Chapter 4

Tissues

Four Tissue Types

• Epithelia

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

Epithelia

Cell Shapes

1. Squamous

2. Cuboidal

3. Columnar

Arrangement

1. Simple

2. Stratified

3. Pseudostratified

Characteristics of Epithelia

• Apical surface• Basal surface• Basement membrane• Avascular• Highly mitotic• Minimal neural

connections

Simple Squamous

Primary locations: air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, lymph vessels, etc.

Simple Cuboidal

Primary locations: kidney tubules, glands, and ducts.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Locations: digestive tract, gallbladder, some ducts and glands.

Simple Columnar Epitheliumwith cilia

Locations: small bronchi and uterine tubules

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Locations: skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium

Locations: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Locations: trachea and most of upper respiratory tract.

Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands

• Merocrine – chemical release – salivary glands.

• Apocrine – Pinch off portions of cells – Mammary glands

• Holocrine – slough off the whole cell – sebaceous glands.

Connective Tissues

• Contain a matrix

• Some contain fibers

• Have a variety of functional cells

• Most are vascular

• Most have neural connections

Areolar Connective

Location: under epithelia, mucous membranes and surrounds capillaries

Adipose Connective

Location: everywhere

Dense Regular Connective

Location: tendons and ligaments

Reticular Connective

Location: lymph organs like spleen, nodes, and bone marrow.

Dense Irregular Connective

Makes up capsules for organs and joints and also in dermis

Elastic (Dense) Connective

Walls of large arteries, in ligaments around spine and in walls of bronchii

Hyaline Cartilage

Forms most of embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, and larynx.

Fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and discs of knee joint.

Elastic Cartilage

External ear and epiglottis

Bone

BloodErythrocytes, Leukocytes &

Thrombocytes)

Membranes

• Mucous

• Serous

• Synovial

Muscles Tissue Types

• Skeletal (striated)

• Cardiac

• Smooth

Striated Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Nervous Tissue

Smooth Muscle

Found mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Terms to Know• Adenoma• Autoimmune disease• Lupus• Marfan’s syndrome• Atrophy• Hypertrophy• Tissue rejection• Xenotransplantation• Adhesions• Keloid