Chapter 10Chapter 10
Life SpanLife Span
DevelopmentDevelopment
Life Span Poster ProjectLife Span Poster Project
1.1. Gather pictures from your childhoodGather pictures from your childhood• 1 from infancy (0-1)1 from infancy (0-1)• 1 from early childhood (2-4)1 from early childhood (2-4)• 1 from childhood (5-10)1 from childhood (5-10)• 1 from adolescence (13-15)1 from adolescence (13-15)• 1 recent1 recent
*Any craft items you may want to add; like, glitter or *Any craft items you may want to add; like, glitter or stickers. I will supply tape, glue, markers, stickers. I will supply tape, glue, markers, colored pencils, and poster board.colored pencils, and poster board.
Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology
The study of how people change from The study of how people change from birth to old age.birth to old age.
““How” and “Why” changes in them occur How” and “Why” changes in them occur as people grow older.as people grow older.
3 enduring issues3 enduring issues1.1. Individual characteristic vs. shared human traitsIndividual characteristic vs. shared human traits
2.2. Stability vs. changeStability vs. change
3.3. Heredity vs. environmentHeredity vs. environment
Individual characteristics Individual characteristics vs. vs.
Shared human traitsShared human traits
This combination is characteristic of all human This combination is characteristic of all human developmentdevelopment
We all take the same developmental journey, but We all take the same developmental journey, but each of us travels somewhat different roads and each of us travels somewhat different roads and experience events in different ways.experience events in different ways.
Stability vs. ChangeStability vs. Change
Human development is characterized by Human development is characterized by both major life transitions and continuities both major life transitions and continuities with the past.with the past.
Heredity vs. EnvironmentHeredity vs. Environment These two constantly interact to shape These two constantly interact to shape
how people grow.how people grow.
Methods in Developmental PsychologyMethods in Developmental Psychology
MethodMethod AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Cross-SectionalCross-Sectional InexpensiveInexpensiveTakes relatively little time to Takes relatively little time to completecompleteAvoids high attrition rate Avoids high attrition rate (dropout of participants from (dropout of participants from studystudy
Different age groups are not Different age groups are not necessarily very much alikenecessarily very much alikeDifferences across age Differences across age groups may be due to cohort groups may be due to cohort differences rather than age.differences rather than age.
LongitudinalLongitudinalGenerates detailed Generates detailed information about individualsinformation about individualsAllows for the study of Allows for the study of developmental change in developmental change in great detailgreat detailEliminates differences due to Eliminates differences due to cohortscohorts
Expensive and time Expensive and time consumingconsumingPotential for high attrition Potential for high attrition rate-participants may drop outrate-participants may drop outDifferences over time may Differences over time may be due to differences in be due to differences in assessment tools rather than assessment tools rather than age.age.
Biographical Biographical or or
Retrospective Retrospective (Case study)(Case study)
Generates rich detail about Generates rich detail about one individual’s lifeone individual’s lifeAllows for in-depth study of Allows for in-depth study of one individualone individual
Individual’s recall often Individual’s recall often untrustworthyuntrustworthyCan be very time consuming Can be very time consuming and expensive.and expensive.
Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding
In a __________ study the researcher In a __________ study the researcher studies a group of subjects two or more studies a group of subjects two or more times as they grow older.times as they grow older.
a. Cross-sectionala. Cross-sectional
b. Retrospectiveb. Retrospective
c. Longitudinalc. Longitudinal
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development
What factors can affect children What factors can affect children before birth?before birth?
The Progression of Prenatal The Progression of Prenatal DevelopmentDevelopment
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development--the stage of development from the stage of development from conception to birth.conception to birth.
EmbryoEmbryo--a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception.months after conception.
FetusFetus-a developing human between 3 months after -a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth.conception and birth.
PlacentaPlacenta-an organ that nourishes the embryo and -an organ that nourishes the embryo and fetus.fetus.
Week by week developmentWeek by week development
Cont.Cont.
TeratogensTeratogens-toxic substances such as alcohol or -toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects.birth defects.
Critical periodCritical period-a time when certain internal and -a time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect.will have little or no effect.
Effects of TeratogensEffects of Teratogens Alcohol is the drug most often abused Alcohol is the drug most often abused
by pregnant women (Riley et al., 2003).by pregnant women (Riley et al., 2003). Fetal alcohol syndromeFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a (FAS), a
condition characterized by facial condition characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments.growth, and cognitive impairments.
