A PROJECT REPORT ON
BUSINESS EXPOSURE
SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF PUNE
IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
BY;
ARJUN ANIL INDULKAR
S.Y.B.B.A.
SEMESTER – IV
ROLL. NO. – 75
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF,
MRS. PINKY AGARWAL (CO- ORDINATOR)
&
PROF. NEETA KAMATH
NESS WADIA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE,
V. K. JOAG PATH,
PUNE- 411001.
2010- 2011
MODERN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
NESS WADIA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE
19, PRIN. V. K. JOAG PATH, PUNE-411001
PH. NO.- (020) 26167024
CERTIFICATE OF PROJECT COMPLETION
This is to certify that the project-work tilted
INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE (FIELD VISIT)
AND
GUEST LECTURES
Have been completed satisfactorily in partial fulfillment of B.B.A.
(SEM IV) course of the University of Pune for the academic year 2010-
2011 by the following student of “Ness Wadia College of Commerce”
Pune.411001.
MASTER______________________________________
Place: Pune.
Date:
Principal Project Guide Co-ordinator
Dr. M. M. Andar Prof. Neeta Kamath Prof. Pinky Agarwal
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge and express my deep sincere gratitude to Mrs. Pinky Agarwal, our coordinator, for all the hard work she has put into arranging our highly educational industrial visits at very reputed industries and arranging our guest lectures from highly reputed individuals.
I would also like to thank our business exposure teacher, Mrs. Neeta Kamath, for all the extra efforts and time she has put into clearing all our doubts, dictating material to us and going through our rough and soft copies to ensure that our assignments are nothing but perfect.
I would also like to sincerely thank all the faculty members that have taken time out from their own personal time to come with us to the various industrial visits, help us with our queries and guide us in the right direction.
And last but not the least, I would like to thank our wonderful college for creating an environment that encourages us to work harder and achieve our goals. Without which our intelligence would have caved in on itself.
- Arjun Indulkar
3
INDEX
Sr. No.
TOPICS PAGE NUMBER
A. THEORY CHAPTERS 5- 281. INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE 62. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 143. FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION 19
B. INDUSTRIAL VISITS 29- 1041. KATRAJ DAIRY 302. ULTRA TECH- READY MIX CONCRETE &
CEMENT BRICKS65
3. DEEPAK NITRITE LIMITED 804. BAKER GAUGES 89
C. GUEST LECTURES 105- 1321. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 1062. ECO- EXIST 1153. MARKETING LECTURE 127
D. MASTER CONCLUSION 133
E. BIBLOGRAPHY 134
4
THEORY
CHAPTERS
5
INDUSTRIAL
EXPOSURE
6
MEANING
The word “industry” comes from the Latin word “industria” ,
with the senses “activity” “ability” and a “trade or occupation” our word
[first recorded in 1475] originally meant “skill” “advice” and “diligence”
as well as “a trade”.
WHAT IS INDUSTRY?
An industry is any group of business that share a common
method of generating profits, such as the movie industry, the automobile
industry, the cattle industry etc. An industry is concerned about the
production of goods by the utilization of available material resources. It
signifies the activities that aim at production, processing, and fabrication
of products.
An industry is a general term to describe a group of businesses
doing similar things. For instance, the mortgage industry elates to all the
people creating originating and working with loans.
The textile industry works with clothing.
7
The petroleum industry works mainly with gas, although one
could say the fossil fuels industry includes the companies working with
petroleum, natural gas and coal.
Primary Sector
Primary sector of industry is agriculture, mining, and raw
materials extracting. This involves the extraction of resources directly
from the earth; this includes farming, mining and logging. They don’t
process the products at all.
CATTLE REARING FISHING AGRICULTURE
Secondary Sector
Secondary sector of industry is manufacturing. This group is
involved in the processing of products from primary industries. This
includes all the factories- those that refine metals, produce furniture, or
pack farm products such as meat.
8
PRODUCTION PROCESSING CONSTRUCTION
Tertiary Sector
Tertiary sector of industry is service production. This group is
involved in the provision of services. They include teachers, managers,
and other service providers.
MANAGERS TEACHERS
Quaternary Sector
Quaternary sector is a knowledge industry focusing on
technological research design and development such as computer
programming and biochemistry. It is a comparatively new division. It is
an extension of the 3rd sector hypothesis of industrial evolution. It
principally concerns the intellectual services like Information generation,
9
information sharing, consultation education and research and
development.
BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
DEFINITION OF AN INDUSTRY
It is that part of a business activity that produces goods and/or
services through utilization of the available material resources. Goods or
services produced by the industry are used either by the industry or by the
final consumer for satisfying their wants or by producers for further
production. These are called consumer goods and producer’s goods
respectively.
- Henry Ford.
The word industry can be defined as:-
1) Consistent effort exerted to produce or accomplish something.
2) The activity of manufacturing goods for sale.
3) All manufacturing enterprises collectively.
4) A field of activity developed to a particular product or service.
- Robert Kiyosaki
10
TYPES OF INDUSTRIES
Extractive Industries
These are concerned with supplying commodities, which are
extracted from the earth. The products of these industries are generally
used by manufacturing and constructive industries for making finished
goods. E.g.:- mining, coal, natural gas, oil, iron ore, steel. Etc.
MINING NATURAL GAS RIG
Genetic Industries
Refers to industries under which plants and animals are grown
for the purpose of sale to consumers. E.g.: - botany, horticulture, tobacco,
dairy, poultry farming, ivory, meat, etc.
11
BOTANY POULTRY FARMING
Manufacturing Industry
These industries convert raw materials into finished or semi-
finished goods, are called manufacturing industries. E.g. automobiles,
electronics.
AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION ELECTRONICS PRODUCTION
12
Construction Industry
These are concerned with the construction of building dams,
roads, bridges, etc. The raw materials that are used by these industries are
the products of the manufacturing industries. Business provides not only
goods but also services. Service industry does not produce any tangible
goods. These are engaged in providing services to the public.
[LA LIVE, UNDER CONSTRUCTION]
13
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
14
POSITIVE EFFECTS
The industrial revolution changed the ways by how the world
produced its goods. It also changed our societies from a mainly
agricultural society to one in which industry and manufacturing is in
control. During this time, there were many new advances, socio-
economic and cultural problems that aroused. On the technological front
the biggest advancement was in steam power. New fuels such as coal and
petroleum were incorporated into new steam engines. This revolutionized
many industries including textiles and manufacturing. Also a new
communication medium was invented called the telegraph. This made
communication across the ocean much faster. The time of the industrial
revolution saw dramatic change from tools and handmade items to
products, which were mass-produced by machines. Workers became
more productive and since more items were manufactured the prices
dropped making exclusive and hard to make items available to the poor
and not only the rich and elite. Life generally improved.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
The industrial revolution also proved harmful. Pollution
increased, working conditions were harmful and with the employment of
women and young children, making them work long and hard hours.
Along with the great leap in technology, there was an overall downfall in
15
the socio-economic and cultural condition of the people. Growth in cities
was one of the major consequences of the industrial revolution. Many
people were driven to the cities to look for work. With the new industrial
age a new quantitative and materialistic view of the world took place.
This caused the people to consume as much as they could. This still
happens today living in small wages that requires small children to work
in factories for long hours.
The industrial revolution was not a good revolution for the
planet. From the time of its start, the factories and industries have
increased the level of carbon in the atmosphere by two folds. Also in our
drive for consumerism, our planets natural resources are being depleted at
an alarming rate. Pollution by nuclear waste, pesticides and other
chemicals are also the result of the industrial revolution.
16
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS EXPOSURE
They can be classified as follows: -
1) Primary aims and objectives
2) Secondary aims and objectives
Primary Aims and Objectives
To understand various problems faced by the industry today.
To understand different forms of organisations in different sectors
of the industrial world.
Be acquainted with the practical exposure in the industry.
To study the functions of different forms of organisations
To find out how different forms of organisations contribute to the
growth and development of the economy.
To understand quantitative and qualitative changes that have taken
place in the industrial sectors of the economy.
To understand the role played by industries in the growth of the
Indian economy.
To understand reforms in the industrial sector.
Secondary Aims and Objectives
17
To understand various manufacturing methods like job batch, mass
flow and process production.
To understand the roles and responsibilities of the supervisory,
executor and managerial level in the production functions.
To study the interrelationship among the departments of production
and manufacturing, finance, marketing and human resource management.
To study the personal structure in the organisation.
Production planning and control and requirement of planning
department.
To study the quality of production, causes of variation and quality
control.
To study the advantages and disadvantages of product line layout,
plant layout and process layout.
18
FORMS OF
BUSINESS
ORGANISATION
19
INTRODUCTION
Business organization refers to all necessary arrangements
required to conduct a business. It refers to all those steps that to be taken
for establishing relationships between men, materials and machinery to
carry out business efficiently for profit maximization.
The development and growth of forms of business
organizations is closely interconnected with the stages of economic
development of a country. The Industrial, Transport and Commercial
Revolution brought about fundamental changes in the business, i.e., in
industry as well as in commerce. The establishment of big factories and
mills, production of goods on large scale by power driven machines for
ever expanding markets led to the expansion of the units of business.
Thus, industrialization of a country accelerated the evolution and
development of business organization.
FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
PARTNERSHIP
JOINT HINDU FAMILY
CO- OPERATIVE SOCIETY
20
JOINT STOCK COMPANY
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one owner. The
owner may operate on his/ her own or may employ others. It is a business
enterprise that is exclusively owned, managed and controlled by a single
person with all authority, responsibility and risk. This is the most
common type of business.
ADVANTAGES OF SOLE PROPRITORSHIP
1] Formation & Closure-
Hardly any legal formalities are required to start a sole
proprietary business.
2] Quick Decision Making-
21
A sole proprietor enjoys considerable degree of freedom in
making business decisions.
3] Direct Incentives-
A sole proprietor directly reaps the benefits of his efforts, as he
is the sole recipient of all the profits.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
1] Limited Resources-
Resources of a sole proprietor are limited to his personal
savings, borrowings and loans.
2] Limited Life of the Business-
Death, insolvency or illness of a proprietor affects the business
and can lead to its closure.
3] Unlimited Liability-
It means if the business fails, the creditors can recover their
dues not merely from the business assets, but also from the personal
assets of the proprietor.
PARTNERSHIP
A partnership is a form of business in which two or more
people operate for achieving a common goal, which in most cases is
profit maximization. In most forms of partnership, each partner has
personal liability of the debts incurred by the business. There are three
22
typical classifications of partnership are general partnership, limited
partnership and limited liability partnerships.
ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP
1] Ease of Formation & Closure-
A partnership firm can be formed easily by forming an
agreement between the prospective partners, where they agree to carry
out the business together.
2] Larger Capital-
In a partnership the capital is contributed by a number of
partners. This makes it possible to raise larger amount of funds as
compared to proprietorship form of organization.
3] Sharing of Risks-
All the partners share the risks involved in running a
partnership firm.
DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP
1] Unlimited Liability-
23
Partners are liable to repay debts even from their personal
resources in case the business assets are not sufficient to meet the
business liabilities or debts.
2] Possibility of Conflicts-
Differences in opinion on some issues may lead to disputes
between partners.
3] Lack of Continuity-
Partnership comes to an end with the death, retirement,
insolvency or lunacy of any partner. It may result in lack of consistency.
JOINT HINDU FAMILY
Joint Hindu family business is a specific form of business
organizations found only in India. It refers to a form of organization
where, the business is owned and carried on by the members of the Hindu
Undivided Family (HUF).
ADVANTAGES OF JOINT HINDU FAMILY
24
1] Effective Control-
The ‘Karta’ has absolute decision-making power. This avoids
conflicts among members as no one can interfere with his right to decide.
2] Continued Business Existence-
The death of the ‘Karta’ will not affect the business, as the
next eldest member will then take up the position.
3] Limited Liability of Members-
The liability of all the co- partners except the ‘Karta’ is
limited to their share in the business, and consistently their risk is well
defined and precise.
DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT HINDU FAMILY
1] Limited Resources-
The Joint Hindu Family business faces the problem of limited
capital as it depends mainly on ancestral property.
2] Unlimited Liability of ‘Karta’-
The ‘Karta’ is bound by unlimited liability. His personal
property can be used to repay the debts.
3] Dominance of ‘Karta’-
The ‘Karta’ is the final authority in a Joint Hindu Family. If
the members have different interests or different ideas of where the
business should be, and if these interests or ideas are not acceptable by
the ‘Karta’, it may lead to conflicts that could break the family apart.
CO- OPERATIVE SOCIETY
25
A co- operative society is the voluntary association of persons
who come together with the motive of welfare of the members. They are
driven by the need to protect their economic interests in the face of
possible exploitation at the hands of middlemen obsessed with the desire
to earn greater profits.
ADVANTAGES OF CO- OPERATIVE SOCIETY
1] Equality in Voting Status-
The principle of ‘one man one vote’ governs the co- operative
society. Irrespective of the amount of capital contributed by a member.
2] Limited Liability-
The liability of the members of a co- operative society is
limited to the extent of their capital contribution.
3] Stable Existence-
Death, bankruptcy or insanity of the members do not affect the
continuity of a co- operative society.
DISADVANTAGES OF CO- OPERATIVE SOCIETY
1] Limited Resources-
26
Resources of a co- operative society consist of capital
contributed by the members by their limited means.
