Chapter 4
Tissues
Four Tissue Types
• Epithelia
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
Epithelia
Cell Shapes
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
Arrangement
1. Simple
2. Stratified
3. Pseudostratified
Characteristics of Epithelia
• Apical surface• Basal surface• Basement membrane• Avascular• Highly mitotic• Minimal neural
connections
Simple Squamous
Primary locations: air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, lymph vessels, etc.
Simple Cuboidal
Primary locations: kidney tubules, glands, and ducts.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Locations: digestive tract, gallbladder, some ducts and glands.
Simple Columnar Epitheliumwith cilia
Locations: small bronchi and uterine tubules
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Locations: skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
Locations: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Locations: trachea and most of upper respiratory tract.
Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
• Merocrine – chemical release – salivary glands.
• Apocrine – Pinch off portions of cells – Mammary glands
• Holocrine – slough off the whole cell – sebaceous glands.
Connective Tissues
• Contain a matrix
• Some contain fibers
• Have a variety of functional cells
• Most are vascular
• Most have neural connections
Areolar Connective
Location: under epithelia, mucous membranes and surrounds capillaries
Adipose Connective
Location: everywhere
Dense Regular Connective
Location: tendons and ligaments
Reticular Connective
Location: lymph organs like spleen, nodes, and bone marrow.
Dense Irregular Connective
Makes up capsules for organs and joints and also in dermis
Elastic (Dense) Connective
Walls of large arteries, in ligaments around spine and in walls of bronchii
Hyaline Cartilage
Forms most of embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, and larynx.
Fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and discs of knee joint.
Elastic Cartilage
External ear and epiglottis
Bone
BloodErythrocytes, Leukocytes &
Thrombocytes)
Membranes
• Mucous
• Serous
• Synovial
Muscles Tissue Types
• Skeletal (striated)
• Cardiac
• Smooth
Striated Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Nervous Tissue
Smooth Muscle
Found mostly in the walls of hollow organs
Terms to Know• Adenoma• Autoimmune disease• Lupus• Marfan’s syndrome• Atrophy• Hypertrophy• Tissue rejection• Xenotransplantation• Adhesions• Keloid