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Institute of Energy Management & Research
BUSINESS RESEARCH REPORT
ON
CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
AND THEIR WILLINGNESS TO ADOPT NEW MEASURES
SUBMITTED FROM
ROLL No NAME
P121030 JAYARAMAN G
P121061 SAURAV SHRIDHAR
P121042 PARESH NADIG
P121013 AXIT JAIN
P121074 VIPUL TIWARI
DATE: 13-03-13
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep gratitude to Professor ofGreat Lakes IEMR Gurgaon for her constantsupport, guidance and motivation which helped us immensely in completing this project.
The project provided us with an opportunity to understand the fundamentals of research
methods in a better manner and apply them. The insistence on taking up a socially relevant
topic like the consumer awareness on climate change and their willingness to adopt new
measures help us to understand the issue of climate change better and correlate the
research to human behavioural aspect.
We also would like to thank our respondents for giving us their valuable time and providing
us with the information needed to carry out the research successfully.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There's a lot of information floating around about climate change. Most people know it has
something to do with industrial pollution, changing weather, waste and plastic disposal and
vehicle exhaust. But how much is the general public really aware, that question is left
unanswered.
The key objective of the project is to study the awareness of climate change in every
segments of the society. The project is intended to analyse the knowledge about climate
change and willingness to adopt new and eco friendly methods. The report is initiated with
the objective to find out the peoples awareness about climate change and their willingness
to adopt new measures through exploratory research methodology using non probability
sampling of a sample size of 86. Online survey was conducted.
The Research conducted showed that though the awareness about climate change is very
high, the willingness to take action is found to be lacking. The significant relationship
between various data collected and some of the expected impacts failed, which tells that
the perception what people have in their mind is different from what actually happens.
Many characteristics such as willingness to spend more for a better future vary with
demographic characteristics. Hence we cannot blindly conclude that climate change
awareness results in people willing to adopt new measures.
The last part consists of some recommendations for the way ahead towards a better eco
friendly future. With gradual shift in mentality, it can be hoped that people will start
adopting newer measures and contribute with a better and active involvement.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX
No
CONTENT PAGE No
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS IMPORTANCE 2
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM 3
1.2.1 INDIAN SCENARIO 4
1.2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 7
2.1 OBJECTIVES 7
2.2 HYPOTHESIS 7
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9
3.1 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN 9
3.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD 9
3.2.1 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHOD 103.2.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHOD 10
3.2.3 ONLINE SURVEY 10
3.2.4 OBSERVATIONS 11
3.3 FORMATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE 11
3.4 DATA COLLECTION DEVISES 11
3.4.1 ONLINE APPROACH 11
3.4.2 TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW 12
3.5 SAMPLING APPROACHES 12
3.5.1 POPULATION DEFINITION 12
3.5.2 SAMPLING PLAN 12
3.5.3 SAMPLING PROFILE 134 FINDINGS 15
4.1.1 GENERAL FINDINGS 15
4.1.2 CRITICAL FINDINGS 16
5 SUMMARY 22
6 CONCLUSION 24
7 RECOMMENDATION 26
8 RESEARCH LIMITATION 27
9 REFERENCES 27
APPENDICES
A GLOSSRY OF TEST USED 28
B QUESTIONNAIRE 29
C RECODING TABLE 31
D SPSS OUTPUTS 33
E SECONDARY DATA TABLES 47
LIST OF TABLES
INDEX No NAME PAGE No
1.1 SAMPLING PLAN 12
1.2 COMPARISON OF MEN AND WOMEN 12
Appendix
D
SPSS TABLES 33
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LIST OF CHARTS
INDEX No NAME PAGE No
Fig 1.1 COMPARISON OF MEN AND WOMEN 13
Fig 1.2 PROFESSION 14Fig 1.3 AGE 14
Fig 1.4 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION 15
Fig 1.5 SALARY 15
Appendix
E
SECONDARY DATA FIGURES 47
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1. Introduction:
"First, I worry about climate change. It's the only thing that I believe has the power
to fundamentally end the march of civilization as we know it, and make a lot of the other
efforts that we're making irrelevant and impossible."
- Bill Clinton (Former US President)
The above words of the U.S. President have a striking significance that on any kind of
thought would bring out a peril in the minds of the reader. Earth as we all know, was
created in all its glory to sustain life. Human evolution and his actions have impacted the
earths behaviour from time to time. As centuries passed the civilization grew and along
with it so did the various acts of disturbing Mother Nature. The concept of climate change
did not have a significant presence till the 19th century. At present, it is one of the most
debated issues worldwide and all countries of the world are trying their part to act upon tocurb the effects of climate change. The below timeline depicts the issue climate change
through history.
1800-1870:
Mean global temperature (1850-1870) is about 13.6C. First Industrial Revolution occurred.
Coal, railroads, and land clearing speed up greenhouse gas emission, while better
agriculture and sanitation speed up population growth.
1824:
Fourier calculates that the Earth would be far colder if it lacked an atmosphere.
1859:
Tyndall discovers that some gases block infrared radiation. He suggests that changes in the
concentration of the gases could bring climate change.
1896:
Arrhenius publishes first calculation of global warming from human emissions of CO2.
1870-1910:
Second Industrial Revolution. Fertilizers and other chemicals, electricity, and public health
further accelerate growth.
1914-1930:
World War I happens. Industrialization grows. Global warming trend officially gets reported.
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1939-1960:
World War II happens. Developed nations emerge. Industrialization finds a new accelerating
growth rate.
1976 1980:
Deforestation and other ecosystem changes are recognized as major factors in the future of
the climate. Scientific opinion tends to converge on global warming, not cooling, as the chief
climate risk in next century.
2000 Present:
Various protocols like Kyoto Protocol are in place. Carbon emission control measures are
established. Mean global temperature is 14.6C, the warmest in hundreds, and probably
thousands of years.
1.1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Necessity has always been the mother of invention. With everyday passing day, the
world has seen improvements in all perspectives. Industrialization has been taking place
since early days and has been the key reason for a nations growth. On one hand though ithad produced tremendous results, on the other, the carbon emissions were growing at an
alarming pace. Rising carbon levels were also contributed by increase in the number of
vehicles, radiations, improper waste management etc. People initially were less aware of
the climate change issue but have gradually grown conscious about the effects. Newspapers
and magazines have several times highlighted the issue of climate change and the steps
taken by many to curb it. Few of them are as below:
The effects of climate change are already evident in Europe and the situation is set to get
worse, the European Environment Agency has warned.
