Collecting and Analyzing AgriculturalR&D Data in Latin America:
The ASTI Initiative
Presentation at CIAT, Cali — 24 May 2011
Nienke BeintemaHead, ASTI initiative,
IFPRI-Rome office
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Introduction to current ASTI program■ Agricultural R&D investment and capacity
trends in Latin America■ Recent evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa■ Planned expansion and collaboration with CIAT
Outline of Presentation
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■ R&D is a major contributor to economic growth and poverty reduction: Greater investments are crucial for productivity growth
■ Monitoring and benchmarking inputs, outputs, and performance of agricultural R&D is essential for improved policy formulation and decision-making
■ But national S&T indicators are still scarce in developing countries and, when available, difficult to extract agricultural S&T indicators
Importance of Agricultural R&D
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Collects and analyzes national-level data on investment and human resource capacity and institutional developments in agricultural R&D:• Focus on developing countries• Institutional survey rounds (primary data)• Only input indicators (for now)
■ Aim is to provide:• Trends over time at country and regional levels• Comparisons across countries and regions
Background to ASTI
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Collaborative network with large number of national, regional, and international partners; led by IFPRI
■ Typically in close collaboration with the main agricultural research institutes or, in a few cases, with consultants (co-authors/publishers of country note/brief)
■ Covering government, higher education, nonprofit (and private for-profit) R&D agencies
■ Frequent improvements made in data collection procedures and tools
How Data is Collected
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Portfolio of ASTI Data at Country Level
■ Agricultural R&D investment and human resource capacity
■ Institutional arrangements and changes affecting agricultural R&D
■ Funding sources of agricultural R&D■ Degree qualifications of agricultural researchers■ Female participation in agricultural R&D■ Agricultural R&D focus in terms of crops, livestock,
and other commodities, also themes
www.asti.cgiar.org
Country Coverage
■ Sub-Saharan Africa: 2008
■ South Asia: 2009 (ongoing)
■ Other Asia-Pacific: 2002/03
■ Latin America: 2006
■ Middle East/North Africa: 2002
■ OECD and China: external data
www.asti.cgiar.org
Current ASTI Outputs
■ Country notes■ Regional and subregional reports■ Data in-focus sheets■ Datasets and country profiles■ Country/regional/other seminars
and presentations■ Analytical assessments■ ASTI website (Data Tool, country
pages)■ Blog■ Press releases/media outreach
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Introduction to current ASTI program■ Agricultural R&D investment and capacity
trends in Latin America■ Recent evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa■ Planned expansion and collaboration with CIAT
Outline of Presentation
www.asti.cgiar.org
Longterm Investment and CapacityTrends in Latin America & Caribbean
■ In 2006, LAC invested about $3 billion (in 2005 PPP prices) on public agricultural R&D and employed roughly 19,100 agricultural researchers (in full-time equivalents)
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
18,000
21,000
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Total number of researchers
(iull-time equivalents)
Tota
l spe
ndin
g(m
illio
n 20
05 P
PP d
olla
rs)
Agricultural R&D spending(left scale)
Agricultural research numbers(right scale)
www.asti.cgiar.org
Average Annual Growth Rates in Spending,1996-2006 (14 Countries)
■ However, growth has been very uneven across countries, with some experiencing rapid increases in agricultural R&D spending and others facing severe cuts
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Intensity ratios of Public Agricultural R&DSpending, 2006 (15 Countries)
> 1.0% 0.5% - 1.0% < 0.5%
Uruguay (2.0%) Belize (0.9%) Honduras (0.4%)
Brazil (1.7%) Nicaragua (0.9%) Dominican Republic (0.3%)
Argentina (1.3%) Costa Rica (0.9%) Paraguay (0.2%)
Mexico (1.2%) Colombia (0.5%) El Salvador (0.1%)
Chile (1.2%) Panama (0.5%) Guatemala (0.1%)
■ Average regional intensity ratio was 1.1% in 2006, but excluding Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, the average ratio declined to 0.7%
www.asti.cgiar.org
Funding Sources of Main Government andNonprofit Agencies, 2006 (15 Countries)
Brazil data only include funding data for Embrapa and APTA.
■ Sources of agricultural R&D funding have become increasingly diversified and differ largely from one LAC country to the next
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nonprof it agenciesGovernment agencies
14 country average
HondurasBelize
NicaraguaCosta Rica
ColombiaUruguay
GuatemalaChile
ParaguayMexico
Dominican RepublicPanama
El SalvadorArgentina
share (%)
Government DonorsProducers/marketing boards Public/private enterprisesOwn income Other
www.asti.cgiar.org
0
20
40
60
80
100
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
sha
res
Main agricultural R&D agency Other government Higher education Producer organizations
0
20
40
60
80
100
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
sha
res
0
20
40
60
80
100
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
sha
res
0
20
40
60
80
100
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
sha
res
0
20
40
60
80
100
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
sha
res
Diversity in Institutional Distribution across Latin America
Argentina
MexicoColombia
Chile
■ The role of the INIAs in agricultural R&D (in terms of capacity) has steadily declined over the 2.5 decades
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Introduction to current ASTI program■ Agricultural R&D investment and capacity
trends in Latin America■ Recent evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa■ Planned expansion and collaboration with CIAT
Outline of Presentation
www.asti.cgiar.org
Longterm Investment and CapacityTrends in Sub-Saharan Africa
■ Overall, agricultural R&D investments and capacity increased by 20 percent during 2001-08
www.asti.cgiar.org
Africa’s Spending Compared with Brazil, China, and India
■ Brazil and India both spent slightly less on public agricultural than Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole
www.asti.cgiar.org
Main Drivers of African Spending Growth, 2001-08
■ Growth occurred in a few countries and focused on boosting low salaries and rehabilitating infrastructure/equipment
www.asti.cgiar.org
Who is Lagging Behind?