Smoking Smoking may cause over 100,000 may cause over 100,000 miscarriages a year. miscarriages a year.
Babies are more likely to suffer low birth Babies are more likely to suffer low birth weight which is liked to other weight which is liked to other developmental problems.developmental problems.
The Newborn BabyThe Newborn Baby
What can newborn babies do?What can newborn babies do?
Newborn BabiesNewborn Babies*Neonates*Neonates- - newborn babies.newborn babies.
ReflexesReflexes RootingRooting
Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its cheek Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its cheek and gropes around with mouthand gropes around with mouth
SuckingSucking Newborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouthNewborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth
SwallowingSwallowing Enables newborn babies to swallow liquids without chokingEnables newborn babies to swallow liquids without choking
GraspingGrasping Close fist around anything placed in their handClose fist around anything placed in their hand
SteppingStepping Stepping motions made by an infant when held uprightStepping motions made by an infant when held upright
Reflexes (Cont.)Reflexes (Cont.)
BabinskiBabinski When the sole of a baby’s foot is touched, the toes When the sole of a baby’s foot is touched, the toes
curl up and outcurl up and out
MoroMoro The “Startle Reflex”The “Startle Reflex” Babies arms will open when startled, then will be Babies arms will open when startled, then will be
brought in close to the bodybrought in close to the body
CrawlingCrawling When placed on the stomach, a baby will make a When placed on the stomach, a baby will make a
crawling motioncrawling motion
TemperamentTemperament Temperament refers to characteristic patterns Temperament refers to characteristic patterns
of emotional reactions and emotional self-of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulationregulation
Thomas and Chess identified three basic Thomas and Chess identified three basic types of babiestypes of babies EasyEasy
• Good-natured, easy to care for, adaptableGood-natured, easy to care for, adaptable DifficultDifficult
• Moody and intense, react to new situations and people Moody and intense, react to new situations and people negatively and stronglynegatively and strongly
Slow-to-warm-upSlow-to-warm-up• Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when
they do react, it is mildthey do react, it is mild
Temperament cont.Temperament cont.
Kagan has added a fourth typeKagan has added a fourth type Shy childShy child
• Timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or Timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or strangestrange
Temperament may Temperament may
predict later dispositionpredict later disposition
Perceptual AbilitiesPerceptual Abilities VisionVision
Clear for 8-10 inchesClear for 8-10 inches Good vision by 6 monthsGood vision by 6 months
Depth perceptionDepth perception Visual cliff researchVisual cliff research
Other sensesOther senses Ears are functional prior to birthEars are functional prior to birth Infants particularly tune in to human voicesInfants particularly tune in to human voices Taste and smell are fully functionalTaste and smell are fully functional
Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding
Two reflexes normally disappear after two to three months. They areTwo reflexes normally disappear after two to three months. They area. Sucking and swallowinga. Sucking and swallowing
b. Grasping and rootingb. Grasping and rooting
c. Stepping and graspingc. Stepping and grasping
d. Stepping and rootingd. Stepping and rooting
Temperament differences in babies are attributable to Temperament differences in babies are attributable to
a. Biological factorsa. Biological factors
b. maternal emotions during pregnancyb. maternal emotions during pregnancy
c. Parental reactions to an infant’s crying after a baby’s birthc. Parental reactions to an infant’s crying after a baby’s birth
d. All of the aboved. All of the above
Newborns prefer looking at what kind of patterns?Newborns prefer looking at what kind of patterns?
a. Colorful onesa. Colorful ones
b. Moving onesb. Moving ones
c. Contrasting onesc. Contrasting ones
Infancy and ChildhoodInfancy and Childhood
Do young children think differently from adults?Do young children think differently from adults?
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
Children grow about 10 inches and gain Children grow about 10 inches and gain about 15 pounds in first yearabout 15 pounds in first year
Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1 Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1 inch overnightinch overnight
Growth slows during second yearGrowth slows during second year
Motor DevelopmentMotor Development
Developmental normsDevelopmental norms Ages by which an average child achieves Ages by which an average child achieves
various developmental milestonesvarious developmental milestones MaturationMaturation
Automatic biological unfolding of development Automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of passage of in an organism as a function of passage of timetime
Jean PiagetJean PiagetSwiss psychologist (1896-1980)Swiss psychologist (1896-1980)
Most influential theorist in the area of Most influential theorist in the area of cognitive development.cognitive development.
Believed that cognitive development is a Believed that cognitive development is a way of adapting to the environment.way of adapting to the environment.
In his view, children are intrinsically In his view, children are intrinsically motivated to explore and understand motivated to explore and understand things.things.
Progress through 4 basic stages of Progress through 4 basic stages of cognitive development.cognitive development.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years) Object permanenceObject permanence
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Egocentric; Conservation errorsEgocentric; Conservation errors
Concrete Operations (7-11 years)Concrete Operations (7-11 years) Principles of conservation; ReversibilityPrinciples of conservation; Reversibility
Formal Operations (11-15 years)Formal Operations (11-15 years) Understand abstract ideasUnderstand abstract ideas
Criticisms of Piaget's TheoryCriticisms of Piaget's Theory
Many question assumption that there are Many question assumption that there are distinct stages in cognitive developmentdistinct stages in cognitive development
Criticism of notion that infants do not Criticism of notion that infants do not understand worldunderstand world
Piaget may have underestimated influence Piaget may have underestimated influence of social interaction in cognitive of social interaction in cognitive developmentdevelopment
Live!Live!PsychPsych 10.2 10.2
““Heinz dilemma”Heinz dilemma”
In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only come up with about half of money, but he could only come up with about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No.” The husband got later. But the druggist said, “No.” The husband got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1969)drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1969)
*Should the husband have done that? Why?*Should the husband have done that? Why?
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Development (1979, 1981)(1979, 1981)
Preconventional (preadolescence)Preconventional (preadolescence) ““Good” behavior is mostly to avoid punishment or Good” behavior is mostly to avoid punishment or
seek rewardseek reward
Conventional (adolescence)Conventional (adolescence) Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later
adolescence, becoming a good citizenadolescence, becoming a good citizen
PostconventionalPostconventional Emphasis is on abstract principles such as justice, Emphasis is on abstract principles such as justice,
equality, and libertyequality, and liberty
Criticisms of Kohlberg’s TheoryCriticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Research shows that many people never Research shows that many people never progress past the conventional levelprogress past the conventional level
Theory does not take cultural differences Theory does not take cultural differences into accountinto account
Theory is considered by some to be sexist Theory is considered by some to be sexist in that girls often scored lower on tests of in that girls often scored lower on tests of moralitymorality
Language DevelopmentLanguage Development
Cooing (2-3 months)Cooing (2-3 months) Non-descript soundsNon-descript sounds
Babbling (3-4 months)Babbling (3-4 months) Make the sounds of all languageMake the sounds of all language Grunts, “ba”, “da”Grunts, “ba”, “da”
Intonation (4-6 months)Intonation (4-6 months) Rising and lowering of pitchRising and lowering of pitch Can distinguish between own language and foreign Can distinguish between own language and foreign
languagelanguage By 1 year, babies use intonation to communicateBy 1 year, babies use intonation to communicate
• Excitement, Anger, CuriosityExcitement, Anger, Curiosity
Language Dev’t (cont.)Language Dev’t (cont.)
By 6 months, babies can recognize By 6 months, babies can recognize their own namestheir own names
First words (12 months)First words (12 months) DadaDada
Holophrases (12-18 months)Holophrases (12-18 months) One word sentenceOne word sentence ““Up!”, “Down!”, “More!”Up!”, “Down!”, “More!”
Language (con’t)Language (con’t) Naming (1-2 years)Naming (1-2 years)
““Dog!” (very often used incorrectly for objects of any Dog!” (very often used incorrectly for objects of any similarity)similarity)
Short Sentences (2 years)Short Sentences (2 years) ““My ball”, “I do it”My ball”, “I do it”
Long sentences (2-3 years)Long sentences (2-3 years) ““Lea sad” becomes “Lea is sad”Lea sad” becomes “Lea is sad”
OverregularizatonOverregularizaton ““Goed” instead of “went”Goed” instead of “went” Good news: These kids get the basic rules Good news: These kids get the basic rules
By 5-6, vocabulary is 2,500 wordsBy 5-6, vocabulary is 2,500 words
Theories of Language DevelopmentTheories of Language Development Skinner theorized that language develops as Skinner theorized that language develops as
parents reward children for language usageparents reward children for language usage Repeating a baby’s noiseRepeating a baby’s noise Congratulating them for communicatingCongratulating them for communicating
Chomsky proposed the language acquisition Chomsky proposed the language acquisition devicedevice A neural mechanism for acquiring language presumed A neural mechanism for acquiring language presumed
to be “wired into” all humansto be “wired into” all humans Criticism: Children who were not “reinforced” as often Criticism: Children who were not “reinforced” as often
(grew up in institutions or homes) developed more (grew up in institutions or homes) developed more slowlyslowly
Language DevelopmentLanguage Development
Bilingualism and the development of a Bilingualism and the development of a second languagesecond language When small children learn two languages at When small children learn two languages at
once, they have one Broca’s areaonce, they have one Broca’s area When adolescents learn a second language, When adolescents learn a second language,
two Broca’s areas are neededtwo Broca’s areas are needed
Social DevelopmentSocial Development
Parent-Child Relationships in ChildhoodParent-Child Relationships in Childhood
Development of AttachmentDevelopment of Attachment Lorenz and ImprintingLorenz and Imprinting
Tendency to follow the first moving thing seenTendency to follow the first moving thing seen Occurs in many species of animals- not humans!Occurs in many species of animals- not humans! If we hatched a chick and put a dog in front of it, the dog If we hatched a chick and put a dog in front of it, the dog
becomes the Mommy.becomes the Mommy. AttachmentAttachment
Humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancyHumans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy Based upon interaction with caregiverBased upon interaction with caregiver
AutonomyAutonomy Sense of independenceSense of independence
SocializationSocialization Process by which children learn appropriate attitudes and Process by which children learn appropriate attitudes and
behaviorsbehaviors
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Mary Ainsworth’s Strange SituationSituation
SecureSecure
Will explore freely while the mother is present, Will explore freely while the mother is present, will engage with strangers, will be visibly will engage with strangers, will be visibly upset when the mother departs and happy to upset when the mother departs and happy to see the mother returnsee the mother return
Child will not engage with a stranger if their Child will not engage with a stranger if their mother is not in the roommother is not in the room
Knowledge of a “secure base”Knowledge of a “secure base”
Anxious-Ambivalent (or Resistant) Anxious-Ambivalent (or Resistant) InsecureInsecure
Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is presentwhen the mother is present
Child is extremely distressed when mother Child is extremely distressed when mother departsdeparts
When mother returns, child will remain close to When mother returns, child will remain close to the mother but resentful and resistant when the the mother but resentful and resistant when the mother initiates attentionmother initiates attention
Baby may also hit or push his mother and Baby may also hit or push his mother and doesn’t “cling”doesn’t “cling”
Anxious-Avoidant InsecureAnxious-Avoidant Insecure
Will avoid or ignore the caregiver - showing little Will avoid or ignore the caregiver - showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returnsemotion when the caregiver departs or returns
May run away from his caregiver when they May run away from his caregiver when they approach and fail to cling to them when they approach and fail to cling to them when they pick him uppick him up
The child will not explore very much regardless The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. Strangers will not be treated of who is there. Strangers will not be treated much differently from the caregivermuch differently from the caregiver
There is not much emotional range displayed There is not much emotional range displayed regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty.regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHUv=QTsewNrHUHU
Relationships With Other ChildrenRelationships With Other Children
Solitary playSolitary play Children first play by themselvesChildren first play by themselves
Parallel playParallel play As they get older, children play side-by-side As they get older, children play side-by-side
with other children, but not interactingwith other children, but not interacting Cooperative playCooperative play
By about 3 or 3½, children begin playing with By about 3 or 3½, children begin playing with othersothers
Relationships With Other ChildrenRelationships With Other Children
Peer groupPeer group A network of same-aged friends and A network of same-aged friends and
acquaintances who give one another acquaintances who give one another emotional and social supportemotional and social support
When children start school, peers begin to When children start school, peers begin to have greater influencehave greater influence
Non-shared environmentNon-shared environment Unique aspects of the environment that are Unique aspects of the environment that are
experienced differently by siblingsexperienced differently by siblings
Baumrind’s Parenting StylesBaumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Authoritarian Tightly control children’s behavior and insist on Tightly control children’s behavior and insist on
obedienceobedience Can produce children who have poor communication Can produce children who have poor communication
skills, who are moody, withdrawn, and distrustfulskills, who are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful
Permissive-indifferentPermissive-indifferent Parents have too little control and often are indifferent Parents have too little control and often are indifferent
and neglectfuland neglectful Children tend to become overly dependent and lack Children tend to become overly dependent and lack
social skills and self-controlsocial skills and self-control
Baumrind’s Parenting StylesBaumrind’s Parenting Styles
Permissive-indulgentPermissive-indulgent Parents are very attentive and supportive, but do not Parents are very attentive and supportive, but do not
set limits on behaviorset limits on behavior Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, Children tend to be immature, disrespectful,
impulsive, and out of controlimpulsive, and out of control Authoritative Authoritative
Parents provide firm structure, but are not overly Parents provide firm structure, but are not overly controllingcontrolling
Parents listen to their children’s opinions and explain Parents listen to their children’s opinions and explain their decisions, bur are still clearly in chargetheir decisions, bur are still clearly in charge
Children tend to become self-reliant and socially Children tend to become self-reliant and socially responsibleresponsible
ScenarioScenario
You receive a bad grade on your report You receive a bad grade on your report card (not that this would ever happen to card (not that this would ever happen to you)…you)…
You walk in the door and your parent….You walk in the door and your parent….