- BBC News, November 21, 2012
Carbon dioxide levels show biggest spike in 15 years
- Economic Times, March 7, 2013
Climate change solutions must be locally relevant
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- Business Line, January 6, 2013
Scientists: Pace of Climate Change Exceeds Estimates
- The Washington Post, February 15,
2009
BASIC countries seek $30-bn green fund
- Business Standard, February 18,
2013
Grim global warming outlook for India post 2030
- Economic Times, October 1, 2012
Fund to fight Climate Change in Africa becomes operational in 2013
- Ghanabusinessreviews.com, March8, 2013
EUR 150 Million Loan to Mitigate Climate Change in India
- Cogeneration and Onsite Power
Production Magazine, March 8,
2013
Given the scenario that climate change is potentially bad and would significantly affect the
living of mankind, it is necessary that all people must be aware of it and must actively work
towards controlling the climate change to pave the way for a better future. But, that is not
the case as such because the level of awareness about the climate change remains
subjective. This study has been done both qualitatively and quantitatively to analyse the
awareness quotient of the people about the climate change in the Indian society.
1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM
Definition: Climate change is a long-term transition in weather conditions identified by
changes in temperature, precipitation, winds, and other indicators. Climate change can
involve both changes in average conditions and changes in variability, including, for
example, extreme events.
The earth's climate is naturally variable on all time scales. However, its long-term state and
average temperature are regulated by the balance between incoming and outgoing energy,
which determines the Earth's energy balance.
Climate change can be caused by natural causes as well as human activities. Focusing on
human activities, its caused by burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of land for forestryand agriculture. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, these human influences on
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the climate system have increased substantially. In addition to other environmental impacts,
these activities change the land surface and emit various substances to the atmosphere.
These in turn can influence both the amount of incoming energy and outgoing energy and
can have both warming and cooling effects on the climate. The dominant product of fossil
fuel combustion is carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The overall effect of human activitiessince the Industrial Revolution has been a warming effect, driven primarily by emissions of
carbon dioxide and enhanced by emissions of other greenhouse gases.
The build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to an increase enhancement of
the natural greenhouse effect. It is this human-induced enhancement of the greenhouse
effect that is of concern because ongoing emissions of greenhouse gases have the potential
to warm the planet to levels that have never been experienced in the history of human
civilization. Such climate change could have far-reaching and/or unpredictable
environmental, social, and economic consequences.
1.2.1.INDIAN SCENARIO:
At a time when development in India is growing at a rapid pace, severe impact by climate
change may also be seen. Like other developing countries, several sections of the Indian
population will not be able to buffer themselves from impacts of global warming. With close
economic dependency with natural resources and climate-sensitive sectors such as
agriculture, water and forestry, India may face a major threat, and require serious adaptive
capacity to combat climate change. As a developing country, India cannot afford the risks
and economic backlashes that industrialized nations can. With people living still below the
poverty line, reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change is of utmost
importance.
It is in Indias interest to ensure that the world moves towards a low carbon future. With
changes in key climate parameters, namely temperature, precipitation and humidity, crucial
sectors like agriculture and rural development are likely to be affected in a major way.
Impacts are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salination of
the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Hence with an interest to know whether the general public are aware about the impacts of
climate change and their willingness to adopt measures to reduce it, this research is
performed on the consumers typically residing in urban cities and towns.
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2. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
2.1 OBJECTIVES
The key objective of the project is to study the extent to which the consumers have
awareness about the issues of climate change. The study also aims to know the
peoples willingness to understand and adopt new measures which help to reduce theclimate change. In clearer perspective to mention these objectives, they can be
classified as follows,
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES
To find whether people are aware of the climate change or not.
Factors contributing to their awareness on climate change.
To assess their life style changes due to climate change.
To assess peoples mentality to adapt to new green measures.
To assess their spending and contributing capability towards climate change.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES
How certain characteristics of climate change varies demographically.
To assess whether there is a relation between the education background and
knowledge on climate change.
2.2 HYPOTHESIS
There are numerous hypotheses that can be framed pertaining to the research. But
with respect to our key focus areas and the results we are targeting, we restrict
ourselves to the following hypotheses.
HYPOTHESIS 1
The concern on climate change and global warming varies with education
level.
HYPOTHESIS 2
The concern on climate change and global warming varies with gender.
HYPOTHESIS 3
The level of concern of about the motor vehicle pollution and industrial
pollution varies with the education level.
HYPOTHESIS 4
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The willingness to pay towards climate change varies with the salary.
HYPOTHESIS 5
The direct contribution factor of people towards sustainable and
responsible organizations varies with salary.
HYPOTHESIS 6
The willingness in young people to volunteer for a better initiative against
climate change is significant.
HYPOTHESIS 7
The willingness in people to contribute direct funds towards sustainable
organizations has a significant relationship with the gender.
HYPOTHESIS 8
The willingness in people to contribute funds directly to sustainable
organizations has a significant relationship with their employment status.
HYPOTHESIS 9
The willingness in people to buy eco friendly sustainable
products/services has a significant relationship with their employment
status.
HYPOTHESIS 10
The opinion in people for the need of more restrictions to stop different
pollutions has a significant relationship with employment status.
HYPOTHESIS 11
The level of concern in climate change of people is significantly related to
their acceptance of behavioural change in transportation.
HYPOTHESIS 12
The willingness of people to adopt new and sustainable measures is
significantly related to their acceptance of behavioural change in buying
patterns.
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The success of any project depends upon the research methods they actually use
and the effective utilisation of the research tools. The interpretation can be best
achieved towards the expected results only by the way how these research methods
get handled. Here are the research methodologies of the project
3.1 LITREATURE REVIEW:
According to Wikipedia, the most general definition of climate change is a change in
the statistical properties of climate system when considered over long periods of
time, regardless of cause. The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate
change caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have
resulted as part of Earth's natural processes. In this sense, especially in the context
of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymouswith anthropogenic global warming. Within scientific journals, global warming refers
to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and
everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels will affect. Due to the
increasing carbon emissions like release of CFC and other gases, there has been a
significant rise in average surface temperature of the earth by more than 1 degree
Fahrenheit since 1900.
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
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The climate change effects are seen all over the world. According to Christensen et. al.
(2007), India will be experiencing greater variation in its temperature with warmer wintersthan summers. Cruz et. al. (2007) says that the rising temperature pattern is set to continue
in the future. Cohen (2008) warns that due to these climate change effects, the food
security will get affected and malnutrition may increase.
Over the past decade, public opinion about climate change has become increasingly well
documented. Awareness about climate change is very high, and a number of surveys have
shown that the Indians of the public express substantial concern about it.
India is making efforts to enhance environmental protection in general, although these
initiatives are not specifically focused on global warming in particular. The Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MOEF) promotes environmental awareness and education
through the Centre for Environment Education (CEE), and an annual National Environment
Awareness Campaign (NEAC) on select environmental issues (MOEF, 2007). The Ministry of
Human Resource Development supports initiatives for environmental education undertaken
by civil-society organizations (CEE, 2007).
