36
Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development. I will…be able to explain the key factors in the physical, cognitive and social development from infancy to childhood.

Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    13

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Infancy and Childhood

We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development.

I will…be able to explain the key factors in the physical, cognitive and social development from infancy to childhood.

Page 2: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Physical Development (Growth)

Babies grow at an amazing rate!

Biggest physical changes occur before birth (fingers, toes, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, heart, circulatory system, kidneys, respiratory system).

Birth to Infancy (0-2) –

Double birth weight in 5 months and triple it in one year!

10 inches in height in first year.

Childhood – 3-4 inches and 4-6 pounds/year on average

Reflexes – an involuntary reaction or response (The Babinski Reflex)

Swallowing, Grasping finger & sucking, Breathing, Sneezing, Coughing, Yawning, Blinking, etc.

Page 3: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Physical Development (Motor)

Gross motor – Progress in coordinating major muscle groups, (ex.

arms, legs, trunk)

Rolling over, Sitting up, crawling and walking

Fine Motor – coordination of the hands, face, and other smaller

muscles

Grab and shake toys (4 months)

Pick up small objects (9 months)

Stack blocks and turn the page of a book (one year)

Page 4: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development
Page 5: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Physical Development (Perceptual)

Imagine what the world must seem like

to a newborn…

Infants perceptual preferences are

influenced by their age

Nature and nurture work together!

Hearing in infants is much better

developed than their eyesight

They respond more to high pitched

sounds than low pitched ones.

Newborns can immediately distinguish

strong odors and tastes…

Infants and Lemons...

Page 6: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Social Development (Attachment 1 of 2)

Attachment – emotional ties between people

Stranger Anxiety

At about 8 months some infants develop a fear of strangers

Separation Anxiety

Mom leaves them…two factors are involved…

Contact comfort (Harlow)

Imprinting – No critical period for attachment in humans…

Page 7: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Social Development (Attachment 2 of 2)

Secure vs. Insecure

Secure – Responsive and reliable caregivers

Insecure – Unresponsive and unreliable caregivers

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Prevents individuals from forming proper attachments with others.

(Socially, Cognitively, Behaviorally, & Physically)

WIDE RANGE OF SYMPTOMS AND OUTCOMES (hence the spectrum…)

Page 8: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Agenda… 3/2/18

1. Parenting styles activity

2. Finish Infancy to Childhood Development

Notes

3. Surprise!!! HW is now due Monday 3/5/18!

Page 9: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Social Development (Parenting Styles)

1. Read the article and collect your thoughts.

2. Choose a side! (Choose one of the parenting styles that you believe your

parents used when raising you and go to that respective corner of the room.

1. Authoritarian

2. Authoritative

3. Permissive

4. Uninvolved

3. Let’s talk about it. Find a partner or 2 in your group and talk about some of the

similarities and differences of parenting styles, be prepared to share out to the

class in a minute!

4. Now…think about what your peers just discussed around the room and now

YOU choose which type of parenting style you would most likely be! (Find a

partner in your corner and share with them why you chose that spot. Be

prepared to share out!

Page 10: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Agenda… 3/5/18

Hand in your HW!

Bell Ringer

Finish Infancy to Childhood Development Notes

TedX (Self-Esteem)

Exit Slip

Page 11: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Bell Ringer

I will count you off by 4s…

1. Authoritarian

2. Authoritative

3. Permissive

4. Uninvolved

Using your notes, Answer how the following scenario and how it would be interpreted by the parenting style given:

A child takes a candy bar from the check-out line without paying for it and you find out once you get home from the supermarket.

Page 12: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Hmmmmm…

Child Abuse and Neglect

• We just watched the

Feral Children

Documentary and we

can see the effects of

abuse and neglect…

• Do you remember

some big implications of

abuse and neglect?

Page 13: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Social Development (Child Care)

The results of child care are mixed…

Quality of the day care center matters!

Learning resources, many caregivers, good deal of individual

attention

Parent-child attachment (full-time day care less likely to seek out Mom)

Insecure attachment

One study…Sharing is caring, independent, outgoing, self-confident

Another study…Less cooperative, more aggressive…

All in all…Non-parental care doesn’t seem to affect child

development…The quality of care seems more important than the

individual providing it!

Page 14: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Social Development (Self-esteem 1 of 2)The value or worth that people attach to themselves. (begins developing in early

childhood)

Influences on Self-Esteem

Secure attachment

How parents react to their children

Carl Rogers

Unconditional positive regard (show love and accept kids for who they

are)

Conditional Positive Regard (show love when kids behave in certain

“acceptable” ways)

Gender and Self-Esteem

5-7 years old children begin to value themselves on the basis of physical appearance and performance in school.

Feminine tasks vs. Masculine tasks (whichever they are supposed to do

better at…)

Page 15: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Social Development (Self-esteem 2 of 2) Age and Self-Esteem

Children gain competence as they grow older, but…even with this

growth as Elementary school progresses, their self-esteem generally

declines.

Self-Esteem reaches a Low point at age 12 or 13, then increases again.

Young children think that others view them as the view themselves, but

as they develop they realize that some people may not see them the

way that they see themselves…they begin to compare themselves with

other peers.

The Trap!

1970s – huge push for higher self-esteem to improve society

2000 – high self-esteem did not lead to higher grades, also high self-

esteem didn’t make violent kids any less so or keep kids from

becoming bullies. Self-Esteem TedX

Page 16: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Exit Slip

KWL (2 things for each)

K - What did you already Know?

W - What do you Want to learn more about?

L - What did you Learn today?

Page 17: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Agenda… 3/6/18

Quiz on Friday!!! (3/9/18)

Bell Ringer

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Worksheet

Exit Slip

Page 18: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Bell Ringer…

Why does the sun shine?

Why is the grass green?

What are TV sets for?

Page 19: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Assimilation vs. Accommodation

Assimilation – the process by which new information is placed

into categories that already exist.

“doggie” because family has a Collie, if she sees a Great Dane

and says “doggie” then they have assimilated!

Accommodation – a change brought out because of new

information.

Child sees a cat and says “doggie” then an adult corrects them,

they learn that cat and dog are in separate categories then a

new category is needed for cat!

Page 20: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Stages 1 of 2)

Stage Characteristics Approximate Age

Sensorimotor

• Integrating senses with

motor functions.

• Specifically goal directed

behavior

• Develops object

permanence and other

basic skills

0-2 years

Preoperational

• Cannot yet perform mental

operations

• Rapid increase in

language ability

• Engage in symbolic

thought, but dominated by

perception.

• Egocentric thinking!

2-7 years

Page 21: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Stages 1 of 2)

Stage Characteristics

Concrete Operational

• Can perform operations on

objects that are

immediately present or

easily imagined.

• Cannot handle

abstractions of

abstractions

7-11 years

Formal Operational

• Can perform operations on

abstract concepts

• Capable of performing

abstract and hypothetical

thinking, but may still prefer

concrete thinking

(because it is easier)

11 years-Adulthood

Page 22: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Pitfalls in Piaget…

Recent research using the same methodology indicates that

preschoolers are less egocentric than Piaget’s research

suggested.

Some assert that several cognitive skills appear to develop

more continuously than Piaget thought.

Nonetheless, his theories are still widely respected.

Page 23: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Exit Slip…

Discuss 3 examples of times when you have seen Piaget’s

Stages of Cognitive Development in children you know.

For 3 Bonus points on your quiz! In addition, come up with 1

game and/or way in which you could help children you know

or babysit for develop good cognitive skills.

Page 24: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Agenda… 3/7/18

1. REMINDER QUIZ FRIDAY!!!

2. Bell Ringer

3. “Family” Group Discussion

4. 60 minute clip

5. Notes on Kohlberg…

6. Let’s Take a Poll

7. Some more Notes…

Page 25: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Bell Ringer

What is morality?

Where do our morals come from?

How do they develop throughout life?

Are we born good?

In your family groups discuss! (Be prepared to have a Family leader and they will share out).

Are we Born Good?

