Chapter 7. Perception
Likan ZhanBeijing Language and Culture University
2020-05-07
https://[email protected]
Table of Contents
1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations4. From Problem to Experiment5. References
Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seenand thinking what nobody has thought.
– Albert Szent-Györgyi
2/51
Table of Contents
1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations4. From Problem to Experiment5. References
A view of the town of Alesund, Norway
(Kantowitz, Roediger, & Elmes, 2015, p. 198)
4/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)
Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)
5/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)
Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)
• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)
5/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)
• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)
Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)
5/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)
• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)
Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)
5/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)
• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)
5/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• An illusion (错觉) is a mistaken or distorted perception.
6/51
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• An illusion (错觉) is a mistaken or distorted perception.
6/51
Awareness and Perception
• Awareness (觉知): Can meanings and interpretations beapplied to sense data automatically, without our beingverbally aware of them, or is verbal awareness a necessarypart of perception?
7/51
Awareness and Perception
• Awareness (觉知): Can meanings and interpretations beapplied to sense data automatically, without our beingverbally aware of them, or is verbal awareness a necessarypart of perception?
7/51
Awareness and Perception
(Kantowitz et al., 2015, p. 201)
8/51
Awareness and Perception
• Dynamic perimetry (动态视野检查法)• Blind spot and scotoma (盲点)
9/51
Awareness and Perception
• Dynamic perimetry (动态视野检查法)
• Blind spot and scotoma (盲点)
9/51
Awareness and Perception
• Dynamic perimetry (动态视野检查法)• Blind spot and scotoma (盲点)
9/51
Awareness and Perception
• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight
10/51
Awareness and Perception
• Forced-choice guesses
• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight
10/51
Awareness and Perception
• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness
• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight
10/51
Awareness and Perception
• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight
• Type 2 Blind Sight
10/51
Awareness and Perception
• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight
10/51
Table of Contents
1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations4. From Problem to Experiment5. References
Dependent variables
• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability
12/51
Dependent variables
• Subjective Verbal Description
• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability
12/51
Dependent variables
• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)
• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability
12/51
Dependent variables
• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence
• Verifiability
12/51
Dependent variables
• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability
12/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:
– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,and angle of view;
– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,and complexity;
• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:
– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,and angle of view;
– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,and complexity;
• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,
and angle of view;
– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,and complexity;
• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,
and angle of view;– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,
and complexity;
• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,
and angle of view;– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,
and complexity;• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,
and angle of view;– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,
and complexity;• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark
– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Independent variables
• Physical characteristics of stimuli:– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,
and angle of view;– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,
and complexity;• Abnormal circumstances
– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field
13/51
Control variables
• Emotional and Motivational Properties:
– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and
food-related objects
• Physical properties:
– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like
14/51
Control variables
• Emotional and Motivational Properties:
– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and
food-related objects• Physical properties:
– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like
14/51
Control variables
• Emotional and Motivational Properties:– Taboo words versus innocent control words
– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, andfood-related objects
• Physical properties:
– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like
14/51
Control variables
• Emotional and Motivational Properties:– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and
food-related objects
• Physical properties:
– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like
14/51
Control variables
• Emotional and Motivational Properties:– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and
food-related objects• Physical properties:
– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like
14/51
Control variables
• Emotional and Motivational Properties:– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and
food-related objects• Physical properties:
– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like
14/51
Table of Contents
1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations
Verbal Report: Perception without AwarenessConverging Operations: Perception without Awareness andPerception with Explicit Awareness
4. From Problem to Experiment5. References
Verbal Report: Perception without Awareness
Verbal Report
• Phenomenological experience (现象学经验) is theinternal awareness of the external world.
• Verbal report (言语报告)• A hallucination (幻觉) is the report of an experience
without any apparent corresponding stimulation.
16/51
Verbal Report
• Phenomenological experience (现象学经验) is theinternal awareness of the external world.
• Verbal report (言语报告)• A hallucination (幻觉) is the report of an experience
without any apparent corresponding stimulation.
16/51
Verbal Report
• Phenomenological experience (现象学经验) is theinternal awareness of the external world.
• Verbal report (言语报告)
• A hallucination (幻觉) is the report of an experiencewithout any apparent corresponding stimulation.
16/51
Verbal Report
• Phenomenological experience (现象学经验) is theinternal awareness of the external world.
• Verbal report (言语报告)• A hallucination (幻觉) is the report of an experience
without any apparent corresponding stimulation.
