 1.33us
– Data frame time : 38 x 8 / 3 = 101.3 µsec
– ACK frame time : 11 x 8 / 3 = 29.3 µsec
– tACK (considering 15.4 spec) : 192 µsec
– LIFS (considering 15.4 spec) : 640 µsec
– Tframe = 963 µsec
– Useful Basic Data Rate = 265.9 kbps
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 39
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
LIFStACK
Data Frame (38 bytes) ACK
Tframe
(Time Slot for Multiple Piconet)
Basic Data Rate Throughput (High Rate Modes)
• Useful data rate calculation for 127 byte PSDU (Xo = 3 Mbps)
• Symbol Period = 1.33us
– Data frame time : 127 x 8 / 3 = 354.7 µsec
– ACK frame time : 11 x 8 / 3 = 29.3 µsec
– tACK (considering 15.4 spec) : 192 µsec
– LIFS (considering 15.4 spec) : 640 µsec
– Tframe = 1216 µsec
– Useful Basic Data Rate = 853.5 kbps
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 40
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Link Budget
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 41
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Ranging and Positioning
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 42
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Asynchronous Ranging Scheme• Synchronous ranging
– One way ranging
– Simple TOA/TDOA measurement
– Universal external clock
• Asynchronous ranging– Two way ranging
– TOA/TDOA measurement by RTTs
– Half-duplex type of signal exchange
Transmitted packets
Received packets
TOF : Time Of Flight
RTT : Round Trip Time
SHR : Synchronization Header
SHR Payload
SHR Payload
SHR Payload
Reference Time
A
B
C
TOFAB
TOFAC
TDOABC
RTT
TOF
TOF
SHR SHRPayload Payload
Pre- determined delay time(T)
SHR Payload SHR Payload
TOF = (RTT- 2k- T)/2
k
Synchronous Ranging Asynchronous Ranging
But, HighComplexity
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 43
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Features- Sequential two-way ranging is executed via relay transmissions- PAN coordinator manages the overall schedule for positioning- Inactive mode processing is required along the positioning- PAN coordinator may transfer all sorts of information such as observed - TDOAs to a processing unit (PU) for position calculation
Benefits- It does not need pre-synchronization among the devices- Positioning in mobile environment is partly accomplished
PAN coordinator
P_FFD1
P_FFD2
P_FFD3
RFD
TOA14
TOA24
TOA34
P_FFD : Positioning Full Function DeviceRFD : Reduced Function Device
PU
Proposed Positioning Scheme
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 44
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Process of Proposed Positioning Scheme
PAN coordinator
P_FFD1
P_FFD2
P_FFD3
RFD
T
T
T
T
RTT12
RTT23
RTT13
RTT14
RTT24
RTT34
T12
T23T13
T14
T34
T24: Transmited packets
: Received packets TOA TOA measurementmeasurement
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 45
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
More Details for obtaining TDOAs• Distances among the positioning FFDs are calculated from RTT
measurements and known time interval T
• Using observed RTT measurements and calculated distances, TOAs/TDOAs are updated
RTTRTT1212 = T + 2T = T + 2T1212
RTTRTT2323 = T + = T + 2T2T2323
RTTRTT1313 = T = T1212 + 2T + T + 2T + T2323 + T + T1313
TT1212 = (RTT = (RTT1212 – T)/2 – T)/2
TT2323 = (RTT = (RTT2323 – T)/2 – T)/2
TT13 13 = (RTT= (RTT1313 – T – T1212 – T – T2323 – 2T) – 2T)
RTTRTT3434 = T = T3434 + T + + T + TT3434
RTTRTT1414 = T = T1212 + T + T + T + T2323 + T + T + T + T3434 + T + + T + TT1414
RTTRTT2424 = T = T2323 + T + T + T + T3434 + T + + T + TT2424
TOATOA1414 = (RTT = (RTT1414 - T - T1212 - T - T2323 - TOA - TOA3434 - -
3T)3T)
TOATOA3434 = (RTT = (RTT3434 - T)/2 - T)/2
TOATOA2424 = (RTT = (RTT2424 - T - T23 23 - TOA- TOA3434 - - 2T)2T)
