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PROJECT REPORT
8th SEMESTER, B.E
Visvesvaraya Te chno log ica l Un ivers itBELGAUM, KARNATAKA
EFFECT OF WATER PROOFING COMPOUNDON STRENGTH & WORKABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETEA project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering.
BY
BHUMIKA.T.VCHETHAN.S.P
HARIKRISHNA.M.BREKHA.J.K
GUIDE
Dr.S.RAJENDRAM.E, M.S (Soft.Sys.), Ph.D
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Department of Civil EngineeringJawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering
SHIMOGA-577204
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CONTENT
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCRETE
2.1 Cement
2.2 Aggregate
2.3 Water
2.4 Water-cement ratio
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE
3.1 Compressive strength
3.2 Workability
4. ADMIXTURE
5. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
6. MATERIALS AND PROPORTIONS
6.1 Materials and properties
6.2 Proportion
7. TEST PROCEDURE
8. RESULTS AND RGAPHS
9. DISSCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Completing this task is never a single man effort. It is accomplished
as a result of valuable contribution of a number of individuals in a direct or
indirect manner that helps in shaping and achieving the objectives. So, here
we cannot resist the temptation of expressing our greatest thanks to those
who contributed greatly in completing that task.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide
Mr.S.Rajendra M.E., (Const.Tech.), M.S., (Soft.Syst.), for his valuable
guidance, keen interest and moral support in completing the project their
direction, supervision and constructive criticism were indeed a source of
inspiration for the success of the Project.
We are very thankful to our beloved H.O.D. Dr.A.V.Pradeep Kumar
and also our beloved Principal Dr. R. Srinivasa Rao Kunte for providing
excellent academic climate.
We are also thankful to all teaching and non-teaching staff of our
department who helped in making that Project a success.
Finally, we express our special thanks to all our well-wishers and
friends.
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SYNOPSIS
Concrete is widely used man-made construction material. It is
obtained by mixing cement, water and aggregate in required proportion and
allowed cure becomes hard like stone.
Advances in construction of building and requirements of concrete of
high strength and durability necessitated the introduction of high strength
cement in India. With proposed plans by Government and private sectors in
infrastructure development like concrete roads, bridges and commercial
residential high raise building, high strength cement has significant role to
play in future.
The concrete consists of hard inorganic material called aggregate such
as gravel, sand and crushed stone etc., and mixed cement water. A few hours
after mixing material undergo chemical reaction and mixture get solidifies
and it attains strength with age. In the past attempts have been made toimprove the properties of concrete like compression strength, water
absorption, workability, etc., by the use of admixtures.
Admixtures are defined as a material other than cement, water and
aggregate that is used as an ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch
immediately before or during mixing. The admixture plays an important role
in modifying the properties of concrete like strength. The admixtures are
used according to situation of construction.
In this project attempts are made to study the characteristics ofconcrete such as compression strength, workability of concrete.
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INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTHER.1
1. INTRODUCTION
The basic requirements of all mankind are shelter. Hence the shelter is
basic on the building construction in which the cement concrete is an
essential requirement.
From the materials of varying properties to make concrete of
stipulated qualities an intimate knowledge of the interaction of various
ingredients that go into the making of concrete is required to be known, both
in plastic condition and in harden condition.
The strength of concrete depends upon the components such as
aggregate, quality of cement, water cement ratio, workability, and normal
consistency of mix, proportions and age of concrete.
New building material are used to accelerate the work in which the
admixture play an important role in characteristics of concrete.
In this project we have utilized ROFF HYPROFF i.e., Liquid integral waterproofing compound for concrete.
In this project, experimental studies were conducted to determine
compressive strength, workability of concrete mix on addition of different
proportions of HI-PERFORMANCE compound for water PROFF concrete.
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CHAPTER .2
2. CONCRETE
Concrete is a man made material. The concrete is most commonly
employed construction material. It consists of hard inorganic material calledaggregate such as gravel, sand and crushed stone etc., mixing the material
under go chemical reaction and form the product of hydrated calcium silicate
which binds the composition and act the mixture monolithic one after the
solidification. The concrete attains great strength and it posses high
compressive strength with age.