16/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• A response qualifies as a report only when a verifiablerelationship between the response and a previous perceptualevent (ei) can be directly inferred.
• The case of the Pegion and the peck.• The case of D.B: Different ei s.
17/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• A response qualifies as a report only when a verifiablerelationship between the response and a previous perceptualevent (ei) can be directly inferred.
• The case of the Pegion and the peck.• The case of D.B: Different ei s.
17/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• A response qualifies as a report only when a verifiablerelationship between the response and a previous perceptualevent (ei) can be directly inferred.
• The case of the Pegion and the peck.
• The case of D.B: Different ei s.
17/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• A response qualifies as a report only when a verifiablerelationship between the response and a previous perceptualevent (ei) can be directly inferred.
• The case of the Pegion and the peck.• The case of D.B: Different ei s.
17/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Afterimage (后像)• Positive afterimage (正后像)• Negative afterimage (负后像)
18/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Afterimage (后像)
• Positive afterimage (正后像)• Negative afterimage (负后像)
18/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Afterimage (后像)• Positive afterimage (正后像)
• Negative afterimage (负后像)
18/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Afterimage (后像)• Positive afterimage (正后像)• Negative afterimage (负后像)
18/51
19/51
20/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Emmert’s law (埃默特定律)• Prime sight, blindsight
21/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Emmert’s law (埃默特定律)
• Prime sight, blindsight
21/51
Responses Qualify as Reports
• Emmert’s law (埃默特定律)• Prime sight, blindsight
21/51
Lack of Verbal Awareness
22/51
Lack of Verbal Awareness
• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)• Priming (启动)• Masking (掩蔽)
23/51
Lack of Verbal Awareness
• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)
• Priming (启动)• Masking (掩蔽)
23/51
Lack of Verbal Awareness
• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)• Priming (启动)
• Masking (掩蔽)
23/51
Lack of Verbal Awareness
• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)• Priming (启动)• Masking (掩蔽)
23/51
An Illustration ofMarcel’s Procedure
(Kantowitz et al., 2015, p. 209)
24/51
Cheesman andMerikle’s modifications
• Forced-choice procedure• Several prime-detection thresholds for each subject
25/51
Cheesman andMerikle’s modifications
• Forced-choice procedure
• Several prime-detection thresholds for each subject
25/51
Cheesman andMerikle’s modifications
• Forced-choice procedure• Several prime-detection thresholds for each subject
25/51
Cheesman andMerikle’s modifications
(Kantowitz et al., 2015, p. 211)
26/51
The two-threshold theory
• Objective threshold (客观阈限)• Subjective threshold (主观阈限)
27/51
The two-threshold theory
• Objective threshold (客观阈限)
• Subjective threshold (主观阈限)
27/51
The two-threshold theory
• Objective threshold (客观阈限)• Subjective threshold (主观阈限)
27/51
The two-threshold theory
(Kantowitz et al., 2015, p. 212)
28/51
The two-threshold theory: Implications
• D.B., Blindsight 1, Blindsight 2• Verbal report vs Forced-choice responses
29/51
The two-threshold theory: Implications
• D.B., Blindsight 1, Blindsight 2
• Verbal report vs Forced-choice responses
29/51
The two-threshold theory: Implications
• D.B., Blindsight 1, Blindsight 2• Verbal report vs Forced-choice responses
29/51
The phenomenological component of perception
Given that perceptual awareness or consciousness is asubjective state, we propose that the subjective threshold,or the threshold for claimed awareness, better capturesthe phenomenological distinction between conscious andunconscious perceptual experiences and that the subjectivethreshold, therefore, provides a better definition of theboundary between conscious and unconscious processesthan is provided by the objective threshold.
– Cheesman and Merikle (1986)
30/51
Converging Operations: Perception withoutAwareness and Perception with Explicit Awareness
Operationism and Converging Operations
• According to operationism (操作主义), concepts aredefined by the operations used to measure and producethem.
31/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
• According to operationism (操作主义), concepts aredefined by the operations used to measure and producethem.
31/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
• Perceptual system: Subjective threshold• Response system: Response bias
32/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
• Perceptual system: Subjective threshold
• Response system: Response bias
32/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
• Perceptual system: Subjective threshold• Response system: Response bias
32/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
Operational definitions, in spite of their precision, arein application without significance unless the situations towhich they are applied are sufficiently developed so that atleast two methods are known of getting to the terminus.Definition of a phenomenon by the operations which pro-duced it, taken naked and without further qualification,has an entirely specious precision, because it is a descrip-tion of a single isolated event.