TDOATDOA1212 = TOA = TOA1414 – TOA – TOA2424
TDOATDOA2323 = TOA = TOA2424 – TOA – TOA3434
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 46
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Position Calculation using TDOAs• The range difference measurement defines a hyperboloid of
constant range difference
• When multiple range difference measurements are obtained, producing multiple hyperboloids, the position location of the device is at the intersection among the hyperboloids
2 2 2 2, , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )i j i j i j i i j jR c TDOA c TOA TOA X x Y y X x Y y
A
B
C
TOATag_A
TOATag_B
TOATag_CTag
TDOAB_C
TDOAA_B
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 47
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Positioning Scenario Overview
Cluster 1
Cluster 1
Case 1
Case 2
PAN Coordinator
FFD
RFD
Positioning FFD(P_FFD)
• Using static reference nodes in relatively large scaled cluster :– Power control is required– Power consumption increases– All devices in cluster must be in
inactive data transmission mode
• Using static and dynamic nodes in overlapped small scaled sub-clusters :– Sequential positioning is executed
in each sub-cluster– Low power consumption– Associated sub-cluster in
positioning mode should be in inactive data transmission mode
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 48
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Positioning Scenario for Star topology• Star topology
– PAN coordinator activated mode • Positioning all devices• Re-alignment of positioning FFD’s list is not
required – Target device activated mode
• Positioning is requested from some device• Re-alignment of positioning FFD’s list is required
S_addr. : Source AddressD_addr. : Destination AddressP_addr. : Positioning AddressT_addr. : Target Address
PAN coordinator P_FFD2P_FFD1 P_FFD3 RFD
S_addr.
PAN_co.
D_addr.
P_FFD1
P_addr.
P_FFD1
P_FFD2
P_FFD3
S_addr.
P_FFD1
D_addr.
P_FFD2
P_addr.
P_FFD2
P_FFD3
T_RFD1
S_addr.
P_FFD2
D_addr.
P_FFD3
P_addr.
P_FFD3
T_RFD1
S_addr.
P_FFD3
D_addr.
T_RFD1
S_addr.
T_RFD1
P_addr.
T_RFD1
Broadcastingto all P_FFDs
T_addr.
T_RFD1
T_addr.
T_RFD1
T_addr.
T_RFD1
FDD 측위 용 FFD2
측위용FFD1
RFD1
PANcoordinator
측위 용 FFD3
RFD3
RFD2
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 49
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Positioning Scenario for Cluster-tree Topology
P_FFD1
RFD3
RFD0
RFD2RFD1
FFD0
PANcoordinator
P_FFD3
RFD5
P_FFD2
RFD4
RFD1 RFD3
FFD1
FFD0
RFD2FFD2
RFD4
RFD6
RFD7
FFD1
Cluster-tree topology
PAN coordinator P_FFD2P_FFD1 P_FFD3 RFD
S_addr.
PAN_co.
D_addr.
P_FFD1
P_addr.
P_FFD1
P_FFD2
P_FFD3
S_addr.
P_FFD1
D_addr.
P_FFD2
P_addr.
P_FFD2
P_FFD3
S_addr.
P_FFD2
D_addr.
P_FFD3
P_addr.
P_FFD3
S_addr.
P_FFD3
D_addr.
T_RFD5
S_addr.
T_RFD5
T_addr.
T_RFD5
Broadcastingto all P_FFDs
N_P_addr.
P_FFD2P_FFD1
re- arragement
N_addr.
FFD0FFD1RFD6
S_addr. : Source AddressD_addr. : Destination AddressP_addr. : Positioning AddressT_addr. : Target AddressN_addr. : Neighbor AddressN_P_addr. : Neighbor Positioning Address
FFD1
P_FFD3
addition
P_addr.
P_FFD3
T_addr.
T_RFD5
T_addr.
T_RFD5
T_addr.
T_RFD5
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 50
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Ranging Accuracy Improvement• Technical requirement for positioning
– “It can be related to precise (tens of centimeters) localization in some
cases, but is generally limited to about one meter ”
• Parameters for technical requirement– Minimum required pulse duration :
– Minimum required clock speed for the correlator in the conventional coherent systems
8
1[ ]3.333[nsec]
3 10 [ / sec]
m
m
1300 [ ]
3.333[nsec]MHz
★ Fast ADC clock speed in the conventional coherent receiver is required for the digital signal processing
High Cost !
