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Cellular Cellular DivisionDivision
Unicellular: for reproductionMulticellular: growth/repair of damaged body parts
Renewal/repair of worn out cells
Words to know• DNA/RNA
• Chromosomes - organized structure of DNA and protein
• Chromatins - mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division
• Chromatids - each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
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Cell DivisionCell DivisionAll cells are derived fromAll cells are derived from pre-pre-
existingexisting cellscellsNew cells are produced for New cells are produced for growthgrowth
and to replaceand to replace damaged or old damaged or old cellscells
Allows the cell to pass Allows the cell to pass DNA copy DNA copy to to daughter cellsdaughter cells
Differs inDiffers in prokaryotesprokaryotes (bacteria) (bacteria) andand eukaryoteseukaryotes (protists, fungi, (protists, fungi, plants, & animals)plants, & animals)
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Keeping Cells IdenticalKeeping Cells Identical
TheThe instructions instructions for making cell for making cell partsparts are encoded are encoded in the in the DNADNA, so , so each new cell each new cell must get amust get a complete set of complete set of the DNA the DNA moleculesmolecules
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DNA ReplicationDNA ReplicationDNA must be DNA must be
copied orcopied or replicated replicated before cell before cell divisiondivision
Each new cell Each new cell will then have will then have anan identical identical copycopy of the of the DNADNA
Original DNA Original DNA strandstrand
Two new, Two new, identical DNA identical DNA
strandsstrands
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Identical Daughter Identical Daughter CellsCells
Parent CellParent Cell
Two Two identical identical daughter daughter
cellscells
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ChromosomChromosomesesstructure within the cell
that bears the genetic material as a threadlike
linear strand of DNA bonded to various
proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
or as a circular strand of DNA (or
RNA in some viruses) in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
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Prokaryotic ChromosomeProkaryotic Chromosome
The DNA of The DNA of prokaryotes prokaryotes (bacteria) is (bacteria) is one, circular one, circular chromosomechromosome attached to attached to the inside of the inside of the cell the cell membranemembrane
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Eukaryotic Eukaryotic ChromosomesChromosomesAll All eukaryoticeukaryotic cells store cells store
genetic information in genetic information in chromosomeschromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between Most eukaryotes have between 10 10 and 50 chromosomesand 50 chromosomes in their body in their body cellscells
Human body cellsHuman body cells have have 4646 chromosomes or 23 identical pairschromosomes or 23 identical pairs
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Eukaryotic Eukaryotic ChromosomesChromosomesEach chromosome is composed Each chromosome is composed
of a of a single,single, tightly coiled DNAtightly coiled DNA moleculemolecule
Chromosomes Chromosomes can’t be seen can’t be seen (with a microscope) when cells (with a microscope) when cells aren’t dividingaren’t dividing and are called and are called chromatinchromatin
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Compacting DNA into Compacting DNA into ChromosomesChromosomes
DNA is tightly coiled around proteins called histones
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Chromosomes in Dividing Chromosomes in Dividing CellsCells
Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere
Called Sister Called Sister ChromatidsChromatids
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KaryotypeKaryotypeA A picturepicture of the of the
chromosomes chromosomes from a human cell from a human cell arranged in pairs arranged in pairs by sizeby size
First 22 pairs are First 22 pairs are called called autosomesautosomes
Last pair are the Last pair are the sex chromosomessex chromosomes
XXXX female or female or XYXY malemale
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Boy or Girl?Boy or Girl?