– Bridgman (1945)
33/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
• Converging operations (汇聚操作) are a set of two ormore operations that eliminate alternate concepts thatmight explain a set of experimental results.
34/51
Operationism and Converging Operations
• Converging operations (汇聚操作) are a set of two ormore operations that eliminate alternate concepts thatmight explain a set of experimental results.
34/51
Perception without Awareness
35/51
Perception without Awareness
• Stroop test and Frequency Effects (频率效应)
36/51
Perception without Awareness
• Stroop test and Frequency Effects (频率效应)
36/51
Perception without Awareness
(Kantowitz et al., 2015, p. 216)
37/51
Blindsight Reviewed
38/51
Blindsight Reviewed
• Double dissociation (双重分离) of function: In thisprocedure, opposite behaviors are elicited by two differenttasks from different areas of functioning.
• The case of D.B.
39/51
Blindsight Reviewed
• Double dissociation (双重分离) of function: In thisprocedure, opposite behaviors are elicited by two differenttasks from different areas of functioning.
• The case of D.B.
39/51
Blindsight Reviewed
• Double dissociation (双重分离) of function: In thisprocedure, opposite behaviors are elicited by two differenttasks from different areas of functioning.
• The case of D.B.
39/51
Blindsight Reviewed: The case of D.B.
Good Field Blind FieldDetection >Identification <
40/51
Blindsight Reviewed
41/51
Perception with explicit awareness
42/51
Perception with explicit awareness
(Proffitt, 2006)
43/51
Perception with explicit awareness
(Proffitt, 2006)
43/51
Perception with explicit awareness
(Proffitt, 2006)
43/51
Perception with explicit awareness
(Proffitt, 2006)
43/51
Perception with explicit awareness
(Proffitt, 2006)
43/51
Perception with explicit awareness
(Proffitt, 2006)
43/51
Perception with explicit awareness
• Heavy backpack or not• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates• Older people versus young adults
44/51
Perception with explicit awareness
• Heavy backpack or not
• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates• Older people versus young adults
44/51
Perception with explicit awareness
• Heavy backpack or not• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates
• Older people versus young adults
44/51
Perception with explicit awareness
• Heavy backpack or not• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates• Older people versus young adults
44/51
Perception with explicit awareness
Perceiving the world combines visual analysis withexplicit awareness of the goals and the costs afforded bythem.
– Proffitt (2006)
45/51
Table of Contents
1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations4. From Problem to Experiment5. References
Problems
• The Color–Distance Illusion• Why do warm colors appear to come forward and cool
colors appear to recede?
47/51
Problems
• The Color–Distance Illusion
• Why do warm colors appear to come forward and coolcolors appear to recede?
47/51
Problems
• The Color–Distance Illusion• Why do warm colors appear to come forward and cool
colors appear to recede?
47/51
Hypothesis
• When pairs of color patches are presented in the same plane, thewarmer color will be judged closer by a person viewing thesestimuli with one eye (monocularly).
48/51
Hypothesis
• When pairs of color patches are presented in the same plane, thewarmer color will be judged closer by a person viewing thesestimuli with one eye (monocularly).
48/51
Hypothesis
• When an observer is asked to move an adjustable coloredstimulus so that it appears in the same plane as a fixed coloredstimulus, the observer will set the adjustable stimulus closer if itis a cool color and the fixed stimulus is a warm color, and viceversa.
49/51
Hypothesis
• When an observer is asked to move an adjustable coloredstimulus so that it appears in the same plane as a fixed coloredstimulus, the observer will set the adjustable stimulus closer if itis a cool color and the fixed stimulus is a warm color, and viceversa.
49/51
Hypothesis
• When an observer, using both eyes, is required to estimate thedistance of a single-colored stimulus chip, warm colors will bejudged to be closer than cool colors.
50/51
Hypothesis
• When an observer, using both eyes, is required to estimate thedistance of a single-colored stimulus chip, warm colors will bejudged to be closer than cool colors.
50/51
Table of Contents
1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations4. From Problem to Experiment5. References
References i
Kantowitz, B. H., Roediger, I., Henry L., & Elmes, D. G. (2015). Experimental psychology (10th ed.).Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Proffitt, D. R. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. Perspectives on Psychological Science,1(2), 110-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00008.x