The ingredients of concrete are;
Cement
Aggregate Water
2.1. Cement
Cement is the most important constituent in that it forms the building
medium for the discrete ingredients. it is made out of naturally occurring raw
materials and sometimes blended or inter ground with industrial waste
content come in various types and chemical composition for general
concrete construction.
The raw materials used for the manufacture of cement consist mainlyof lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These oxides interact with one
another in the kiln to form ore complex compound. The relative proportion
of these oxides compositions is responsible for influencing the various
properties of cement.
2.2. Aggregates
These are inert inorganic materials employed in making of concrete.
About 75% of bulk concrete is made up of aggregates. They often control
the behavior of concrete.
Aggregates are the important of concrete they are classified as;
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
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2.2.1. Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate are those, which passes through the I.S.sieve No.475.
The most important function of the aggregate is to increase the volume of
the concrete to fill up the voids between the coarse aggregate. The fine
aggregate consists of cement paste to old the coarse aggregate particles insuspension. This action prompts plastically in the mixture and prevents the
possible segregation of paste and coarse aggregate.
River sand is always preferable for making concrete. Sea sand is avoided,
which contains calcium and chloride, which causes efflorescence. In general,
sand used for concrete should be free from dirt, organic materials that
deteriorate with passage of time and create voids.
2.2.2. Coarse aggregate
The coarse aggregates in concrete are in great volume, whichcontributes stability and durability to the concrete. It forms bulk of the
concrete. It should be of proper shape, hard, strong and well graded.
2.3 Water
Water is an important ingredients in the concrete mass, as it actively
participants in chemical reaction with cement. It has been estimated that on
an average of 23% of water by weight of cement is require for chemical
reaction with cement compounds. The water should be added to required
consistency for suitable workability.
Water should be fresh and portable. Sea water and other blackish should not
be used as the sulphate or magnastie present in sea water would from
hydration of cement and with the calcium aluminates present in the cement.
2.3. Water-cement ratio
Water cement ratio has greatest influence on the strength of concrete
defined as the ratio of water to that of weight of cement. The quality of
water in concrete is generally specified in terms of water cement ratio (w/c
ratio).
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CHARCTERISTICS
OF
CONCRETE
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CHAPTER.3
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE
3.1. Compressive strength
Compressive strength is defined as the strength of concrete againstapplied load per unit area.
Concrete is employed primarily to resist compressive stresses in most
of the structural applications. Compressive strength is used as a qualitative
measure for other properties of hydrated concrete. The compressive strength
increases as the specimen size decreases whereas the modulus of elasticity
decreases.
Test for compressive strength of concrete should be conducted on the
sample (cube specimens) obtained from the frequency sampling usually. It is
necessary to test at 28 days samples (each sampler consisting of three150mm cubes) prepared and cured in accordance with I.S 456-1978 code of
practice in order to gel a quicker idea of the quality but the acceptance of
concrete will be only on the basis of 28 days compressive strength.
3.2. Workability
Workability of concrete is the one which exhibits very little internal
friction between partical to partical.
Factors helping for easy compaction are.
1. Water content2. Size of aggregate
3. Mix proportion
4. Shape of aggregate
5. Grading of aggregate
6. Use of admixture.
MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY
It is discussed earlier that workability of concrete is a complex property just has it cludes all precise definition. It also cludes precise
measurement. Some of the test measures the parameters very close to
workability and provide useful information.
We have some of the test like slump test, compaction test, flow test,
Kelly ball test, V-bee consistometer test
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CHAPTER.4
4. ADMIXTURE
To improve some particular property of concrete materials other than
cement aggregate and water are sometimes added during the preparation of
concrete. The materials thus added to the concrete are known asAdmixtures. The admixture may also impact an entirely different property
to concrete.
4.1. Purpose of admixture
The admixture may be used for one or more of the following
purposes.
To improve workability.
To improve durability of concrete by entraining air in it.
To accelerate setting and hardening and thus to produce high early strength
concrete.
To impart water proofing properties to concrete.
To retard setting of concrete.
To improve water resistance.