Page 26: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Morality and Moral Development

Morality refers to possessing a knowledge of and a responsibility to live by a set of values and beliefs that are shared by a group or community. It normally contains the assumption that all who share those beliefs will behave in ways that benefit the community and will not behave in ways that at odds with the rights and interests of other members of the community. For example, it is generally accepted that stealing and murder, amongst other major offenses, are not in the best interests of society.

Moral development is the ways in which we distinguish between right and wrong as we grow and mature.

Page 27: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Let’s Take a Poll!

On a Half sheet of paper, you do not need to put you name on

it...please answer the following:

If your friend came up with a copy of the ACT a month before you

were taking the test, would you take a peak? Why or Why not?

Let’s say you are GUARANTEED not to get caught, would you cheat

on the ACT? Why or Why not?

Page 28: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Moral Development (Kohlberg’s Morality)

Level 1

Pre-conventional (~0-9 years)

Base their judgments on the consequences of behavior.

Level 2

Conventional (~10-18 years)

Make judgments in terms of whether an act conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong (family, religion, society)

Level 3

Post-conventional (Mostly found in Adults).

Reasoning based on an individual’s own moral standards of goodness

Page 29: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Moral Development (Kohlberg’s Morality)

Pre-conventional

Stage 1

Avoiding punishment

Doing what is necessary to avoid punishment

Stage 2

Satisfying needs

Doing what is necessary to satisfy one’s needs

Page 30: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Moral Development (Kohlberg’s Morality)

Conventional

Stage 3 (most often among 13 year olds)

Winning approval

Seeking and maintaining the approval of others using conventional

standards of right and wrong

Stage 4 (most often among 16 year olds)

Law and order

Moral judgments based on maintaining social order

High regard for authority

Page 31: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Moral Development (Kohlberg’s Morality)

Post-Conventional

Stage 5

Social Order

Obedience to accepted laws

Judgments based on personal values

Stage 6

Universal Ethics

Morality of individual conscience, not necessarily in agreement with

others.

Page 32: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

The Heinz Dilemma… it’s complicated…

Stage 1 – Heinz was wrong because he would be caught for stealing and sent to jail.

Stage 2 – Heinz was right to steal the drug because his wife needed it!

Stage 3 – Heinz should steal the drug because a good and loving husband would do whatever he could to save the life of his wife, but it also might mean…Heinz should not steal the drug because good people do not steal.

Stage 4 – Heinz should not steal because breaking the law for any reason sets a bad example and undermines the social order.

Stage 5 – Might suggest that it is right for Heinz to steal the drug, even though it is against the law, because the needs of his wife have created an exceptional situation.

Stage 6 – A person might argue that the pharmacist was acting out of greed and that survival is more important than profit. Therefore, Heinz had a moral right to steal the drug to save his wife.

Page 33: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Agenda… 3/9/18

Hand-in your HW (Piaget’s Stages and the Bonus 3 point

sheet)

Any questions for review?

Take the Quiz!

A Moral Dilemma…

Page 34: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

Agenda… 3/12/18

Hand-in your HW (Piaget’s Stages and the Bonus 3 point

sheet)

Review for 10 mins.

Take the Quiz! (For those who were absent)

A Moral Dilemma…

Page 35: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

A Moral Dilemma… 3/12/18

Propose a new moral dilemma (think of Heinz if you are struggling)

Write out the dilemma on a sheet of paper

Next, explain how people in each of Kohlberg’s six stages of moral

development might respond to the dilemma. Explain how the

reasoning process underlying each stage contributes to the type of

response. (tell me why they would say that response in that

particular stage of Kohlberg’s theory)

Page 36: Infancy and Childhood · Infancy and Childhood We will…examine life-span human development from infancy to childhood and factors such as, physical, cognitive, and social development

21…A Moral Dilemma

What is Ben’s Moral Dilemma?

While watching this movie I will ask to come up with 6 answers that

would match Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development. (If you can’t

think of an answer that Ben might use for each stage use another

character and dilemma from the film. Such as, Mickey’s, Miles, or

Cole’s, etc.

You may use your notes as a Guide! (this will be a “progression”

grade).