■ 2001-08 marked by decline in 13 countries (including many in francophone West Africa); Decline started in 1990s for some
www.asti.cgiar.org
Africa’s Investment Challenge: Underinvestment
■ In 2008, only 8 countries invested more than 1% of their AgGDP in agricultural R&D
www.asti.cgiar.org
0 20 40 60 80 100
Benin (INRAB)Burundi (ISABU)
Rwanda (ISAR)Burkina Faso (INERA, IRSAT, CNSF)
Uganda (NARO)Mali (IER)
Mozambique (IIAM, IIP)Eritrea (NARI)
Madagascar (FOFIFA)Guinea (IRAG)
Donors, development banks, and SROs Government OtherShare of total funding
Africa’s Investment Challenge: High Donor-Dependency
■ Many countries are extremely dependent on donor funding and development bank loans
www.asti.cgiar.org
Africa’s Investment Challenge: Funding Volatility
■ Donor and government funding has been highly volatile, making viable research programs difficult
0
83
166
249
332
415
0
5
10
15
20
25
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Million 2005 PPP dollars
Billi
on 2
005
naira
NARIs (15) Other government (7) Higher education (66)
0
5
10
15
20
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Billi
on 2
005
CFA
fran
cs
ISRA ITA Higher education (7)
0
9
18
26
35
0
2
4
6
8
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Billi
on 2
005
CFA
fran
cs
INRAN CMB Higher education (4)
Million 2005 PPP dollars
0
10
20
30
40
0
2
4
6
8
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Millions de dollars PPA
2005Mill
iard
s de
fran
cs C
FA 2
005
INERA et prédécesseurs Autres agences d'État (12)Enseignement supérieur (4)
SenegalNigeria
NigerBurkina Faso
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Africa’s Capacity Challenges
■ Decreasing qualifications: Shares of BSc-qualified staff have increased in some countries since 2000
■ Large influx of young scientists with BSc degrees, who need adequate training opportunities and mentoring
■ High staff turnover: Many researchers left agencies due to low salaries/conditions of service; Many retired – more will retire in coming years
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Introduction to current ASTI program■ Agricultural R&D investment and capacity
trends in Latin America■ Recent evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa■ Planned expansion and collaboration with
CIAT
Outline of Presentation
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI transformation and expansion
www.asti.cgiar.org
Transformation from Ad Hoc Activity to a Sustainable Data Collection System
■ More decentralized data collection system by establishing a set of national and regional focal points
■ This will allow for closer linkages with national stakeholders, and it will link the ASTI team with specialists at regional organizations, other CGIAR centers, and other partner institutions
■ Such a system will promote ownership of the datasets by the national partners, and ultimately stimulate the use of the datasets for further advocacy and analysis, and secure the continuity of data collection activities
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Regular data collection/analysis coordinated through CIAT office, technical backstopping by ASTI/IFPRI
■ Output: datasets, Report on State of Agricultural R&D in LAC (every two years)
■ Increase relevance of ASTI datasets by increasing in-depth analysis
■ Through collaboration with regional entities (FORAGRO, IICA) and national partners (INIAs, other) increase use of data for advocacy and policy formulation
Geographical expansion: Maintaining up-to date datasets and analysis for LAC
Thank you
Please visit www.asti.cgiar.org
www.asti.cgiar.org
■ Analysis to improve ASTI’s methodology and data collection procedures.
■ Analysis for R&D managers and policymakers to provide further insight into the underlying trends and issues related to agricultural R&D capacity and investments as well as the structure and functioning of the agricultural R&D systems.
■ Serve as a data source for broader economic questions related to the development and diffusion of technologies.
Expansion: Strengtheninganalytical capacity
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI Data in the Context ofAgricultural S&T Policy
Monitoring, evaluation & priority setting Data &
Statistics
Research & Policy Analysis
Deliberation, negotiation & policy selection
Implementation
Source: Adapted from BMGF 2009.
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ASTI website - Country Pages
■ Country datasets available in the ASTI Data Tool
■ Data in-focus sheets■ Country note and previous
ASTI country pubs■ Country profile (incl.
directory with contact information)
■ Additional(non-ASTI) resources on agricultural and food R&D
■ LAC countries forthcoming
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI website - ASTI Data Tool
■ Visualize and compare data at a glance or in-depth
■ Map a subject: Covers key indicators over time
■ View snapshot data: Covers all indicators for benchmark year
■ Plot two indicators: Allow for comparisons of two indicators in a bubble chart
■ Export data functionality
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