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PAVING MATERIALS
MODULE 5
Pavement Design Termsand Concepts
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Technically, what is a pavement?
“Black Top” or “Tarvy” ?
“to pave” means “to cover with
asphalt, gravel, concrete, macadam,etc.”
A surface ?
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Why build pavements?
Originally, footpaths sufficed
Increasing traffic and loads
Transportation
Quality Issues: drainage,
subgrade materials
John Macadam, 1756 - 1836
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5.01 Define the term pavement as it isgiven by the MTO's Pavement Design
and Rehabilitation Manual .
"Pavements are layered structures ofselected and processed materials
which have been designed to resistsurficial wear, to support wheel loadsand provide drainage of water."
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PAVEMENT TYPES
5.02 Identify the various pavement typesaccording to the following threeclassification methods:
a) Surface Typeb) Load Transmission
c) Composition
a) Surface Type: Bound or Unbound
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b) Load Transmission
FLEXIBLE RIGID40 kN Load 40 kN Load
Typical deflection signatures
Stress istransmitted
through boundsurface layer to
underlyinggranular layers
Bound surface (slab)distributes stress over a
broader area, thusreducing the amount of
stress transmitted tounderlying material
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c) Composition: Type of materials usedand arrangement/installation technique
Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
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Asphalt Cement Concrete (Hot or Cold Mix)
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Surface Treatment
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Mulch
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5.03 Identify the 3 key componentsto a pavement structure.
SURFACE
GRANULAR BASE
GRANULAR SUBBASE
5 04 Li h 4 f i f bi i
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5.04 List the 4 functions of bituminoussurface materials.
provides resistance to surface wear
reduces surface water infiltration
provides a smooth and rideable finish
provides structural support to wheel loads
5 05 Id if h b d l f
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5.05 Identify the two broad classes ofasphalt pavement surfaces and give
examples for each.MIX SYSTEMS
Hot and Cold Mixed Asphaltic Concrete Hot and Cold Mixed Stabilized Base
Recycled Hot and Cold Mixed Asphaltic
Concrete Travel Plant Mixes (cold)
Slurry Seal
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LAYERED SYSTEMS
Penetration Primer
Surface Treatment
Macadam
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5.06 Describe the materials andmanufacture of Hot Mix Asphaltic
Concrete.Materials:
a mixture of fine and coarse aggregate with
asphalt cementManufacture:
components are heated and mixed in a central
plant
mixture is hauled to site in special trucks andplaced on the road using an asphalt spreader
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Manufacture (Continued):
designed, manufactured and placed withinspecified tolerances for use on high trafficvolume roads
5.07 Identify the use(s) of the following
MTO designations: HL 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8;HL 3 Fine; HL 3, 4 and 8 Modified;Heavy Duty Binder; DFC; OFC; and
Electrically Conductive Mix.
These MTO mixes are described in Table 5.01
5 08 D ib th t i l d
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5.08 Describe the materials andmanufacture of Cold Mix Asphaltic
Concrete.Materials:
a mixture of emulsified asphalt or liquid
(cutback) asphalt and aggregateManufacture:
components are mixed at ambient air
temperature can be mixed in a central plant or in-situ on the
road surface with a travelling mixer such as theMidland Mix Paver or road mix mulch
pavements
M f t (C ti d)
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Manufacture (Continued):aggregate and emulsified asphalt are delivered
to Midland Mix Paver separately and blended in
a pug millaugers distribute mixture to a screed which
uniformly controls the thickness of the cold mix
layeronce the emulsified asphalt in the mixture
surface starts to break or set, the mixture iscompacted
use in Ontario generally restricted to lowvolume rural roads, where HMAC surfacedpavements are not required
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5.09 Describe the materials used
and general placement method forSurface Treatments.
consist of an application of emulsified or liquidasphalt and select aggregate over a preparedgranular base or existing surface
5 10 List the reasons for applying surface
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5.10 List the reasons for applying surfacetreatments to:
a) granular road surfaces, andb) existing surface treatments or asphalticconcrete
a) to control waterinfiltration, providefrictional resistance,
improve ride quality &
control dust and stonepick-up
b) to restore frictionalresistance and reducewater infiltration
in general, on light to medium volume roads
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5.11 Describe the materials/placement
and primary application for: MulchPavements, Slurry Seals, Fog Seals,Primers, Tack Coats and Granular
Seals.
These treatments are described in Table 5.02
5 12 Id tif th i i f h lt
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5.12 Identify the origin of asphaltcement and the MTO grade
specifications (test and designations).
the majority of asphalt cements come from
petroleum distillation as do liquid (cutback)asphalts and asphalt emulsions (see next slide)
MTO has graded asphalt cements by standard
penetration number (PEN); eg: 85/100(hardest), 150/200, 300/400, 500+ (softest)
SUPERPAVE is a new mix design method that
replaces this grading system
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Atkins, 2nd Ed.
5 13 Describe the 2 conflicting
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5.13 Describe the 2 conflictingproblems related to asphalt cement
grade faced in Ontario. if a soft grade is used then rutting is a problem
in the hot summers
if a hard grade is used then low temperature
(transverse) cracking is a problem in the winter
Before: After: