Causes of the Industrial Causes of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution
Civil WarCivil War Fought from 1860-Fought from 1860-
18651865 Troops required a lot Troops required a lot
of suppliesof supplies Factories had to Factories had to
increase production to increase production to meet needs of militarymeet needs of military
Economy grows, Economy grows, especially in the North especially in the North where most of the where most of the factories, and factories, and transportation transportation systems were locatedsystems were located
New TechnologyNew Technology Many new inventions and discoveries Many new inventions and discoveries
were made during the late 19were made during the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth centuries centuries
New technology made work faster New technology made work faster and easierand easier
More products could be produced More products could be produced and could be produced quicklyand could be produced quickly
Business owners made lots of moneyBusiness owners made lots of money Many new jobs availableMany new jobs available
Examples of New Examples of New TechnologyTechnology
Isaac Merritt Singer
Plans for Elisha Otis’ Elevator
Edmund Cartwright
Thomas Edison
James Watt
William Jessop
FactoriesFactories First Factory in First Factory in Massachusetts Massachusetts owned by Henry owned by Henry Cabot LowellCabot Lowell
Factory is in Factory is in Waltham, not Waltham, not LowellLowell
Henry Cabot Lowell Henry Cabot Lowell is known for is known for creating the “Lowell creating the “Lowell Mill System”Mill System”
System consisted of System consisted of girls who lived, ate girls who lived, ate and worked at the and worked at the factoryfactory
Population IncreasePopulation Increase Better Nutrition and Better Nutrition and
Increased Immigration Increased Immigration caused the population caused the population to increase.to increase.
As the population As the population increased, more jobs increased, more jobs were neededwere needed
Farm jobs disappeared Farm jobs disappeared because new because new technology required technology required fewer workersfewer workers
Had to move to cities to Had to move to cities to find workfind work
Large supply of Large supply of unskilled workers for the unskilled workers for the factoriesfactories
UrbanizationUrbanization
Process of Moving Process of Moving from the Country from the Country to the Cityto the City
Before the Before the Industrial Industrial Revolution Cities Revolution Cities were smallwere small
After they were notAfter they were not
Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution The Steam Boat and The Steam Boat and
the Railroad were the Railroad were the first industrial the first industrial changes in changes in transportationtransportation
New forms of New forms of transportation transportation moved products to moved products to markets farther markets farther away, and at a away, and at a quicker pacequicker pace
Also moved raw Also moved raw materials to factoriesmaterials to factories
NY, San Francisco and Boston NY, San Francisco and Boston had Trolleyshad Trolleys
Then Boston opened the first Then Boston opened the first Subway in America in 1898Subway in America in 1898
The TThe T
New Business Leaders New Business Leaders and Practicesand Practices
New Business PracticesNew Business Practices
The late 1800’s was the era of big The late 1800’s was the era of big businessbusiness
Mark Twain called it the Gilded Age – why?Mark Twain called it the Gilded Age – why? The Business leaders were often seen as The Business leaders were often seen as
“Robber Barons” because they had little “Robber Barons” because they had little regard for the welfare of the workers, poor regard for the welfare of the workers, poor or the environment.or the environment.
They cared primarily for profitThey cared primarily for profit
Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration Strategy used by a business or Strategy used by a business or
corporation that seeks to sell a type of corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets product in numerous markets
Several small companies are created Several small companies are created Each company markets the product to Each company markets the product to
a different geographical area a different geographical area Exists when a firm has plants in Exists when a firm has plants in
several locations producing similar several locations producing similar products products
Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration
Companies which share a Companies which share a common owner common owner
Each company produces a Each company produces a different product or service, and different product or service, and the products combine to satisfy a the products combine to satisfy a common need common need
Example: owning the iron mine, Example: owning the iron mine, the iron refinery, and the railroads the iron refinery, and the railroads used to transport the finished ironused to transport the finished iron
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Owned Standard OilOwned Standard Oil Worked with Worked with
Railroads, even Railroads, even getting secret getting secret kickbacks to increase kickbacks to increase his profit marginhis profit margin
Owned all aspects of Owned all aspects of the oil refining the oil refining business. Allowed him business. Allowed him to lower his prices and to lower his prices and put his competition put his competition out of businessout of business
Created an oil Created an oil monopolymonopoly
Used horizontal Used horizontal integrationintegration
Rockefeller made a lot of Rockefeller made a lot of moneymoney
But also created a lot of poor, hurt the But also created a lot of poor, hurt the environment and shut down many small environment and shut down many small
businessesbusinesses
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Owned US SteelOwned US Steel Based in Pittsburgh Based in Pittsburgh Followed Rockefeller’s Followed Rockefeller’s
modelmodel Used Vertical instead of Used Vertical instead of
Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration Owned: mills where steel Owned: mills where steel
was produced, mines to get was produced, mines to get the iron ore, coal mines to the iron ore, coal mines to produce the coal, railroads produce the coal, railroads and ships that transported and ships that transported the ore and steel etc.the ore and steel etc.
