201
201
22
The sounds are produced by blockingblocking the flow of
air as it leaves the mouth. There are many waysways of blocking
the air the air and various tongue, various tongue, lip and jaw positionslip and jaw positions required in
order to create accurately create accurately the consonants of English.
NO.LETTERS[SOUNDS]
EXAMPLES
1 b[b] bantal, sebut, adab
2 c [c] cakap, beca
3 d [d] dua, adab, abad
4 f [f] fakir, kafan, maaf
5 g [g] ganda, tiga, jajag
6 h [h] hari, lihat, tanah
7 j [j] jalan, manja
8 k [k] kami, paksa, politik
9 l [l] lekas, alas, kesal
10 m [m] maka, kami, diam
11 n [n] nama, anak, daun
12 P [p] pasang, apa, siap
NO.LETTERS[SOUNDS]
EXAMPLES
13 q [k] Aqiqah, qurba
14 r [r] raih, juara, putar
15 s [s] suku, asli, lemas
16 t [t] tali, mata, rapat
17 v [v] varia, lava
18 w [w] wanita, hawa
19 x [?] Xenomania, x-ray
20 y [y] yakin, payung
21 z [z] zeni, lazim
22 kh[k] khas, akhir
23 ny [ɲ] nyata, banyak
24 ng [ŋ] ngilu, angin, pening
25 sy [š] syarat, isyarat
Consonant combinations
PlaceManner
BILABIALLABIO
DENTALINTER
DENTALALVEOLAR PLATAL VELAR GLOTTAL
STOP/ PLOSIVE
VL
VD
/P/pola/b/beli
/t/tiba
/d/dingin
/k/ kilo/q/
qurban/g/
gadis
FRICATIVE
VL
VD
/f/Figur
/v/varian
/s/sama/z/zat/r/
rasa
/š/asyik
/x/eksklusif
/h/hantu
AFFRICATIVE
VL
VD
/c/cerita
/j/janji
NASAL VD/m/mati
/n/nama
/ň/nyiur
/ɳ/bangkit
LIQUIDS VD/l/
lima
GLIDES VD/w/
wajah/y/
yakin
NONOLETTERSLETTERS[SOUNDS[SOUNDS
]]EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
1 B [b] baby, absent, number, tub
2C [s] [k]
center, cinema, agencycucumber, cry, scratch, panic
3 D [d] day, admire, hidden, kind,4 F [f] fast, five, often, cuff
5G [g] [j] [ʤ]
great, giggle, egggeneral, giant, suggest, huge, manage;mirage, garage, rouge
6H [h] [-]
hair, help, behind, inherit;hour, honor, honest, vehicle
7 J [j] jam, jingle, just8 K [k] kind, kill, sky, blanket, break9 L [l] Late, alone, table, file, all
10 M[m]make, men, common, summer, team
11 N[n]napkin, never, funny, student, sun
NONOLETTERSLETTERS[SOUND[SOUND
S]S]EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
12 P [p] paper, repair, apple, keep, top
13Q[kw] [k]
quality, question, equal, require;unique, technique, antique,
14 R [r] rain, rise, brief, hurry, car
15S [s] [z]
send, lost, kiss, release;cause, advise, always, is, was
16 T [t]tell, time, tone, hotel, student, rest
17 V [v] vivid, voice, even, active
18 W[w]wall, wind, would, swim, twenty, twist
19X[ks] [gz] [z]
exercise, expect, axis, fix, relax;exam, exact, exert, exit, exult;Xenon, Xerox
20 Y [y] Yellow, young, buy
21Z[z] [ts]
zoo, puzzle, organize, quizpizza, Mozart, Nazi, waltz
PlaceManner BILABIAL
LABIODENTAL
INTERDENTAL
ALVEOLAR PLATAL VELAR GLOTTAL
STOP / PLOSIVE
VLVD
/P/pop/b/bus
/t/two/d/dog
/k/cake/g/
good
FRICATIVEVLVD
/f/fan/v/very
/θ/three/ð/the
/s/six/z/zoo
/ʃ/shoe/ʒ/
pleasure
/h/happy
AFFRICATIVEVLVD
/ʧ/church
/ʤ/jam
NASAL VD/m/man
/n/nine
/ɳ/ring
LIQUIDS VD/l/like
/r/red
GLIDES VD/w/wind
/j/yes
• Combined Consonants
NO
LETTERSSOUND
SEXAMPLES
1 cc [ks][k]
accent, accept, accessaccommodate, account
2chtch [ch] chain, check, chief
kitchen, catch, match
3ch (Latin, Greek)
ch (French)
[k][sh]
character, chemical, champagne, charlatan,
4 ck [k] black, pack, deck
5 dge [j] bridge, edge, judge
6 gh[g][f][-]
ghost, ghastly, ghettocough, enough, tough,though, through, weight
7 ng [ŋ][ŋ]+[g]
king, sing, singer, finger, angry, single
NOLETTER
SSOUNDS EXAMPLES
8 ph [f] phone, photograph, phrase
9 sc [s][sk]
science, scissors, scenescan, scandal, scare
10 sch [sk][sh]
school, scholar, schemeschnauzer, schedule
11 sh [ʃ] share, she, shine, english
12 th [θ][ð]
thank, thick, think, this, that, then, father, brother
13 wh [w][h]
what, when, where, whichwho, whom, whose, whole
14 xh[ks][ks]+[h][g]+[z]
exhibitionexhumation, exhume,exhaust, exhibit, exhilarate
When a single consonant followed by other consonants or vowels, and make a different sound, it’s called combined consonants. It can followed by 1 to 3 consonants. The types of combined consonant which has
sound letter.
The types of combined consonant which has not
sound letterNO LETTERS SOUNDS EXAMPLES
1 bt, pt [t] doubt, debt, subtle; receipt, pterodactyl
2 kn, gn, pn [n] knee, knife, know; gnome, sign, foreign; pneumonia, pneumatic
3 mb, lm [m] lamb, climb, bomb, comb, tomb; calm, palm, salmon
4 ps [s] psalm, pseudonym, psychologist, psychiatrist
5 rh [r] rhapsody, rhetoric, rheumatism, rhythm, rhyme
6 wr [r] wrap, wreck, wrestle, wrinkle, wrist, write, wrong
• Combined ConsonantsConsonants
• We can find b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, and w in English and Indonesian and they almost have similarity in pronunciation.INA : bunda kaki matapanas permenENG: back kilo mother bus man
• Both of them using roman letter and has same number of consonants (21 Letters)
• Both of them has combined consonantsINA : gayung payung bangkrutENG: thing mango
Differences between Indonesian & english
• Though both Indonesian and English have some similar letters, in several words they have different sounds. They areC → tʃ g → g h → hINA : kaccang INA : generasi INA : hariENG : ccarar/kɑ:(r)/ ENG : general /’ʤenrǝl/ ENG : hhourour /’a/’aǝƱ (r)/
• In several sounds, Indonesian doesn’t have English soundsex : th three /θ/, ththat /ð/, English sh /ʃ/, and pleassure /ʒ/
• In Indonesian, sounds /f/ and /v/ are the same sound, but in English they are different.
• INA : saffitri or vvirgiawan > same sound without any obstructionENG : ffantasy or vvillage > there are obstructionINA VS ENG : novvel and novvel > same letter but difference in sound
Why do Errors Happen?
The Video: The Video: Review of Review of consonantsconsonants
“Contrasting Indonesian & English Consonants”
(this presentation is an excerpt of week # 7 of “Contrastive Linguistics & Error Analysis”, an internal publication of Unindra)