Y - Y - ChromosomeChromosome
X - X - ChromosomeChromosome
The Y Chromosome The Y Chromosome DecidesDecides
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Cell Cell ReproductionReproduction
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Types of Cell Types of Cell ReproductionReproductionAsexual reproductionAsexual reproduction involves a involves a
single cellsingle cell dividing to make dividing to make 2 2 new, identical daughter cellsnew, identical daughter cells
Mitosis & binary fission Mitosis & binary fission are are examples of asexual reproductionexamples of asexual reproduction
Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction involves two involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining to cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a make a new cell (zygote)new cell (zygote) that is that is NOT identical to the original cellsNOT identical to the original cellsMeiosisMeiosis is an exampleis an example
Division Mechanisms
Prokaryotic organisms
– Binary fission
Eukaryotic organisms
– Mitosis
• Karyokinesis (division of nucleus)
• Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
– Meiosis
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Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes
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Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes Prokaryotes such Prokaryotes such
as as bacteriabacteria divide divide into 2 identical into 2 identical cells by the process cells by the process of of binary fissionbinary fission
Single chromosome Single chromosome makes a copy of makes a copy of itselfitself
Cell wall forms Cell wall forms between the between the chromosomes chromosomes dividing the celldividing the cell
Parent Parent cellcell
2 identical daughter 2 identical daughter cellscells
ChromosoChromosome me
doublesdoubles
Cell Cell splitssplits
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Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Undergoing Binary Undergoing Binary
FissionFission
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Animation of Binary Animation of Binary FissionFission
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The Cell The Cell CycleCycle
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Five Phases of the Cell Five Phases of the Cell CycleCycle
GG11 - primary growth/gap phase - primary growth/gap phaseS – synthesis; DNA replicatedS – synthesis; DNA replicatedGG22 - secondary growth/gap - secondary growth/gap
phase phase collectively these 3 stages are collectively these 3 stages are called called interphaseinterphase
M - mitosisM - mitosisC - cytokinesisC - cytokinesis
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Cell CycleCell Cycle
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Interphase - GInterphase - G11 Stage Stage
11stst growth/gap stage growth/gap stage after after cell divisioncell division
Cells Cells maturemature by making by making more cytoplasm & more cytoplasm & organellesorganelles
Cell carries on its Cell carries on its normal normal metabolic activities metabolic activities i.e. i.e. respiration, digestion etc.respiration, digestion etc.
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Interphase – S StageInterphase – S StageSynthesisSynthesis stage stageDNADNA is copied or is copied or replicatedreplicated
Two Two identicidentic
al al copies copies of DNAof DNA
Original Original DNADNA
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Interphase – GInterphase – G22 Stage Stage22ndnd Growth/Gap Growth/Gap Stage StageOccurs Occurs after DNA has been copie; after DNA has been copie;
also in preparation for M phasealso in preparation for M phaseAll cell All cell structures needed for structures needed for
divisiondivision are made (e.g. centrioles) are made (e.g. centrioles)Both Both organelles & proteinsorganelles & proteins are are
synthesizedsynthesized
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What’s Happening in What’s Happening in Interphase?Interphase?
What the cell looks likeWhat the cell looks like
Animal Cell
What’s occurring
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Sketch the Cell CycleSketch the Cell Cycle
DaughteDaughter Cellsr Cells
DNA DNA CopiedCopied
Cells Cells MaturMatur
ee
Cells prepare Cells prepare for Divisionfor Division
Cell Divides into Cell Divides into Identical cellsIdentical cells
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MitosisMitosis
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MitosisMitosisDivision of the Division of the
nucleus nucleus (karyokinesis)(karyokinesis)
Division of the Division of the cytoplasm cytoplasm (cytokinesis)(cytokinesis)
Only occurs in Only occurs in eukaryoteseukaryotes
Has Has fourfour stages stagesDoesn’t occur in Doesn’t occur in
some cells such some cells such as as brain cellsbrain cells
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Four Mitotic StagesFour Mitotic Stages
ProProphasephaseMetaMetaphasephaseAnaAnaphasephaseTeloTelophasephase
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Early ProphaseEarly ProphaseChromatinChromatin in nucleus condenses to in nucleus condenses to
form form visible chromosomesvisible chromosomesMitotic spindle Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)centrioles (animal)
ChromosomesChromosomes
NucleolusNucleolus CytoplasmCytoplasm
Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
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Late ProphaseLate ProphaseNuclear membrane & nucleolusNuclear membrane & nucleolus
are broken downare broken downChromosomesChromosomes continue continue
condensing & are condensing & are clearly visibleclearly visibleSpindle fibers called Spindle fibers called
kinetochoreskinetochores attach to the attach to the centromerecentromere of each chromosome of each chromosome
SpindleSpindle finishes forming finishes forming between the between the poles of the cellpoles of the cell
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Late ProphaseLate Prophase
Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegratedNucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated
ChromosomeChromosomes s
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Spindle Fiber attached to Spindle Fiber attached to ChromosomeChromosome
Kinetochore Kinetochore FiberFiber
ChromosomeChromosome
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Review of ProphaseReview of Prophase
What the cell What the cell looks likelooks like
What’s happeningWhat’s happening
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Spindle FibersSpindle FibersThe mitotic The mitotic spindlespindle form from the form from the
microtubulesmicrotubules in plantsin plants and and centrioles in animal cellscentrioles in animal cells
Polar fibers Polar fibers extend from one pole extend from one pole of the cell to the opposite poleof the cell to the opposite pole
Kinetochore fibersKinetochore fibers extend from extend from the pole to the centromere of the the pole to the centromere of the chromosome to which they attachchromosome to which they attach
AstersAsters are short fibers radiating are short fibers radiating from centriolesfrom centrioles
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Sketch The SpindleSketch The Spindle
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MetaphaseMetaphaseChromosomes, attached to the Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fiberskinetochore fibers, move to the , move to the center of the cellcenter of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at Chromosomes are now lined up at the equatorthe equator
Pole of Pole of the Cellthe Cell
Equator of CellEquator of Cell
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MetaphaseMetaphase
ChromosoChromosomes lined mes lined at the at the EquatorEquator
Asters at Asters at the polesthe poles
Spindle Spindle FibersFibers
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MetaphaseMetaphase
AsterAster
Chromosomes at EquatorChromosomes at Equator
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Review of MetaphaseReview of Metaphase
What the cell What the cell looks likelooks like
What’s What’s occurringoccurring
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AnaphaseAnaphaseOccurs Occurs rapidlyrapidlySister Sister
chromatidschromatids are pulled are pulled apart to apart to opposite polesopposite poles of the cell by of the cell by kinetochore kinetochore fibersfibers
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AnaphaseAnaphase
Sister Sister ChromatidChromatid
s being s being separatedseparated
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Anaphase ReviewAnaphase Review
What What the cell the cell looks looks likelike
What’s What’s occurrioccurri
ngng
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TelophaseTelophaseSister chromatids at Sister chromatids at opposite opposite polespoles
Spindle Spindle disassemblesdisassemblesNuclear envelopeNuclear envelope forms forms around each set of sister around each set of sister chromatidschromatids
NucleolusNucleolus reappears reappearsCYTOKINESISCYTOKINESIS occurs occursChromosomes reappear as Chromosomes reappear as chromatinchromatin
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Comparison of Anaphase & Comparison of Anaphase & TelophaseTelophase
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CytokinesisCytokinesisMeans division of the Means division of the
cytoplasmcytoplasmDivisionDivision of cell into two, of cell into two,
identical halves called identical halves called daughter cellsdaughter cells
In plant cells, cell plate In plant cells, cell plate forms forms at the equator to divide cellat the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, In animal cells, cleavage cleavage furrow forms to split cellfurrow forms to split cell
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Cleavage Cleavage furrow in furrow in
animal cellanimal cell
Cell plate in Cell plate in animal cellanimal cell
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Mitotic StagesMitotic Stages
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Daughter Cells of MitosisDaughter Cells of MitosisHave the Have the same number of same number of
chromosomes as each otherchromosomes as each other and as the parent celland as the parent cell from from which they were formedwhich they were formed
IdenticalIdentical to each other, but to each other, but smaller than parent cellsmaller than parent cell
Must Must grow in sizegrow in size to become to become mature cells mature cells (G(G11 of Interphase) of Interphase)
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Identical Daughter CellsIdentical Daughter Cells
Chromosome number the Chromosome number the samesame, but , but cells cells smallersmaller than parent cell than parent cell
What What is the is the 2n or 2n or
diploid diploid numbenumbe
r?r?22
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RevieReview of w of
MitosiMitosiss
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Draw & Learn these Draw & Learn these StagesStages
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Draw & Learn these Draw & Learn these StagesStages
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InterphaseInterphase
ProphaseProphase
MetaphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseAnaphase
TelophaseTelophase
Name the Mitotic Stages:Name the Mitotic Stages:
Name Name this?this?
Name this?Name this?
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Eukaryotic Cell DivisionEukaryotic Cell Division
Used for Used for growth and growth and repairrepair
Produce two new cells Produce two new cells identical to the original identical to the original cellcell
Cells are Cells are diploid (2n)diploid (2n)Chromosomes Chromosomes
during Metaphase during Metaphase of mitosisof mitosis
ProphaProphasese
MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseTelophaseCytokinesisCytokinesis
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Mitosis AnimationMitosis AnimationName each stage as you see it Name each stage as you see it
occur?occur?
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Mitosis in Onion Root Mitosis in Onion Root TipsTips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?Do you see any stages of mitosis?