Researched all aspects of Researched all aspects of the Steel industry so he the Steel industry so he knew how much his steel knew how much his steel cost to producecost to produce
““Gospel of Wealth”Gospel of Wealth”
Created by Andrew Created by Andrew CarnegieCarnegie
Invested heavily in Invested heavily in charitable charitable organizations – started organizations – started the Carnegie the Carnegie foundationfoundation
Believed that charity Believed that charity needed to be overseen needed to be overseen wisely, otherwise it wisely, otherwise it was a waste of moneywas a waste of money
This is Carnegie Hall in This is Carnegie Hall in NYNY
Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt
Owned shipping Owned shipping lines and railroadslines and railroads
Started Vanderbilt Started Vanderbilt UniversityUniversity
John Pierpont MorganJohn Pierpont Morgan
Banking Empire Chase Banks
Why Was America Why Was America Successful during the Successful during the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?
Large supply of unskilled Large supply of unskilled laborlabor
American American ingenuity/inventivenessingenuity/inventiveness
Large supply of natural Large supply of natural resources (including coal, resources (including coal, wood and iron)wood and iron)
Stable economyStable economy
Where did our Where did our workforce come workforce come
from?from?
ImmigrationImmigration Most of the Most of the
immigrants were immigrants were unskilled unskilled laborers, which is laborers, which is just what the just what the factories wantedfactories wanted
Immigration Immigration came in 2 waves came in 2 waves – old and new – old and new immigrationimmigration
Old ImmigrationOld Immigration
Early portion of the Early portion of the 1919thth century century
Mostly ProtestantMostly Protestant Mostly from Northern Mostly from Northern
and Western Europeand Western Europe Includes: Germany, Includes: Germany,
England and SwedenEngland and Sweden Many moved out west Many moved out west
once they reached once they reached AmericaAmerica
New ImmigrationNew Immigration
1880 and after1880 and after Catholic and JewishCatholic and Jewish Eastern and Southern Eastern and Southern
EuropeEurope Including: Russia, Including: Russia,
Italy, Greece and Italy, Greece and PolandPoland
Most stayed in East Most stayed in East Coast cities, especially Coast cities, especially Boston and New YorkBoston and New York
Immigration Statistics Immigration Statistics
Immigrants in AmericaImmigrants in America
Voyage and Voyage and ArrivalArrival
Came over in Came over in “Steerage”“Steerage”
Voyage was rough, Voyage was rough, disease and sickness disease and sickness was commonwas common
Arrived in America at Arrived in America at Ellis IslandEllis Island
Had to undergo Had to undergo inspection upon arrivalinspection upon arrival
If found to be sick, sent If found to be sick, sent backback
Emma LazarusEmma Lazarus“The New Colossus”“The New Colossus”
This poem is inscribed This poem is inscribed on the base of the on the base of the Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty
America was seen as America was seen as the land of the land of opportunity, where all opportunity, where all your dreams could your dreams could come truecome true
Around the world, Around the world, America was seen as America was seen as accepting all of the accepting all of the worlds “tired, hungry worlds “tired, hungry and poor”and poor”
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to With conquering limbs astride from land to
land;land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall
standstandA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handMother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandcommand
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries shecries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed
to me,to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Positive Positive Reactions to Reactions to ImmigrantsImmigrants
Religious groups helpedReligious groups helped Charity provided basic Charity provided basic
services like helping to services like helping to find work, teaching find work, teaching English, donating food, English, donating food, and even paying for and even paying for funeralsfunerals
Political “Bosses” who Political “Bosses” who ran cities used the ran cities used the immigrants to keep immigrants to keep them in power.them in power.
These Bosses were often These Bosses were often corruptcorrupt
In NY Boss Tweed and In NY Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall were Tammany Hall were particularly notorious for particularly notorious for greed, bribes and greed, bribes and corruptioncorruption
Negative Reaction to Negative Reaction to ImmigrantsImmigrants
Nativism: Hostility towards immigrants by native Nativism: Hostility towards immigrants by native born Americansborn Americans
““Know Nothing Party”: political party determined Know Nothing Party”: political party determined to keep Catholics and Jews out of political office to keep Catholics and Jews out of political office and limit the opportunities for immigrants in all and limit the opportunities for immigrants in all areasareas
Called “Know Nothing” because?Called “Know Nothing” because? Claimed Immigrants were lazy, criminals, filled Claimed Immigrants were lazy, criminals, filled
with disease, out to take jobs from Americans, with disease, out to take jobs from Americans, creating crowded, slum filled citiescreating crowded, slum filled cities
Nativists often resorted to violence and criminal Nativists often resorted to violence and criminal activity of their own to deal with the immigrantsactivity of their own to deal with the immigrants
Chinese Chinese Exclusion ActExclusion Act
Of all the immigrant Of all the immigrant groups, the Chinese groups, the Chinese faced possibly the faced possibly the most prejudicemost prejudice
The federal The federal government passed government passed the Chinese the Chinese Exclusion Act in Exclusion Act in 1882 to keep the 1882 to keep the Chinese out of Chinese out of AmericaAmerica
The Chinese built the The Chinese built the Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad
But were seen as lazy, dangerous, heathens and criminals
Compare the Two Images Compare the Two Images BelowBelow