As per a research conducted by Parikh et. al. (2002), Indias obligation to minimise energy
consumption - particularly oil consumption - and to deal with its environmental problems
prompt it to follow many such policies. Directly or indirectly these efforts are made by
Government as well as by people to reduce energy consumption. These include: -a) Emphasis on energy conservation and energy efficiency
b) Promotion of renewable energy sources.
c) Abatement of air pollution.
d) Afforestation and wasteland development.
e) Economic reforms, subsidy removal and joint ventures in capital goods.
f) Fuel substitution policies.
Some of these efforts are on-going for several decades and are institutionalised.
Talking in public perspective, individuals engagement with an issue is represented as a
series of stages along a path beginning with awareness of an environmental problem andending with an understanding of solutions as per Stamms Problem-Solution Path Model. In
Stage 0, a person is not aware of the issue. People in Stage 1 know about the problem, but
have not focused their attention on it. People in Stage 2 have assessed the importance of
the issue. In Stage 2a people have decided that the situation is not a problem. Those in
Stage 2b have decided that global warming is a problem and are aware of causes,
consequences, and solutions. Those in Stage 3 have thought about possible solutions. In
Stage 4, people have a good idea of what needs to be done to address the issue.
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Stamms Problem-Path Model (Source: Stamm et al 2000)
This study aims to capture the awareness of the people in India about the climate change
issues and their willingness to adopt new measures for a better environment.
3.2 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Since the project requires the deeper understanding about the impact made by
social networking sites, exploratory research design will be optimum. However the
root causes of the problem is well known i.e. excessive internet usage and hence
Causal Research Design will also be effective. Hence in this project we have used a
mixture ofExploratory and Causal Research Design methods for our convenience.
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
The data collection is the most tedious and success determining factor of any
project. Hence various methods are usually adopted to ensure the success of the
research. Here we too have adopted many methods to increase the dependability of
the results.
3.3.1 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Primary data is the unique chamber of every project. The base rate success of any
project is determined by the primary data. Hence here we used many methods to
ensure our efficiency. Some of the methods are,
Market Survey by Questionnaires
Telephonic conversations
3.3.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS
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The secondary data will give us an overall idea about the depth of research which
we undertook. Sometimes it will also give the various dimensions of the research
already undertaken. Moreover we can be confident with what we are doing and
whether the research is on track. The secondary data will gives us a platform for
comparison of our values. Sometimes it will help us in making corrections andadding values. The various methods adopted for
Research documents from some top universities
Research documents in online portal
Research articles
Various blogs to analyse view of people
Journals regarding the project
3.3.3 ONLINE SURVEYSThe online surveys which are done by others helped us as a tool in creating a basis
of forming a questionnaire. These surveys acted as a tool for verifying our data
and preventing us in going into bias decisions. It provided us an opportunity to
read the minds of the people and to design the questionnaire more user friendly
and easy to understand. The mistakes done with their questionnaires are
corrected with our questionnaire. For example
The options like sometimes, many times etc. are corrected like 3-5 times,
more than 10 times as such.
Unwanted questions have been avoided and more relevant questions
related to our research have been selected.
The Blanks which are usually used to specify the others options, has been
removed as most of the people wont find it interesting to fill the blanks.
There are numerous other benefits we acquired from these online surveys which
paved the way to move forward. A huge volume of data has been collected from
already conducted surveys. Hence online surveys acted as an important tool in
collecting the data.
3.3.4 OBSERVATIONS
Certain data which are required to form the questionnaire has been developed
from the common observations. Most of the justifications made with the
questionnaire are from common observations. Certain assumptions in this project
are also developed from these observations.
3.4 FORMATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
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The Questionnaire is the basic tool used to collect the primary data. The
development of questionnaire happened in three stages.
STAGE 1:
A Preliminary questionnaire was made, representing all our researchquestions and objectives. It was viewed and corrected by our professor for certain
changes.
STAGE 2:
Trial sample of the updated questionnaire is given to 10 participants and
their feedback was obtained. Based on their feedback, certain modifications are
done in a more participant point of view.
STAGE 3:
The Final questionnaire is with best of its modifications is used for the survey
in all means.
The final questionnaire was made into online format.
3.5 DATA COLLECTION DEVICES
The data collection devices need to be more appropriate for any project to ensure
the credibility of the results obtained. Hence we used a number of devices to collect
the data. These collection devices are determined subjectively based on the target
group we are approaching and based on our convenience.
3.5.1 ONLINE APPROACH
The first and major data collection device used in this project is online survey
through mails. The reasons for using this method as a primary tool are
More number of people can be easily approached
The entry of data into the excel sheet becomes easier.
Most of our target audience can be approached easily through the mails.
Very large volume of data can be easily collected without much physical
works.
This tool has been very successful for our project. Large volume of data, greater
than expected has been collected from this method.
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3.5.2 TELEPHONIC CONVERSATIONS
The above approach gave us a variety but the data is regional biased. Hence in
order to overcome this, we went for some telephonic calls with people at some
long distances. Their responses were recorded.
3.6 SAMPLING APPROACHES
3.6.1 POPULATION DEFINITION
The sample population for this project consist of students, professionals,
householders and common people.
3.6.2 SAMPLING PLAN
As the research is purely subjective in nature, we decided that Non Probability
sampling method will be optimum for this project. In that the suitable methods
we have used comes under the categories of both Judgemental and Convenience
sampling methods.
3.6.3 SAMPLING SIZE AND APPROACH
TABLE 1.1 SAMPLING PLAN
TARGET
PEOPLE
SIZE SIZE
JUSTIFICATION
METHOD METHOD
JUSTIFICATION
Students 49 Students
nowadays are
aware of many
things. They
are potential
game changers
of the future.
Hence theweightage is
given to them
the most
Online
approach
Most of them
available in
online. So It is
very easy to
collect data from
them
Working
Professionals
34 Most of the
working
professionals
we enquired
are less than
30 years of age
as they are the
ones who can
Online
approach
Most of them
available in
online. So It is
very easy to
collect data from
them
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exercise their
willingness to
adopt new
measures.
Other people
(non working,
retired)
3 Common
mans
perspective
Telephonic
conversation
We couldnt find
this category
online and hence
telephonic
approach was
taken.
3.6.4 SAMPLE PROFILE
The sample profile will help us in knowing the strength of the data collected and
the dependency with these datas.
TABLE 1.1 COMPARISONS OF MEN AND WOMEN
Parameters Numbers
Total people participated 86
Male 60
Female 26
Men : women 2.3:1
Fig 1.1 COMPARISONS: MEN AND WOMEN
Fig 1.2 PROFESSIONS OF THE PEOPLE
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Fig 1.3 AGES OF THE PEOPLE
Fig 1.4 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PEOPLE
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Fig 1.5 SALARY BRACKETS OF THE PEOPLE
4.0 FINDINGS
4.1.1 GENERAL FINDINGS:
100% of the respondents have answered that they are familiar with the term of
climate change.