To reduce shrinkage during setting.
To reduce bleeding and segregation.
To reduce the evolution of heat.
To aid in curing.
To reduce some chemical reactions etc.
4.1.1. Type of Admixture
1. Workability
2. Accelerators
3. Air entraining agents
4. Retarders
5. Pozzolanic materials
6. Water repelling agents
7. Gas forming agents
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Types of admixtures and their functions
1 Air entrainers: - They trap the air in the concrete, which helps in
improving durability of concrete in freezing environment. The materials can
be used are wood resin, synthetic detergents, salts of petroleum derivatives
2 Water reducer: -They reduce the water cement ratio and yet retainworkability. The materials can be used are Carbohydrates, Carboxylic acid
3. Accelerating admixtures: - They accelerate the setting of cement in cold
environment. The materials can be used are Calcium Chloride, Calcium
Nitrate and Calcium Format.
4. Retarding admixtures: - They delay the setting of concrete. The
materials can be used are Lignin, Sugar.
5. Super plasticizers: - They make flowing concrete for examples
concreting in heavily reinforced section. The materials can be used areFormaldehyde compounds, Lingo sulphonates. They are modern water
reducing agents; chemically they are sulphonated melanin formaldehyde
condensates and sulphon naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.
6. Mineral admixtures: - They act as inert fillers to replace cement up to
certain extent. The materials can be used are Blast furnace slag, fly ash, clay,
and foundry sand.
7. Bonding agent: - They increase the bond strength between the old and
new cement. The materials can be used are Polymer compounds. Rubber,
P.V.C, P.V acetate.
8. Corrosion inhibitors: - They inhibit corrosion. The materials can be used
are Calcium Nitrate, Sodium Nitrate, Sodium Benzoate, Phosphates,
Fluorosilicates.
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CHAPTER .5
5. MIX DESIGN
DESIGN PARAMETER
Characteristic strength M20 (N/mm
2
)Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm
Shape of coarse aggregate angular
Degree of workability 0.85
Degree of quality control good
Degree of exposure mild
DATA ON MATERIALS
Cement brand Blended 43 gradesSpecific gravity 2.98
Coarse aggregate 20mm
Sand conforming zone I
ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 3.056
2) Specific gravity of sand 3.00
3) Water absorptiona) Coarse aggregate 0.5 %
b) Sand 1.0%
4) Free surface moisture
a) Coarse aggregate nil
b) Sand 2%
5) Entrapped air 2 %
1) From table 8 IS 456-2000 standard deviation is 4.0
2) Therefore Target strength = f + 1.65 *s.d = 20+ (1.65*4) = 26.6 N/mm
3) Water cement ratio is 0.48
4) Compaction factor is 0.85
5) Water content per cum of concrete is 186 lit
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Sand as a % of total aggregate by absolute volume is 35%
Since the w/c ratio is 0.48 & Compaction factor is 0.85, apply correction
Change in condition % Adjustment required
Water
Content
Sand in total
aggregate
1. For decrease in w/c
ratio from 0.6 to 0.48
0 -3
2. For increase incompaction factor
1.5 0
3. For sand conforming
zone I
0 1.5
Total correction 3 -1.5
Required sand content as a % of total aggregate by absolute volume is= 35-1
=34%
Required water content is =186+ (186*3.0)
100
= 191.58litre / m3
6) W/c=0.48
Water=191.58 lit
Cement=191.58/0.48
=399.125kg.
7) The entrapped air is 2%
So the absolute volume of concrete in one m3 =1-0.02
=0.98 m3
8) Determination of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
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Fine aggregate V= [W+(C/Sc) +1/ p*(fa/Sfa)]*(1/1000)
0.98= [191.125+399.125/2.98 +1/0.34*fa/3.0] 1/1000
fa =667.50kg /m3
Coarse aggregate V= [W+ (Ca/Sc) + (1/1-p)*Ca/Sa]*1/10000.98= [191.125+ (399.125/2.98) + (1/1-0.34)*Ca/3] 1 /1000
C a =1310.1kg/m3
Proportion by weight: -
CEMENT WATER SAND 20mm C.A
399.125 191.58 677.4 1310.1
Proportion by ratio:-
Cement: water: sand: 20mm C.A
1: 0.48: 1.7: 3.28
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MATERIALS
&
PROPORTION
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CHAPTER .6
MATERIALS AND PROPORTIONS
6.1. MATERIAL AND PROPERTIES
6.1.1 CEMENTBlended 43 grade cement conformation to IS 8112-1976
Properties
a. Initial setting time - 30 mm
b. Final setting time - 600 mm
c. Specific gravity - 2.76
d. Soundness of cement - 1 mm
6.1.2. Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
20mm downsize coarse aggregate was taken.