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Test Yourself Test Yourself over Mitosisover Mitosis
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Mitosis QuizMitosis Quiz
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Mitosis QuizMitosis Quiz
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Name the Stages of Name the Stages of Mitosis:Mitosis:
Interphase
Early prophase
Mid-ProphaseLate Prophase
Metaphase
Late Anaphase
Early Anaphase
Early Telophase
, Begin
cytokinesis
Late telophase, Advanced cytokinesis
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Identify the StagesIdentify the Stages
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase Early, Middle, & Late Prophase
Late Late ProphaseProphase
MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphase
Late Late AnaphaseAnaphase
TelophaseTelophase Telophase & Telophase & CytokinesisCytokinesis
??
?? ?? ??
?? ?? ??
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Locate the Four Mitotic Locate the Four Mitotic Stages in PlantsStages in Plants
MetaphasMetaphasee
ProphaseProphase
AnaphaAnaphasese
TelophaseTelophase
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Uncontrolled Mitosis If mitosis is not If mitosis is not
controlledcontrolled, , unlimited cell unlimited cell division occurs division occurs causing cancerous causing cancerous tumorstumors
OncogenesOncogenes are are special proteins special proteins that increase the chance increase the chance that a normal cell that a normal cell develops into adevelops into a tumor cell tumor cell
Cancer Cancer cellscells
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MeiosisMeiosisFormation of Formation of
GametesGametes (Eggs & (Eggs & Sperm)Sperm)
Words to knowGametes - reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction
to form a new cell called a zygote (male = sperm, female = egg cell)
Germ cells – sperm or egg cells
Somatic cells - any cell other than the reproductive cells
Diploid - a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes (2n), as normally found in somatic cells
Haploid - have one set of chromosomes (n=1) as in germ cells, or half as many as a somatic cell
Homologous – chromosomes that are alike in structure and genes
Alleles – different forms of a gene ex. if talking about hair color as the gene, different alleles would be different colors like red, blonde, black etc.
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Facts About MeiosisFacts About MeiosisPreceded by interphase which Preceded by interphase which
includesincludes chromosome chromosome replicationreplication
TwoTwo meiotic divisions: meiotic divisions: Meiosis Meiosis I and Meiosis III and Meiosis II
AkaAka reduction-divisionreduction-divisionOriginal cell is diploid (2n)Original cell is diploid (2n)Four daughter cellsFour daughter cells produced produced
that are that are haploid (n)haploid (n)
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Facts About MeiosisFacts About MeiosisDaughter cellsDaughter cells contain half the number contain half the number
of chromosomesof chromosomes as the original cellas the original cellProducesProduces gametesgametes (eggs & sperm(eggs & sperm))Occurs in the Occurs in the testestestes in males in males
((SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis))Occurs in the Occurs in the ovariesovaries in females in females
((OogenesisOogenesis))Human diploid cells have Human diploid cells have 46 46
chromosomes (2n=46)chromosomes (2n=46)Human sperm and egg cells have Human sperm and egg cells have 23 23
chromosomes (n=23) eachchromosomes (n=23) each
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Start with Start with 46 double 46 double stranded chromosomes (2n)stranded chromosomes (2n)After 1 division - After 1 division - 23 double 23 double stranded chromosomes (n)stranded chromosomes (n)After 2nd division - After 2nd division - 23 single 23 single stranded chromosomes (n)stranded chromosomes (n) Occurs in our Occurs in our germ cellsgerm cells
More Meiosis FactsMore Meiosis Facts
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Why Do we Need Why Do we Need Meiosis?Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis It is the fundamental basis of of sexual reproductionsexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together are brought together through through fertilizationfertilization to form to form a diploid a diploid (2n) zygote(2n) zygote
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Fertilization – “Putting Fertilization – “Putting it all together”it all together”
1n =31n =3
2n = 62n = 6
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Replication of Replication of ChromosomesChromosomes
ReplicationReplication is is the process of the process of duplicating a duplicating a chromosomechromosome
Occurs Occurs prior to prior to divisiondivision
Replicated Replicated copies are called copies are called sister sister chromatidschromatids
Held together at Held together at centromerecentromere
Occurs in Occurs in InterphasInterphas
ee
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A Replicated A Replicated ChromosomeChromosome
HomologuesHomologues (same genes, (same genes, different alleles)different alleles)
SisterSisterChromatidsChromatids(same genes,(same genes,same alleles)same alleles)
Gene XGene X
Homologues separate in meiosis I and Homologues separate in meiosis I and therefore different alleles separate.therefore different alleles separate.
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Meiosis Forms Haploid Meiosis Forms Haploid GametesGametes
Meiosis must Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by halfreduce the chromosome number by half Fertilization then restoresFertilization then restores the 2n number the 2n number
from mom from dad child
meiosis reducesgenetic content
toomuch!