Most of the respondents were educated about the climate change through
television, in schools and colleges, internet and newspaper mainly.
69.76% of the respondents were male and 30.23% were females.
52% of the respondents feel that more restrictions are necessary to control differenttypes of pollution.
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4.1.2. CRITICAL FINDINGS:
The Critical finding mainly deals with the relations between the variables collected and
to infer the significance between them. This part will generally answer the questions
which cannot be answered by viewing the data collected.
FINDING 1
H1o: The concern on climate change and global warming does not vary
with education level.
H11: The concern on climate change and global warming varies with
education level.
TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA INFERENCE: The p value is not significant for demographic variable of
education. Hence we cannot reject the null hypothesis H1o. (TABLE 2.1 in
Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is no significant relationship between concern on
climate change and education level. There is no significant relationship
between concern on global warming and education level. Thus, the
concern on climate change does not vary with education level.
FINDING 2
H2o: The concern on climate change and global warming does not vary
with gender.
H21: The concern on climate change and global warming varies with
gender.
TEST APPLIED: Independent T-test
INFERENCE: The p value is not significant for demographic variable of
education. Hence we cannot reject the null hypothesis H2o. (TABLE 2.2 in
Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is no significant relationship between concern on
climate change and gender. There is no significant relationship between
concern on global warming and gender. Thus, the concern on climate
change does not vary with gender.
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FINDING 3
H3o: The level of concern of about the motor vehicle pollution and
industrial pollution varies with the education level.
H31: The level of concern of about the motor vehicle pollution andindustrial pollution varies with the education level.
TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for demographic variable of
education. Hence we reject the null hypothesis H3o. (TABLE 2.3 in
Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between concern on
motor vehicle pollution and industrial pollution with education level.
Thus, the concern on motor vehicle pollution and industrial pollutionvaries with educational level.
FINDING 4
H4o: The willingness to pay towards climate change does not vary with
the salary.
H41: The willingness to pay towards climate change varies with the
salary. TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for both the parameters under
consideration. Hence we reject the null hypothesis H4o. (TABLE 2.4 in
Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between income and
willingness to pay for a better sustainable product or for products which
cause less harm to environment. Peoples willingness to spend money for
a better environment varies with their salary.
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FINDING 5
H5o: The direct contribution factor of people towards sustainable and
responsible organizations do not vary with salary.
H51: The direct contribution factor of people towards sustainable and
responsible organizations varies with salary.
TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA
INFERENCE: The p value is not significant for direct contribution factor.
Hence we cannot reject the null hypothesis H5o. (TABLE 2.5 in Appendix
D)
CONCLUSION: There is no significant relationship between direct
contribution factor and income. Hence, the direct contribution factor ofpeople towards organizations which help for controlling climate change
does not vary with their income.
FINDING 6
H6o: The willingness in young people to volunteer for a better initiativeagainst climate change is not significant.
H61:The willingness in young people to volunteer for a better initiative
against climate change is significant.
TEST APPLIED: Independent T-test
INFERENCE: The p value is not significant for willingness to volunteer.
Hence we cannot reject the null hypothesis H6o. (TABLE 2.6 in Appendix
D)
CONCLUSION: There is no significant relationship between willingnessto volunteer and age. Hence, the willingness in young people to volunteer
for a better initiative against climate change is not significant.
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FINDING 7
H7o: The willingness in people to contribute direct funds towards
sustainable organizations does not hold a significant relationship with the
gender.
H71: The willingness in people to contribute direct funds towards
sustainable organizations holds a significant relationship with the gender.
TEST APPLIED: Independent T-test
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for the willingness to directly
contribute funds to sustainable and responsible organizations. Hence, we
reject the null hypothesis H7o. (TABLE 2.7 in Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between willingness to
contribute funds directly towards sustainable organizations and gender.
FINDING 8
H8o: The willingness in people to contribute funds directly to sustainable
organizations does not have a significant relationship with their
employment status.
H81:The willingness in people to contribute funds directly to sustainable
organizations has a significant relationship with their employment status.
TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for the willingness to directly
contribute funds to sustainable and responsible organizations. Hence, we
reject the null hypothesis H8o. (TABLE 2.8 in Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between willingness to
contribute funds directly towards sustainable organizations and the
employment status.
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FINDING 9
H9o: The willingness in people to buy eco friendly sustainable
products/services does not have a significant relationship with theiremployment status.
H91: The willingness in people to buy eco friendly sustainable
products/services has a significant relationship with their employment
status.
TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for the willingness to buy eco
friendly sustainable products/services. Hence, we reject the null
hypothesis H9o. (TABLE 2.9 in Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between willingness to
buy eco friendly sustainable products/services and the employment
status.
FINDING 10
H10o: The opinion in people for the need of more restrictions to stopdifferent pollutions does not have a significant relationship with
employment status.
H101: The opinion in people for the need of more restrictions to stop
different pollutions has a significant relationship with employment status.
TEST APPLIED: One way ANOVA
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for the opinion in people for the
need for more restrictions. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis H 10o.
(TABLE 2.10 in Appendix D) CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between employment
status and the opinion of the people for need of more restrictions in
controlling different pollutions.
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FINDING 11
H11o: The level of concern in climate change of people is not significantly
related to their acceptance of behavioural change in transportation.
H111: The level of concern in climate change of people is significantlyrelated to their acceptance of behavioural change in transportation.
TEST APPLIED: Independent T-test
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for the level of concern in climate
change. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis H11o. (TABLE 2.11 in
Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between level of
concern in climate change of people and their acceptance of behavioural
change in transportation.
FINDING 12
H12o: The willingness of people to adopt new and sustainable measures
is not significantly related to their acceptance of behavioural change in
buying patterns.
H121:The willingness of people to adopt new and sustainable measures
is significantly related to their acceptance of behavioural change in buying
patterns.
TEST APPLIED: Independent T-test
INFERENCE: The p value is significant for the willingness factors. Hence,
we reject the null hypothesis H12o. (TABLE 2.12 in Appendix D)
CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between willingness of people to adopt
new and sustainable measures and their acceptance of behavioural change in buying
patterns.
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5.0 SUMMARY
Ho VARIABLES TEST P Values Variables Conclusion
1 Q4a, Q4b with
demographic characteristic
Q10.
One way
ANOVA
>0.05 None Not
significant
2 Q4a, Q4b with
demographic characteristic
Q8.
Independ
ent T test
>0.05 None Not
Significant
3 Q4e, Q4f with demographic
characteristic Q10.
One way
ANOVA
0.05 None Not
Significant
7 Q7e with demographic
characteristic Q8
Independ
ent
sample T
test
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There is significant relationship between concern on motor vehicle pollution and
industrial pollution with education level. Thus, the concern on motor vehicle
pollution and industrial pollution varies with educational level.
There is significant relationship between income and willingness to pay for a better
sustainable product or for products which cause less harm to environment. Peopleswillingness to spend money for a better environment varies with their salary.
There is significant relationship between willingness to contribute funds directly
towards sustainable organizations and gender.
There is significant relationship between willingness to contribute funds directly
towards sustainable organizations and the employment status.
There is significant relationship between willingness to buy eco friendly sustainable
products/services and the employment status.
There is significant relationship between employment status and the opinion of the
people for need of more restrictions in controlling different pollutions.
There is significant relationship between level of concern in climate change of people
and their acceptance of behavioural change in transportation.
There is significant relationship between willingness of people to adopt new and
sustainable measures and their acceptance of behavioural change in buying
patterns.
It can be seen that people who are students are of the strong opinion that more
restrictions are needed to control the different kinds of pollution.
It can be seen that people who are students are ready to buy goods/services made
out of eco friendly and sustainable means even if they are little expensive and
available anywhere.
It can also be seen that people who are students and retired people from work are
ready to directly contribute funds to sustainable and responsible organisations which
work to control climate change.
Though there is significance between the level of concern on climate change and
transportation, surprisingly the mean response of the people who have voted for
acceptance of behavioural change as NO is greater than people who have said YES in
the transportation factor. This shows that even though people have a concern about
the climate change their behavioural lifestyle change has not happened in
transportation.
Though the willingness of the people to adopt new and sustainable measures has a
significance with the peoples acceptance of behavioural change in lifestyle of buying
patterns, it can be seen that the mean response of people who have voted for NO is
greater than people who have said YES in the buying pattern factor. This shows that,
people though having a willingness to adopt new measures to control climatechange are still experiencing the same conventional buying pattern of products.
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There is no significant relationship between concern on climate change, global
warming and demographic characteristics like education level and gender.
There is no significant relationship between direct contribution factor and income.
Hence, the direct contribution factor of people towards organizations which help for
controlling climate change does not vary with their income. There is no significant relationship between willingness to volunteer and age. Hence,
the willingness in young people to volunteer for a better initiative against climate
change is not significant.
6.0 CONCLUSION
Around the globe, seasons are shifting, temperatures are climbing and sea levels are rising.
And meanwhile, our planet must still supply us and all living things with air, water, food
and safe places to live. Climate change is one of the biggest issues facing the world
today. Global warming is the increased heat trapped in the earth's atmosphere resulting
from excess greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). These naturally occurring
gases including Methane (CH4) & Nitrous Oxide (N20) form a layer in the atmosphere
reflecting the sun's rays back down to the earth. These gases are exacerbated in the
atmosphere by fossil fuel use for energy (i.e. coal and oil) and the alteration to our natural
landscape. This has an unnatural warming effect on our fragile environment. Though
industrialized countries have impacted greatly the global climate change, it is developingnations that will suffer most as they lack the finances and resources to quickly and
efficiently cope with and adapt to the changing climate. Immediate action is necessary to
halt the effects of climate change. People must realize the potential threats and act to save
the future from the effects of climate change. The willingness to bring about a change is tied
with the awareness. Hence in this research, we tried to clarify certain issues and were quite
successful also. Some of the conclusions are:
Most people are nowadays aware of the climate change, thanks to the media.
People seem to be concerned about various effects of climate change. There is significant co relation between various data collected and many of the
expected impacts failed, which tells that the perception what people have in their
mind is different from what actually happens.
Many characteristics, effects and impacts vary with demographic characteristics.
Hence it should not be concluded that all people who are aware of climate change
are willing to adopt new measures to control it.
Though people are willing to a certain extent to have changes in their lifestyle of
adopting new measures, they are completely not ready to involve in the controlling
activities.
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Educated people seem to be more aware of climate change and their willingness to
control it is high.
Finally we conclude that, though climate change awareness is spreading wide with every
progressing day, it cannot be controlled effectively unless all the people are ready to changethemselves in a way that is beneficial to Mother Nature.
7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are the recommendations we like to give for the future of addressing the issue
of climate change:
A mere awareness about the climate change is never enough. People should be
educated well about the climate change and its potential threats. Illiteracy is a big
culprit which contributes to the lack of awareness about things. If everyone is
educated, itll lead to a better living on a whole.
A nations strength lies in the number of youths it has. More young people should
actively participate in conducting campaigns which help in spreading awareness.
Reduce; reuse and recycle should be the mantra for all.
People should actively participate in using supporting the new measures of
controlling climate change.
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8.0 LIMITATIONS
The sample size which we have taken is 86 which we are assuming is enough to carry
out the research.
Most of the sample population consists of students, professionals and hence our
research mainly focuses on working professionals and college student s awareness
about climate change.
The sample size taken is mainly judgmental in nature.
Most of the research papers which we have referred are of foreign authors and their
research is being done on their population, their culture is different so their
psychology differs significantly and we could not derive much take away about the
Indian population.
The expertise of the questionnaire design is limited.
The underlying assumption is that the survey conducted in limited area represents
the general psyche of the users awareness on climate change, hence it may be
biased.
Study on the various sections of society could not be performed since various
households people did not respond positively and did not cooperate.
Few of the participants were eliminated because of their incomplete responses, sowe couldnt get the use of some potential information given by them.
Moreover, different users have different needs when it comes to the adopting new
measures to control climate change which may be expensive. Real time search has to
balance between quality, authority, relevance and timeliness of the content.
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9.0 REFERENCES
From books and reports:
Christensen, J. H. et. al. (2007). Regional Climate Predictions. Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the 4
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, D.
et. al. (eds), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Cruz, R. V. et. al. (2007). Asia. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group 2 to the 4 Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Parry, M. L. (eds), Cambridge University
Press: Cambridge
Cohen, M. J. et. al. (2008). Impact of climate change and bio energy on nutrition.
International Food Policy Research Institute Parikh, Jyoti K. and Parikh, Kirit (2002) , "Public Awareness about Global Warming in
Hyderabad, India".
Stamm et al (2000). Mass communication and public understanding of
environmental problems: The case of global warming. Public Understanding of
Science, 9, 219-229.
From websites:
Brett W. Pelham (2009, April 22). General format. Retrieved from
http://www.gallup.com/poll/117772/Awareness-Opinions-Global-Warming-Vary-
Worldwide.aspx last accessed on 04/02/13.
Bryan Clark (2011, Dec 20).General Format. Climate change from CO2 may not be as
bad as predicted. Retrieved from http://www.gizmag.com/climate-change-
predictions/20769/ last accessed on 11-03-13.
Anita Pugliese and Julie Ray (2009, Dec 11) . General format. Awareness of Climate
Change and Threat Vary by Region. Retrieved from
http://www.gallup.com/poll/124652/awareness-climate-change-threat-vary-
region.aspx last accessed on 11-03-13.
From newspaper:
Namrata Singh (2012, Dec 20) Spread awareness, reduce carbon emission: CII panel.
Retrieved from http://www.timesofindia.com
Jonathan Benson, (2010, Sep 10) Climate change legislation benefits the elite, not
the people. Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com
http://www.gallup.com/poll/117772/Awareness-Opinions-Global-Warming-Vary-Worldwide.aspx%20%20last%20accessed%20on%2004/02/13http://www.gallup.com/poll/117772/Awareness-Opinions-Global-Warming-Vary-Worldwide.aspx%20%20last%20accessed%20on%2004/02/13http://www.gizmag.com/author/bryan-clark/http://www.gizmag.com/climate-change-predictions/20769/http://www.gizmag.com/climate-change-predictions/20769/http://www.gallup.com/poll/124652/awareness-climate-change-threat-vary-region.aspxhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/124652/awareness-climate-change-threat-vary-region.aspxhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toireporter/author-Namrata-Singh.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toireporter/author-Namrata-Singh.cmshttp://www.gallup.com/poll/124652/awareness-climate-change-threat-vary-region.aspxhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/124652/awareness-climate-change-threat-vary-region.aspxhttp://www.gizmag.com/climate-change-predictions/20769/http://www.gizmag.com/climate-change-predictions/20769/http://www.gizmag.com/author/bryan-clark/http://www.gallup.com/poll/117772/Awareness-Opinions-Global-Warming-Vary-Worldwide.aspx%20%20last%20accessed%20on%2004/02/13http://www.gallup.com/poll/117772/Awareness-Opinions-Global-Warming-Vary-Worldwide.aspx%20%20last%20accessed%20on%2004/02/137/28/2019 Consumer Awareness on Climate Change - Research
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TEST USED
ONE SAMPLE T TEST
A one sample t-test allows us to test whether a sample mean (of a normally distributed
interval variable) significantly differs from a hypothesized value.
TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T TEST
An independent samples t-test is used when you want to compare the means of a normally
distributed interval dependent variable for two independent groups.
ONE WAY ANOVA
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used when you have a categorical independent
variable (with two or more categories) and a normally distributed interval dependent
variable and you wish to test for differences in the means of the dependent variable broken
down by the levels of the independent variable.
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APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
Consumer awareness on climate change and their willingness toadopt new measures
1) Have you heard of the term climate change? a) Yes b) No
2) Where have you heard about climate change? Tick whatever is applicable:
A) TelevisionB) Radio
C) NewspaperD) Internet
E) Specialist publications/academic journalsF) Environmental groups (e.g. Worldwide Fund for Nature)
G) School/ college/ universityH) Govt AgencyI) Public Library
J) Friends/FamilyK) Energy Suppliers
3) Do you think climate change is something that is affecting or is going to affect you, personally?
a) Yes b)No c) Dont Know
4) Do you think anything can be done to tackle climate change?
a) Yes b) No c) Dont Know
5) Please rate your level of concern on each of the following environmental issues:
Issue Totallyunconcerned
Somewhatunconcerned
Somewhatconcerned
Totally concerned
Climate Change
Ozone Hole
Air QualityGlobal Warming
Motor VehiclePollution
IndustrialPollution
Electronic Items
6) Do you feel environmental concerns has changed your behaviour in the areas listed below?
a) Transportation - A) Yes B) No
b) Recycling paper, garbage and yard waste A) Yes B) No
c) Buying Patterns (Buying from sustainable / responsible service providers) - A) Yes B) No
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7) Tick mark the option that you feel is most relevant to you:
Strongly Agree Disagree Agree StronglyDisagree
I would pay more for productswhose production and packaging
does less damage to theenvironment
Despite the apparently potential
negative economic impact, morerestrictions on industry are neededto stop pollution in our air, water,ground and food.
I am prepared to buy goods /services made using responsible or
sustainable practices only even ifthey are slightly more expensive,
wherever availableI am willing to contribute as avolunteer towards the cause of
cleaner and better environment inany way whatsoever.
I am willing to directly contributefunds to sustainable andresponsible organisations.
I am willing to participate / buy /know more creating sustainableproducts and services.
8) Sexa) Male b) Female
9) How old are you?
a) 10-15 b) 16-20 c) 21-25 d) 26-30 e) 31-35 f) 36-40 g)41-45 h)46-50 i) above 50
10) Educational Backgrounda)High School b)UG c)PG d)Diploma e)other
11) You are currently residing in: a) City b) Town c) Taluk d) Village
12) Profession: a) Govt b) Private c) Student d) Business e) Unemployed f) Retired
13) Income: a) 7L
THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION.
HAVE A NICE DAY
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APPENDIX C
CODING MANUAL
QUESTIONS OPTIONS CODED VALUE RECODED
VALUE1 Yes 1
No 2
2-1 Television 1
2-2 Radio 1
2-3 Newspaper 1
2-4 Internet 1
2-5 Specialist
publications/academic
journals
1
2-6 Environmental groups
(e.g. Worldwide Fund
for Nature)
1
2-7 School/ college/
university
1
2-8 Govt Agency 1
2-9 Public Library 1
2-10 Friends/Family 1
2-12 Energy Suppliers 1
3 Yes 1
No 2
Dont Know 3
4 Totally unconcerned 1
Somewhat
unconcerned
2
Somewhat concerned 3
Totally concerned 4
5 Yes 1
No 2
Cant say 3
6-1 Yes 1
No 2
6-2 Yes 1
No 2
6-3 Yes 1
No 2
7-1 to 7-6 Strongly Agree 1Disagree 2
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Agree 3
Strongly Disagree 4
8 Male 1
Female 2
9 10-15 1 1
16-20 2 1
21-25 3 1
26-30 4 2
31-35 5 2
36-40 6 2
41-45 7 2
46-50 8 2
Above 50 9 2
10 High School 1
Under Graduate 2Graduate 3
Post Graduate 4
Diploma 5
Other 6
11 City 1
Town 2
Taluk 3
Village 4
12 Govt 1
Private 2Student 3
Business 4
Unemployed 5
Retired 6
Other 7
13 Less than 1,00,000 1
1,00,000-4,00,000 2
4,00,000-7,00,000 3
Greater than 7,00,000 4
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APPENDIX D (SPSS OUTPUTS)
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TABLE 2.1
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Climate Change Between Groups 2.266 3 .755 .994 .400
Within Groups 61.545 81 .760
Total 63.812 84
Global Warming Between Groups 6.793 3 2.264 2.414 .073
Within Groups 75.983 81 .938
Total 82.776 84
TABLE 2.2
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper
Climate
Change
Equal
variances
assumed
.077 .783 -
1.386
82 .170 -.292 .211 -.710 .127
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.374
41.707 .177 -.292 .212 -.720 .137
Global
Warming
Equal
variances
assumed
.383 .538 -
1.040
82 .301 -.250 .240 -.728 .228
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.080
46.113 .286 -.250 .231 -.716 .216
TABLE 2.3
ANOVA
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Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Motor Vehicle Pollution Between Groups 7.525 3 2.508 3.287 .025
Within Groups 61.047 80 .763
Total 68.571 83
Industrial Pollution Between Groups 8.034 3 2.678 3.066 .033
Within Groups 70.743 81 .873
Total 78.776 84
TABLE 2.4
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
I would pay more for
products whose production
and packaging does less
damage to the environment
Between Groups 10.159 3 3.386 4.114 .010
Within Groups 56.800 69 .823
Total 66.959 72
I am willing to participate /
buy / know more creating
sustainable products and
services.