Properties
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate - 6.075 Specific gravity - 3.00
Water absorption of coarse aggregate - 0.85
Fine Aggregate
4.75 mm downsize (zone-1 according to IS: 383-1970) was taken
Properties
Specific gravity 3.0
Fineness modulus of the fine aggregate - 3.28
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6.1.3. Water
As specified by IS: 456-1978, portable water was used for mixing and
curing.
6.1.4. Admixture:
HYPROFF liquid integral water proofing compound of concrete
6.1.5. Proportion:
The percentage of HYPROFF is increased by 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%,
2.8%, 3.0% and 3.2%.
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PROCEDURE
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Compression testing machine
Slump Test
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CHAPTER.7
7. TEST PROCEDURE
7.1. Cube and beam moulds
Cube moulds are the standard square size blocks made of steel. Theyare open at top and having a base plate at bottom Steel cube moulds is made
of 6 mm thick and (150*150* 150) mm size.
Beam moulds are the standard rectangular size blocks made of steel.
They are open at top and having a base plate at bottom Steel beam moulds
are made of 6 mm thick and (150*150*700) mm size
7.2. Concrete specimen
For the preparation of good concrete the following steps are adopted.
Batching Mixing
Placing and compacting
Curing
Batching:
In batching, there are two methods
1. by volume
2. by weightIn this project weight batching is adopted.
Mixing:
The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous,
uniform in color and consistency. It is done by,
1. Hand mixing.
2. Mechanical mixing.
In this project hand mixing was adopted.
The mixed concrete is then placed in the moulds, which is already oiled.
Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling this entrapped
air from the concrete. The compaction is carried out the three layers of 25
blows each. Then the moulds are followed for final setting (usually 1 day the
blocks are removed and kept for curing.
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Curing:
Curing is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and
a favorable temperature in concrete. The specimens were kept for curing 28
days in water as per the planning of project.
7.3. TEST CONDUCTED ON CONCRETE
1. COMPRESSIVE TEST
After curing, with the help of compressive testing machine, the
specimen is compressed till the failure occurs in the cube as per IS: 516-
1959 code of practice.
In the compression testing, first the cube is placed then the load is
applied on the cube. As the cube fails the load is noted and then compressive
strength is calculated
2. WORKABILITY
Some of the test measure the parameters very close to workability and
provide useful information, we selected slump test to measure workability.
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RESULTS&
GRAPHS
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CHAPTER.8
8.RESULTS AND GRAPHS
1. COMPRESSION STRENGTH
7 DAYS
Percentage ofPlasticizer
Compressive strength of cubes(N/mm2) 7 days
Cube1
Cube2
Cube3
Averagestrength
0 17.22 18.2 19 18.14
2 19.95 19.03 18.3 19.09
2.2 20.4 20.9 20.9 20.73
2.4 27.8 28.9 27.8 27.8
2.6 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7
2.8 31.26 31.7 32.7 31.88
3 32.1 32.7 32.7 32.5
3.2 32.7 33.07 33.07 32.94
14 DAYS
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Percentage ofPlasticizer
Compressive Strength Of Cubes(N/mm2) 14 days
Cube1
Cube2
Cube3
Averagestrength
0 21.3 23.1 19.03 21.14
2 22.7 22.2 23.1 22.6
2.2 24.3 24.7 25.4 24.8
2.4 31.7 28.6 31.26 30.52
2.6 32.1 32.1 31.7 31.96
2.8 31.7 32.7 32.7 32.36
3 32.7 33.07 33.07 32.963.2 33.07 33.5 32.1 33.29
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28 DAYS
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Percentage ofPlasticizer
Compressive Strength Of Cubes(N/mm2) 28 days
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3Averagestrength
0 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3
2 26.27 26.27 30.8 27.78
2.2 28.6 29.5 29.5 29.2
2.4 31.7 31.26 32.1 31.68
2.6 31.7 32.7 32.7 32.36
2.8 32.7 31.26 32.7 33.22
3 31.26 33.07 33.07 33.46
3.2 33.5 33.5 33.5 33.5
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2. WORKABILITY
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DISSCUSION&
CONCLUSION
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DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
DISSCUSSIONThe designed concrete specimens were prepared using different
percentages of HYPROFF compound. The specimens were tested forcompressive strength and workability characteristics. Following observation
is made.