The right number!
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Meiosis: Two Part Cell Meiosis: Two Part Cell DivisionDivision
HomologuesHomologuesseparateseparate
Sister Sister chromatidschromatidsseparateseparate
DiploidDiploid
MeiosisMeiosis I I
MeiosisMeiosisIIII
DiploidDiploid
HaploiHaploidd
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Meiosis I: Reduction DivisionMeiosis I: Reduction Division
NucleusNucleus SpindleSpindlefibersfibers NuclearNuclear
envelopeenvelopeEarly Early Prophase IProphase I(Chromoso(Chromosome number me number
doubleddoubled))
Late Late ProphasProphas
e Ie I
MetaphaMetaphase Ise I AnaphasAnaphas
e Ie ITelophase Telophase I I (diploid)(diploid)
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Prophase IProphase I
Early Early prophaseprophaseHomologues Homologues pair.pair.Crossing over Crossing over occursoccurs.
Late prophaseLate prophaseChromosomes Chromosomes condense.condense.Spindle forms.Spindle forms.Nuclear envelope Nuclear envelope fragments.fragments.
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Tetrads Form in Tetrads Form in Prophase IProphase I
Homologous Homologous chromosomeschromosomes
(each with sister chromatids) (each with sister chromatids)
Join to form aJoin to form a TETRADTETRAD
Called SynapsisCalled Synapsis
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Crossing-OverCrossing-Over Homologous Homologous
chromosomeschromosomes in in a tetrad a tetrad cross cross over each otherover each other
Pieces of Pieces of chromosomes or chromosomes or genes are genes are exchangedexchanged
Produces Produces Genetic Genetic recombinationrecombination in the offspringin the offspring
•Occurs in nonsister chromatids•Increases genetic variability
Genetic recombination in which a strand of the
genetic material (DNA/RNA)is broken and then joined to the end of a different DNA molecule.
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Homologous Homologous Chromosomes During Chromosomes During
Crossing-OverCrossing-Over
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Crossing-over multiplies the already Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete huge number of different gamete types produced by independent types produced by independent
assortmentassortment
Crossing-OverCrossing-Over
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Metaphase IMetaphase I
Homologous Homologous pairspairs of of
chromosomes chromosomes align along the align along the equatorequator of the of the
cellcell
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Anaphase IAnaphase I
Homologues Homologues separateseparate and move and move to opposite poles.to opposite poles.
Sister chromatids Sister chromatids remain remain attached attached at theirat their centromerescentromeres.
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Telophase ITelophase I
Nuclear envelopes Nuclear envelopes reassemble.reassemble.
Spindle disappears.Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis divides cell divides cell into two.into two.
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Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Only one homologue of Only one homologue of each chromosome is each chromosome is present in the cellpresent in the cell.
Meiosis II produces gametes Meiosis II produces gametes with with
one copy of each chromosome one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each and thus one copy of each gene.gene.
Sister chromatids carry Sister chromatids carry identical genetic identical genetic
informationinformation. .
Gene XGene X
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Meiosis II: Reducing Meiosis II: Reducing Chromosome NumberChromosome Number
Prophase Prophase IIII
MetaphaMetaphase IIse II
AnaphasAnaphase IIe II
TelophasTelophase IIe II 4 Identical 4 Identical
haploid haploid cellscells
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Prophase IIProphase II
Nuclear Nuclear envelope envelope fragments.fragments.
Spindle forms.Spindle forms.
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Metaphase IIMetaphase II
Chromosomes align Chromosomes align along along equatorequator of cell of cell..
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Anaphase IIAnaphase II
Sister Sister chromatidschromatids separate and separate and move to move to opposite polesopposite poles.
EquatorEquator
PolePole
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Telophase IITelophase II
Nuclear envelope Nuclear envelope assembles.assembles.
Chromosomes Chromosomes decondense.decondense.
Spindle Spindle disappears.disappears.
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis divides cell into divides cell into two.two.