Between Groups 9.031 3 3.010 4.611 .005
Within Groups 45.051 69 .653
Total 54.082 72
TABLE 2.5
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
I am willing to directly
contribute funds to
sustainable and responsible
organisations.
Between Groups 4.675 3 1.558 2.344 .081
Within Groups 45.200 68 .665
Total 49.875 71
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TABLE 2.6
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test forEquality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper
I am willing to
contribute as a
volunteer
towards the
cause of
cleaner and
better
environment in
any way
whatsoever.
Equal
variances
assumed
1.188 .279 -.748 82 .457 -.199 .266 -.729 .331
Equal
variances not
assumed
-.783 31.554 .439 -.199 .254 -.717 .319
TABLE 2.7
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper
I would pay
more for
products
Equal
variances
assumed
.634 .428 -
1.672
81 .098 -.388 .232 -.851 .074
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whose
production and
packaging
does less
damage to the
environment
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.672
39.911 .102 -.388 .232 -.858 .081
Despite the
apparently
potential
negative
economic
impact, more
restrictions on
industry are
needed to stop
pollution in our
air, water,
ground and
food.
Equal
variances
assumed
4.426 .039 -
1.629
79 .107 -.436 .268 -.968 .097
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.794
42.411 .080 -.436 .243 -.926 .054
I am prepared
to buy goods /
services made
using
responsible or
sustainable
practices only
even if they
are slightly
more
expensive,
wherever
available
Equal
variances
assumed
1.223 .272 -
2.191
81 .031 -.515 .235 -.983 -.047
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
2.210
40.643 .033 -.515 .233 -.986 -.044
I am willing to
contribute as a
volunteer
towards the
cause of
cleaner and
better
environment in
any waywhatsoever.
Equal
variances
assumed
2.282 .135 -
1.873
81 .065 -.455 .243 -.938 .028
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.925
42.204 .061 -.455 .236 -.932 .022
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I am willing to
directly
contribute
funds to
sustainable
and
responsible
organisations.
Equal
variances
assumed
.067 .796 -
3.369
79 .001 -.635 .188 -1.010 -.260
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
3.508
44.134 .001 -.635 .181 -1.000 -.270
I am willing to
participate /
buy / know
more creating
sustainable
products and
services.
Equal
variances
assumed
12.819 .001 -
1.937
81 .056 -.412 .213 -.836 .011
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
2.184
52.149 .034 -.412 .189 -.791 -.033
Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
I am willing to directly
contribute funds to
sustainable and responsible
organisations.
Male 58 2.02 .783 .103
Female 23 2.65 .714 .149
TABLE 2.8
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
I would pay more for
products whose production
and packaging does less
damage to the environment
Between Groups 4.618 5 .924 1.013 .416
Within Groups 71.132 78 .912
Total 75.750 83
Despite the apparentlypotential negative economic
impact, more restrictions on
industry are needed to stop
pollution in our air, water,
ground and food.
Between Groups 17.818 5 3.564 3.510 .007
Within Groups 77.170 76 1.015
Total 94.988 81
I am prepared to buy goods /
services made using
Between Groups 16.029 5 3.206 3.936 .003
Within Groups 63.531 78 .814
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responsible or sustainable
practices only even if they
are slightly more expensive,
wherever available
Total 79.560 83
I am willing to contribute as a
volunteer towards the cause
of cleaner and better
environment in any way
whatsoever.
Between Groups 6.882 5 1.376 1.355 .251
Within Groups 79.261 78 1.016
Total 86.143 83
I am willing to directly
contribute funds to
sustainable and responsible
organisations.
Between Groups 10.413 5 2.083 3.675 .005
Within Groups 43.063 76 .567
Total 53.476 81
I am willing to participate /
buy / know more creating
sustainable products and
services.
Between Groups 3.928 5 .786 1.016 .414
Within Groups 60.310 78 .773
Total 64.238 83
Descriptives
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
I am willing to
directly contribute
funds to
sustainable and
responsible
organisations.
Private 29 1.79 .819 .152 1.48 2.10 1 3
Student 46 2.43 .720 .106 2.22 2.65 1 4
Business 2 1.50 .707 .500 -4.85 7.85 1 2
Unemployed 2 2.50 .707 .500 -3.85 8.85 2 3
Retired 1 3.00 . . . . 3 3
Other 2 3.00 .000 .000 3.00 3.00 3 3
Total 82 2.21 .813 .090 2.03 2.39 1 4
TABLE 2.9
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
I would pay more for
products whose production
and packaging does less
damage to the environment
Between Groups 4.618 5 .924 1.013 .416
Within Groups 71.132 78 .912
Total 75.750 83
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Despite the apparently
potential negative economic
impact, more restrictions on
industry are needed to stop
pollution in our air, water,
ground and food.
Between Groups 17.818 5 3.564 3.510 .007
Within Groups 77.170 76 1.015
Total 94.988 81
I am prepared to buy goods /
services made using
responsible or sustainable
practices only even if they
are slightly more expensive,
wherever available
Between Groups 16.029 5 3.206 3.936 .003
Within Groups 63.531 78 .814
Total 79.560 83
I am willing to contribute as a
volunteer towards the cause
of cleaner and better
environment in any way
whatsoever.
Between Groups 6.882 5 1.376 1.355 .251
Within Groups 79.261 78 1.016
Total 86.143 83
I am willing to directly
contribute funds to
sustainable and responsible
organisations.
Between Groups 10.413 5 2.083 3.675 .005
Within Groups 43.063 76 .567
Total 53.476 81
I am willing to participate /
buy / know more creating
sustainable products and
services.
Between Groups 3.928 5 .786 1.016 .414
Within Groups 60.310 78 .773
Total 64.238 83
Descriptives
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
I am prepared to
buy goods /
services made
using responsible
or sustainable
practices only even
if they are slightly
more expensive,
wherever available
Private 29 1.66 .897 .167 1.31 2.00 1 3
Student 48 2.48 .850 .123 2.23 2.73 1 4
Business 2 2.00 1.414 1.000 -10.71 14.71 1 3
Unemployed 2 2.50 2.121 1.500 -16.56 21.56 1 4
Retired 1 4.00 . . . . 4 4
Other 2 2.50 .707 .500 -3.85 8.85 2 3
Total 84 2.20 .979 .107 1.99 2.41 1 4
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TABLE 2.10
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
I would pay more forproducts whose production
and packaging does less
damage to the environment
Between Groups 4.618 5 .924 1.013 .416
Within Groups 71.132 78 .912
Total 75.750 83
Despite the apparently
potential negative economic
impact, more restrictions on
industry are needed to stop
pollution in our air, water,
ground and food.