2] Inefficiency in management-
Co- operative societies are unable to attract and employ expert
managers because of their inability to pay them high salaries.
3] Difference of Opinion-
Internal quarrels arising as a result of difference in opinion
may lead to difficulties in decision-making.
JOINT STOCK COMPANY
A company is an association of persons formed for carrying
out business activities and has a legal status independent of its members.
The Companies Act, 1956, governs the company form or organization.
ADVANTAGES OF JOINT STOCK COMPANY
1] Limited Liability-
27
The shareholders are liable to the extent of the amount unpaid
on the shares held by them.
2] Transfer of Interest-
The cease of transfer of ownership adds to the advantages of
investing in a company as the share of public limited company, can be
sold in the market and as much can be converted into cash in case the
need arises.
3] Perpetual Existence-
Existence of a company is not affected by the death;
retirement, Insolvency or insanity of its members as it has a separate legal
entity forms its members.
DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT STOCK COMPANY
1] Complexity of Information-
The formation of a company requires greater time, effort and
extensive knowledge of legal requirement and procedures involved.
2] Lack of Secrecy-
The Companies Act, 1956, requires each public company to
provide time-to-time information to the office of the registrar of
companies. Such information is available to the public as well.
3] Delay in Decision- Making-
Companies are democratically managed through the Board of
Directors, which is followed by the top management, middle management
and lower management.
28
INDUSTRIAL
VISITS
29
KATRAJ DAIRY
का�त्रज दुग्धा�लय
30
INTRODUCTION
Our college coordinator Mrs. Pinky Agarwal organized an
industrial visit to Katraj Dairy on the 5th of February 2011. It was a very
well organized day trip to the dairy. Where we got a chance to study the
various steps and procedures involved in the purification of milk and the
manufacturing of various milk products.
KATRAJ DAIRY- PAST TO PRESENT
Katraj Dairy was incorporated in 1960 with an intension of
providing an organized facility of milk collection for the village level
farmers situated in Pune district. Katraj Dairy started with milk collection
of about 0.30 lakh (30.000) liters per day in the first year of operation and
today, has steadily grown to over 1.50 lakh (0.15 million) liters per day
and has a financial turnover of over Rs.150 crores (US$ 33 million).
Katraj Dairy has achieved ISO 9001:2000 & HACCP
certification from DNV in Oct. 2006 & maintained. In Oct. 2009 Dairy
has achieved ISO 9001:2008 & HACCP 2006 Dutch Standard from
Dr. Norskey Veritus.
Katraj Dairy with its eight chilling plants and 12 BMC spread
almost all over the district has an installed milk handling capacity of over
31
5 lakh (0.50 million) liters per day. The main plant of Katraj is equipped
with modern Pasteurizer, homogenizer, Cream separator, Ghee
processing, automatic packing of milk and milk products and other
quality testing devices and well equipped labs. Katraj Dairy has an
installed processing capacity of 2 lakh (0.2 million) liters per day.
Katraj dairy manufactures / Distributes milk and milk products
like Pasteurized/ Homogenized-Cow milk, Toned milk, Double toned
milk, Standardized Milk, Full cream milk, Cow & Buffalo Cream and
Ghee, Shrikhand, Amrakhand, Malai Paneer, Dahi, Flavored Milk, Lassi,
Jeera Tak, Table Butter, Milk Powder, Softy Ice cream, pedha, Khoa and
in the near future plans to introduce sterilized milk in 200ml bottle and
hard ice-cream with different flavors in different pack sizes.
All these products are available at Katraj owned parlors at
various locations in Pune City and through appointed distributors and
retailing circuits. Very soon, Katraj plans to introduce an online ordering
system for its distributors/ retailers and consumers.
Katraj products have been in use in thousands of homes in Pune
since 1961. Katraj Milk, Katraj Ghee, Katraj Shrikhand, Katraj
Amrakhand, Katraj Lassi, Katraj Jeera tak (buttermilk), Katraj cream
have made Katraj a leading food brand in Western Maharashtra. Today
Katraj is a symbol of high-quality milk products sold at reasonable prices,
the genesis of a vast co-operative network triumph of indigenous
technology, the marketing savvy of a farmers' organization.
32
OBJECTIVES OF KATRAJ DAIRY
The objectives of Katraj Dairy are, to build a valued chain of
farmers to source milk at an organized level, manufacture products at a
very high quality level and create a demand for their products in the
competitive market without having any reasons to be pointed at.