Role Play!!!Role Play!!!
Read your assigned parenting style and Read your assigned parenting style and reenact a scenario in which the parent reenact a scenario in which the parent displays this behavior and the child reactsdisplays this behavior and the child reacts
Sex-Role DevelopmentSex-Role Development
Gender identityGender identity Knowledge of being a boy or girlKnowledge of being a boy or girl Occurs by age 3Occurs by age 3
Gender constancyGender constancy Child realizes that gender cannot changeChild realizes that gender cannot change Occurs by age 4 or 5Occurs by age 4 or 5
Sex-Role DevelopmentSex-Role Development
Gender-role awarenessGender-role awareness Knowing appropriate behavior for each genderKnowing appropriate behavior for each gender
Gender stereotypesGender stereotypes Beliefs about presumed characteristics of each genderBeliefs about presumed characteristics of each gender
Sex-typed behaviorSex-typed behavior Socially defined ways to behave different for boys and Socially defined ways to behave different for boys and
girlsgirls May be at least partly biological in originMay be at least partly biological in origin
AdolescenceAdolescence
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
Growth spurtGrowth spurt Begins about age 10½ in girls and about 12½ Begins about age 10½ in girls and about 12½
in boysin boys Sexual developmentSexual development
PubertyPuberty• Onset of sexual maturationOnset of sexual maturation
MenarcheMenarche• First menstrual period for girlsFirst menstrual period for girls
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes Early and late developersEarly and late developers Adolescent sexual activityAdolescent sexual activity
Approximately ¾ of males and ½ of females Approximately ¾ of males and ½ of females between 15 and 19 have had intercoursebetween 15 and 19 have had intercourse
Average age for first intercourse is 16 for Average age for first intercourse is 16 for boys and 17 for girlsboys and 17 for girls
Teenage pregnancyTeenage pregnancy Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last
50 years50 years Highest in U.S. of all industrialized nationsHighest in U.S. of all industrialized nations
Cognitive ChangesCognitive Changes
Imaginary audienceImaginary audience Adolescent delusion that everyone else is Adolescent delusion that everyone else is
always focused on themalways focused on them Personal fablePersonal fable
Delusion that they are unique and very Delusion that they are unique and very importantimportant
InvulnerabilityInvulnerability Nothing can harm themNothing can harm them
““Storm” and “Stress” of Storm” and “Stress” of AdolescenceAdolescence
It has been observed in the past that It has been observed in the past that adolescents are overly stressed and can exhibit adolescents are overly stressed and can exhibit that through their “attitudes” or behaviorthat through their “attitudes” or behavior
Many have believed that hormones make Many have believed that hormones make teenagers more stressedteenagers more stressed
Truth: 75% are content and had positive self-Truth: 75% are content and had positive self-imagesimages Those who don’t- Constantly being controlled, as in Those who don’t- Constantly being controlled, as in
where to go and when to sleep/wake up, contributes where to go and when to sleep/wake up, contributes to stress (schedules that don’t match their biological to stress (schedules that don’t match their biological clocks)clocks)
Personality and Social Personality and Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Major occurrence in adolescence is identity Major occurrence in adolescence is identity formationformation
Identify crisis- Intense period of self-explorationIdentify crisis- Intense period of self-exploration Forming an identityForming an identity
AchievementAchievement• Successfully find identitySuccessfully find identity
ForeclosureForeclosure• Settle for identity others wish for themSettle for identity others wish for them
MoratoriumMoratorium• Explore various identitiesExplore various identities
DiffusionDiffusion• Unable to “find themselves”Unable to “find themselves”
Cont…Cont…
Relationships with peersRelationships with peers Adolescents often form cliques, or groups with Adolescents often form cliques, or groups with
similar interests and strong mutual attachmentsimilar interests and strong mutual attachment Unisex at first, then mixed-sex, then couplesUnisex at first, then mixed-sex, then couples 16-19- less group-oriented, more about dating16-19- less group-oriented, more about dating