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 51
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Analog Energy Window Bank (1)• Digital signal processing with fast clock can be replaced by
using analog energy window bank with low clock speed• Why analog energy window bank?
– Conventional single energy window may support the energy detection for data demodulation in the operation mode
– However, this cannot guarantee the correct searching of the signal position in the timing mode (that also means the ambiguity of ranging accuracy)
• Analog energy window bank can sufficiently support timing and calibration as well as operation mode – Widow Bank Size : ~4 nsec (smallest pulse duration)
– The number of energy windows in a bank : 11
– Operation clock speed of each energy window : 24 MHz
– Number of the required energy windows depends on the power delay profile of the multipath channel (effective multipath components)
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 52
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Analog Energy Window Bank (2)
2
2 sec( )
ndt
2
2 sec( )
ndt
Integrator Bankfor Timing and
Calibration Mode
Integrator Bankfor Operation Mode
(Demodulation)
ThresholdComparison
Bit “1” Bit “0”
Buffer Buffer Buffer Buffer
Estimating orAveraging
2
2 sec( )
ndt
2
2 sec( )
ndt
2
2 sec( )
ndt
2
2 sec( )
ndt
Size of the Integrated Bank (S)
First Path Estimation and Calibration
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 53
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Modifying MAC
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 54
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Modifications of MAC Command Frame (1)• Features
– Frame control field• frame type : positioning (new addition using a reserved bit)
– Command frame identifier field• Positioning request/response (new addition)
– Positioning parameter information field• Absolute coordinates of positioning FFDs
• POS range
• List of positioning FFDs and target devices
• Power control
• Pre-determined processing time (T)
Octets : Octets : 22
11 0/4/80/4/8 11 variablevariable 22
Framecontrol
SequenceSequencenumbernumber
AddressinAddressingg
fieldsfields
command frame
identifier
Positioning
parameter
CommandCommandpayloadpayload FCSFCS
MHRMHR MAC payloadMAC payload MFMFRR
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 55
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Modifications of MAC Command Frame (2)
Command frameCommand frameidentifieridentifier Command frameCommand frame
00x01x01 Association requestAssociation request
00x02x02 Association responseAssociation response
00x03x03 Disassociation notificationDisassociation notification
00x04x04 Data requestData request
00x05x05 PAN ID conflict notificationPAN ID conflict notification
00x06x06 Orphan notificationOrphan notification
00x07x07 Beacon requestBeacon request
00x08x08 Coordinator realignmentCoordinator realignment
00x09x09 GTS requestGTS request
00x0ax0a Positioning requestPositioning request
00x0bx0b Positioning responsePositioning response
00x0c~0xffx0c~0xff ReservedReserved
bits : 0~2bits : 0~2 33 44 55 66 7~97~9 10~1110~11 12~1312~13 14~1514~15
FrameFrametypetype
SecuritSecurityy
enabledenabled
FrameFramependinpendin
gg
Ack.Ack.requestrequest
Intra- Intra- PANPAN
ReserveReservedd
Dest.Dest.addressing addressing
modemode
ReserveReservedd
SourceSourceaddressing addressing
modemode
Frame type Frame type valuevalue DescriptionDescription
000000 BeaconBeacon
001001 DataData
010010 AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment
011011 MAC commandMAC command
100100 PositioningPositioning
101~111101~111 ReservedReserved
• Frame Control
• Command frame identifier
• Positioning parameter
FixedFixedcoordinatcoordinat
ee
POSPOSrangerange
positioning positioning FFDsFFDs
Address & Address & Target Target
devices listsdevices lists
Pre-Pre-determined determined processing processing
time(T)time(T)
Power Power ControlControl
March 2005
Francois Chin (I2R), et. al.Slide 56
doc.: IEEE 802.15-05-0113-03-004a
Submission
Summary
The proposed system:• Impulse-radio based system coupled with a
Common ternary signaling allows operation among different classes of nodes / type of receivers, with varying cost / power / performance trade-off
• Has Band Plan based on multiple 500+MHz bands
• Is robust against SOP interference• Is robust against other in-band interference