Between Groups 17.818 5 3.564 3.510 .007
Within Groups 77.170 76 1.015
Total 94.988 81
I am prepared to buy goods /
services made using
responsible or sustainable
practices only even if they
are slightly more expensive,
wherever available
Between Groups 16.029 5 3.206 3.936 .003
Within Groups 63.531 78 .814
Total 79.560 83
I am willing to contribute as a
volunteer towards the cause
of cleaner and better
environment in any way
whatsoever.
Between Groups 6.882 5 1.376 1.355 .251
Within Groups 79.261 78 1.016
Total 86.143 83
I am willing to directly
contribute funds to
sustainable and responsible
organisations.
Between Groups 10.413 5 2.083 3.675 .005
Within Groups 43.063 76 .567
Total 53.476 81
I am willing to participate /
buy / know more creating
sustainable products and
services.
Between Groups 3.928 5 .786 1.016 .414
Within Groups 60.310 78 .773
Total 64.238 83
Descriptives
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Despite the
apparently
Private 28 1.43 .879 .166 1.09 1.77 1 4
Student 48 2.31 1.075 .155 2.00 2.62 1 4
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potential negative
economic impact,
more restrictions
on industry are
needed to stop
pollution in our air,
water, ground and
food.
Business 2 1.00 .000 .000 1.00 1.00 1 1
Unemployed 2 2.00 1.414 1.000 -10.71 14.71 1 3
Retired 1 3.00 . . . . 3 3
Other 1 3.00 . . . . 3 3
Total 82 1.99 1.083 .120 1.75 2.23 1 4
TABLE 2.11
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
F Sig. t df
Sig.
(2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper
Climate
Change
Equal variances
assumed
.244 .623 -
2.261
82 .026 -.478 .211 -.899 -.057
Equal variances
not assumed
-
2.477
44.401 .017 -.478 .193 -.867 -.089
Ozone Hole Equal variances
assumed
.021 .885 -
1.027
81 .308 -.262 .255 -.768 .245
Equal variances
not assumed
-
1.008
35.960 .320 -.262 .259 -.788 .265
Air Quality Equal variances
assumed
.393 .532 -.285 82 .776 -.070 .247 -.562 .421
Equal variances
not assumed
-.267 33.026 .791 -.070 .264 -.607 .466
Global
Warming
Equal variances
assumed
1.168 .283 -
1.488
82 .141 -.365 .245 -.853 .123
Equal variances
not assumed
-
1.570
40.971 .124 -.365 .233 -.835 .105
Motor
Vehicle
Equal variances
assumed
.041 .840 -.196 81 .845 -.045 .228 -.499 .409
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Pollution Equal variances
not assumed
-.190 35.156 .850 -.045 .235 -.523 .433
Industrial
Pollution
Equal variances
assumed
.495 .484 -.746 82 .458 -.180 .242 -.661 .300
Equal variances
not assumed
-.778 40.024 .441 -.180 .232 -.649 .288
Electronic
Items
Equal variances
assumed
1.710 .195 -
1.848
82 .068 -.459 .248 -.953 .035
Equal variances
not assumed
-
1.989
42.735 .053 -.459 .231 -.924 .006
Group Statistics
Transaportation N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Climate Change Yes 62 3.11 .889 .113
No 22 3.59 .734 .157
TABLE 2.12
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper
I would pay
more for
products
whose
production and
packaging
does less
damage to the
environment
Equal
variances
assumed
13.440 .000 -
1.766
80 .081 -.385 .218 -.819 .049
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.906
71.008 .061 -.385 .202 -.788 .018
Despite the
apparently
potential
Equal
variances
assumed
.004 .951 -
1.655
78 .102 -.413 .250 -.910 .084
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negative
economic
impact, more
restrictions on
industry are
needed to stop
pollution in our
air, water,
ground and
food.
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
1.660
58.874 .102 -.413 .249 -.911 .085
I am prepared
to buy goods /
services made
using
responsible or
sustainable
practices only
even if they
are slightly
more
expensive,
wherever
available
Equal
variances
assumed
3.255 .075 -
2.693
80 .009 -.586 .218 -1.019 -.153
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
2.740
60.630 .008 -.586 .214 -1.014 -.158
I am willing to
contribute as a
volunteer
towards the
cause of
cleaner and
better
environment in
any way
whatsoever.
Equal
variances
assumed
4.975 .029 -
3.336
80 .001 -.746 .224 -1.191 -.301
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
3.397
60.826 .001 -.746 .220 -1.186 -.307
I am willing to
directly
contribute
funds to
sustainable
and
responsible
organisations.
Equal
variances
assumed
2.549 .114 -
2.810
78 .006 -.516 .184 -.882 -.151
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
3.062
69.746 .003 -.516 .169 -.853 -.180
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I am willing to
participate /
buy / know
more creating
sustainable
products and
services.
Equal
variances
assumed
17.566 .000 -
1.871
80 .065 -.372 .199 -.768 .024
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
2.067
74.722 .042 -.372 .180 -.731 -.013
Group Statistics
Buying
Patterns N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
I would pay more for
products whose production
and packaging does less
damage to the environment
Yes 53 2.13 1.020 .140
No 29 2.52 .785 .146
Despite the apparently
potential negative economic
impact, more restrictions on
industry are needed to stop
pollution in our air, water,
ground and food.
Yes 51 1.86 1.077 .151
No 29 2.28 1.066 .198
I am prepared to buy goods /
services made usingresponsible or sustainable
practices only even if they
are slightly more expensive,
wherever available
Yes 53 2.00 .961 .132
No 29 2.59 .907 .168
I am willing to contribute as a
volunteer towards the cause
of cleaner and better
environment in any way
whatsoever.
Yes 53 1.94 .989 .136
No 29 2.69 .930 .173
I am willing to directly
contribute funds to
sustainable and responsible
organisations.
Yes 52 2.02 .852 .118
No 28 2.54 .637 .120
I am willing to participate /
buy / know more creating
sustainable products and
services.
Yes 53 2.28 .948 .130
No 29 2.66 .670 .124
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APPENDIX E
GENERAL REFERENCE
(SECONDARY DATA TABLES)
Emissions and targets by country:
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Actions most frequently cited as the most effective actions the individual respondent could take to
help prevent global warming: responses provided to an open-ended question.
Actions most frequently cited as the most important actions the government could take to prevent
global warming: responses provided to an open-ended question.
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