Relationships with parentsRelationships with parents Adolescents test and question every rule and Adolescents test and question every rule and
guideline from parentsguideline from parents
Some Problems of AdolescenceSome Problems of Adolescence
Declines in self-esteemDeclines in self-esteem Related to appearance (Name of fallacy?)Related to appearance (Name of fallacy?) Satisfaction in appearance is related to higher self-Satisfaction in appearance is related to higher self-
esteemesteem
Depression and suicideDepression and suicide Rate of suicide among adolescents has increased Rate of suicide among adolescents has increased
600% since 1950, but has leveled off in ’90s600% since 1950, but has leveled off in ’90s Suicide often related to depression, drug abuse, and Suicide often related to depression, drug abuse, and
disruptive behaviorsdisruptive behaviors Males are more successful, but twice as many Males are more successful, but twice as many
females attemptfemales attempt
AdulthoodAdulthood
Love, Partnerships, and Love, Partnerships, and ParentingParenting
Forming partnershipsForming partnerships First major event of adulthood First major event of adulthood
is forming and maintaining is forming and maintaining
close relationshipsclose relationships
ParenthoodParenthood Having children alters dynamics of relationshipsHaving children alters dynamics of relationships Marital satisfaction often declines after birth of Marital satisfaction often declines after birth of
childchild
Marital SatisfactionMarital Satisfaction
Other IssuesOther Issues The World of WorkThe World of Work
Balancing career and family obligations is a Balancing career and family obligations is a challengechallenge
Cognitive ChangesCognitive Changes Thinking is more flexible and practical- realize that Thinking is more flexible and practical- realize that
there can be more than one correct answer!there can be more than one correct answer! Vocabulary and Verbal memory increase through Vocabulary and Verbal memory increase through
50s; Reasoning and spatial awareness increase 50s; Reasoning and spatial awareness increase through 40s; perceptual speed declines at 25; through 40s; perceptual speed declines at 25; math skills decline at 40math skills decline at 40
Can be improved with rehearsal!! (Don’t stop Can be improved with rehearsal!! (Don’t stop doing crosswords)doing crosswords)
Other issuesOther issues
Personality ChangesPersonality Changes Psychological health increasesPsychological health increases Less self-centered, better coping skillsLess self-centered, better coping skills Some men and women have a Some men and women have a midlife crisis-midlife crisis-
10%10%• Vs. midlife transition- reassess and recreate goalsVs. midlife transition- reassess and recreate goals
The "Change of Life" The "Change of Life" MenopauseMenopause Reproduction ceasesReproduction ceases
Empty Nest MythEmpty Nest Myth
Article by Lindsay LyonArticle by Lindsay Lyon
Late AdulthoodLate Adulthood
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYfys7vErIv=LgYfys7vErI
In late adulthood, physical deterioration is In late adulthood, physical deterioration is inevitableinevitable
A person’s response to these changes are A person’s response to these changes are important- “You’re only as old as you feel.”important- “You’re only as old as you feel.”
Social DevelopmentSocial Development
Independent and satisfying lifestylesIndependent and satisfying lifestyles RetirementRetirement
Most people will stop working and face Most people will stop working and face challenges with that sudden changechallenges with that sudden change
Sexual behaviorSexual behavior Research shows that many older couples Research shows that many older couples
continue to be sexually activecontinue to be sexually active
Cognitive ChangesCognitive Changes
Research has demonstrated that those Research has demonstrated that those who continue to “exercise” their mental who continue to “exercise” their mental abilities can delay mental declineabilities can delay mental decline
Alzheimer’s disease afflicts approximately Alzheimer’s disease afflicts approximately 10% of people over 65 and perhaps as 10% of people over 65 and perhaps as many as 50% of those over 85many as 50% of those over 85
Facing the End of LifeFacing the End of Life
Kubler-Ross’s stages of dyingKubler-Ross’s stages of dying DenialDenial AngerAnger BargainingBargaining DepressionDepression AcceptanceAcceptance