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Results of MeiosisResults of MeiosisGametes (egg & Gametes (egg & sperm) formsperm) form
Four haploid cells Four haploid cells with one copy of each with one copy of each chromosome chromosome
One allele of each One allele of each genegene
Different Different combinations of combinations of alleles for different alleles for different genes along the genes along the chromosomechromosome
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GametogenesisGametogenesis
OogenesisOogenesis or or
Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis
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SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesisOccurs in the Occurs in the
testestestesTwo divisions Two divisions
produce 4 produce 4 spermatidsspermatids
Spermatids Spermatids mature into mature into spermsperm
Men produce Men produce about about 250,000,000 250,000,000 sperm per daysperm per day
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Spermatogenesis in the Spermatogenesis in the TestesTestes
SpermatiSpermatidd
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SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
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OogenesisOogenesisOccurs in the Occurs in the ovariesovariesTwo divisions produce Two divisions produce 3 polar 3 polar
bodiesbodies that die and that die and 1 egg1 eggPolar bodies die because of Polar bodies die because of
unequal division of cytoplasmunequal division of cytoplasmImmature egg called Immature egg called oocyteoocyteStarting at puberty, one oocyte Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an matures into an ovum (egg)ovum (egg) every 28 daysevery 28 days
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Oogenesis in the OvariesOogenesis in the Ovaries
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OogenesisOogenesis
OogoniumOogonium(diploid)(diploid)
MitosisMitosis
PrimaryPrimaryoocyteoocyte(diploid)(diploid)
Meiosis IMeiosis I
SecondarySecondaryoocyteoocyte(haploid)(haploid)
Meiosis IIMeiosis II(if fertilization(if fertilizationoccurs)occurs)
First polar bodyFirst polar bodymay divide may divide (haploid)(haploid) PolarPolar
bodiesbodiesdiedie
Ovum (egg)Ovum (egg)
SecondSecondpolar bodypolar body(haploid)(haploid)
a
A
X
X
a
X
A X
a
X
a
X
MatureMatureeggegg
A
X
A
X
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Comparing Comparing Mitosis and Mitosis and
MeiosisMeiosis
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MitosisMitosis MeiosisMeiosisNumber of Number of
divisionsdivisions 1122
Number of Number of daughter cellsdaughter cells 22 44
Genetically Genetically identical?identical? YesYes NoNo
Chromosome #Chromosome # Same as Same as parentparent Half of parentHalf of parent
WhereWhere Somatic cellsSomatic cells Reproductive Reproductive cellscells
WhenWhen Throughout lifeThroughout life At sexual At sexual maturitymaturity
RoleRole Growth and Growth and repairrepair
Sexual Sexual reproductionreproduction
Comparison of DivisionsComparison of Divisions
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Meiosis Mitosis
Definition:
A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell
Function: sexual reproductionCellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body
Type of Reproduction: Sexual AsexualOccurs in: Humans, animals, plants, fungi all organismsGenetically: different identical
Crossing Over:Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.
No, crossing over cannot occur.
Pairing of Homologues: Yes NoNumber of Divisions: 2 1Number of Haploid Daughter Cells produced:
4 2
Chromosome Number: Reduced by half Remains the same
Steps:
The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II.
The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
Karyokenesis: Occurs in Interphase I Occurs in Interphase
Cytokenesis:Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II
Occurs in Telophase
Centromeres Split:The centromeres do not separate during anaphase I, but during anaphase II
The centromeres split during Anaphase
Creates:Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells
Makes everything other than sex cells
Quiz #11. The stage of the cell cycle where each
chromosome is composed of 2 chromatids in preparation for mitosis.
a. G1 c. Mb. S d. G22. Which of the following distinguishes prophase
I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?a. Homologue chromosomes pair upb. Spindle formsc. nuclear membrane breaks downd. chromosomes become visible
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3. Which sequence of the cell cycle is common to eukaryotes?a. G1, G2, S, M, cytokinesisb. G1, M, G2, S, cytokinesisc. G1, S, M, G2, cytokinesisd. G1, S, G2, M, cytokinesis
4. A cell with forty two chromosomes divides mitotically. How many chromosomes will each gamete have?
a. 21 c. 84b. 42 d. 168
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5. If given the allele brown, which among the genes below is it NOT an alternative form of?
a. Hair color c. Nail colorb. Skin color d. Eye color6. Meiosis results in:a. 2 haploid daughter cellsb. 4 haploid daughter cellsc. 2 diploid daughter cells d. 4 diploid daughter cells
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7. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?
a. Sperm cells c. Brain cellsb. Kidney cells d. All of the above8. Which refers to the region of
attachment for two sister chromatids?a. Centriole c. Microtubuleb. Cenromere d. Spindle fiber
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9. How many chromosomes are there in a mature human cell?a. No chromosomesb. 26 pairs of chromosomesc. 44 chromosomes and X and Y
chromosomes d. 50 chromosomes
10. Cytokinesis occurs during which phase of meiosis?a. Telophase c. Prophaseb. Anaphase d. Metaphase
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