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
PLAIN CONCRETE:
The designed plain concrete specimen were prepared and tested
for compressive strength in compression testing after 7, 14 and 28
days of curing.
The compressive strength of plain concrete specimen after
7days, 14 days and 28 days of curing was found to be 18.14N/mm2,
21.14N/mm2 and 26.30 N/mm2.
CONCRETE SPECIMENS WITH HYPROFF COMPOUND:
Concrete specimen were prepared by adding HYPROFF
compound by 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.8%, 3% and 3.2% of
HYPROFF compound.
The compressive strength of specimens were observed after 7
days of curing and were to be 19.09 N/mm2 for 2%, 20.73 N/mm2 for
2.2%, 27.78 N/mm2 for 2.4%, 31.7 N/mm2 for 2.6%, 31.88 N/mm2 for
2.8%, 32.55 N/mm2 for 3%, 32.94 N/mm2 for 3.2%.
The compressive strength of specimen were observed after 14days of curing and were to be 22.6 N/mm2 for 2%, 24.8 N/mm2 for
2.2%, 30.52 N/mm2 for 2.4%, 31.96 N/mm2 for 2.6%, 32.36 N/mm2
for 2.8%, 32.96 N/mm2 for 3%, and 33.29 N/mm2 for 3.2%.
The compressive strength of specimens were observed after 28
days of curing and were to be 26.3 N/mm2 for 2%, 27.78 N/mm2 for
2.2%, 29.2 N/mm2 for 2.4%, 31.68 N/mm2 for 2.6%, 32.36 N/mm2 for
2.8%, 33.22 N/mm2 for 3%, 33.5 N/mm2 for 3.2%.
Also the weight increases gradually as 8 kg, 8.2kg, 8.4kg,
8.7kg, 8.7kg, 8.8kg and 8.8kg respectively.From this we came to know that compaction also increases up
to 2.8% of HYPROFF and there after it will be almost constant.
Specimens containing all percentage of HYPROFF compound
were found to have compressive strength greater than plain concrete.
It is observed that compressive strength was increased by 26% than
plain concrete by the addition of plasticizer.
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2. WORKABILITY.
PLAIN CONCRETE
Plain concrete specimens were prepared and tested for workability.
The workability was found to be 9mm from the slump test.
CONCRETE SPECIMENS WITH HYPROFF COMPOUND.
concrete specimen were prepared by adding 2%, 2.2%,
2.4%,2.6%,2.8%, 3% and 3.2% HYPROFF and the workability of concrete
will be 9mm, 9mm, 17mm, 27mm, 25mm, 39mm and 42mm respectively
CONCLUSION
HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
It can improve the compressive strength of concrete by 75% atthe age of7 days, 53 % at the age of14 days and 26% at the age of28 days
for the value of 2.8% HYPROFF compound.
COMPACTION
The compaction of the concrete increases up to the value of
2.8% there after remains almost constant.
EXCELLENT WORKABILITY
Workability of the concrete increases as the percentage of
HYPROFF compound increases
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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REFERENCE
1. M.S.Shetty, concrete technology, S. Chand and company Ltd.
2. A.M Naville and J.J Brooks, concrete technology.
3. IS code books
IS: 383-1970
IS: 10262-1980
IS: 516-1959