This organization has a unique advantage, its strategic location.
Based in Pune city, a place with historic, cultural importance and a major
district in Maharashtra, India. The city is known as ‘the city of students’
because of its large number of educational centers. Another major
advantage is that Mumbai is just 180km. away. Thus using these key
factors, they want to serve the state with their superior quality of milk.
They want the state to crave for this superior quality of milk.
THE FARMERS & KATRAJ DIARY
Prior to Katraj Diary, farmers use to sell their milk to
middlemen. These middlemen were never trust worthy as the farmers
milk was always adulterated with water, promises that were never
fulfilled, the true price at which the milk was sold was never known and
the farmers didn’t get their money most of the time, if they ever got it at
all. Although the farmers didn’t like this system, they didn’t have a
choice, as there were no other alternatives.
However, as Katraj Dairy came along, a new picture was
painted. Katraj simplified this system to eliminate the problems of the
farmers and create a win- win situation for both of them. Katraj
33
strategically placed collection centers in the middle of the villages. Thus
making it very convenient for the farmers to contribute their milk. Further
more, the farmers are paid their money on the spot, based on quality and
quantity of milk. This also creates a meeting point for all the farmers to
discuss various new methods and techniques to increase their cattle’s
milk producing capacity. It also gives the farmers a sense of pride, as they
can be proud of the quality of milk being produced by their cattle.
HOW DOES KATRAJ DAIRY HELP THE FARMERS?
The collection centers pay the farmers for their milk on the spot
based on quality and quantity of milk. Because of which the farmers
don’t have to wait on their money. Katraj teaches and educated the
farmers with new dairy technologies, thus keeping them up to date with a
global market. Katraj also provides the farmers with vitamins for their
cattle, to receive a better quality of milk. They also teach the farmers
what type of fodder is to be fed to the cattle when. They also provide
medical assistance for the cattle, to their limit.
Katraj is also trying to promote organic/green milk. Organic
milk is basically milk from cows that have been exclusively fed organic
feed, have not been treated with synthetic hormones, are not given certain
medications to treat sickness, and are held in pens with adequate space.
34
PRODUCTS PRODUCED AT KATRAJ DAIRY
MILK
Milk is an almost ideal food. It has high nutritive value. It
supplies bodybuilding proteins, bone forming minerals and health giving
vitamins and furnishes energy giving lactose and milk fat. Besides
supplying some essential fatty acids, it contains the above nutrients in an
easily digestible and assailable form. All these properties make milk an
important food for pregnant women, growing children, adolescents,
adults, invalids, convalescents and patients alike.
Milk may be defined as a whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion
obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy Milch animals
excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or
such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically
colostrum’s free and containing the minimum prescribed percentage of
milk fat and milk-solids-not-fats.
35
Pasteurization: The term pasteurization refers to the process of
heating each & every particle of milk to at-least 63° C for 30 minutes, or
72° C for 15 seconds in approved and properly operated equipment. After
pasteurization the milk is gradually cooled to 5° C or below.
Homogenization: Homogenization refers to the process of
forcing the milk through a homogenizer with the object of sub dividing
the fat globules.
CREAM
When milk fat is concentrated into a fraction of the original
milk, that portion is known as cream. Cream is a rich portion of milk fat.
Cream is the product of cow or buffelo milk or a combination
thereof, which contains not less than 25 % milk fat.
Various Types of Cream
36
Table Cream } Containing 20 - 25 % milk
fatLight Cream
Coffee
Cream
Whipping
Cream
} Containing 30 - 40 % milk
fat
Heavy
Cream
Plastic
Cream
Containing 65 - 85 % milk
fat
Katraj Dairy has been manufacturing plastic cream with 65 - 75
% milk fat.
37
GHEE
Ghee is the pure clarified fat derived solely from milk or from
desi (cooking) butter or from cream to which no coloring matter is added.
Ghee is the clarified butter fat prepared chiefly from cow or
buffalo milk. Ghee is used as a cooking or frying medium, in
confectionary, for direct consumption with rice chappatis etc.
Cow ghee is mainly used in indigenous pharmaceutical
preparations (Ayurveda).
Packing Sizes:
500 gm. Poly pack.
500 ml standy pouch.
15-liter tin.
38
SHRIKHAND
Shrikhand is a semi-soft sweetish - sour whole milk product
prepared from lactic fermented curd. The curd (dahi) is partially strained
through a cloth to remove the whey and thus produce a solid mass called
chakka (the basic ingredient for shrikhand). This chakka is mixed with
the required amount of sugar, cardamom, jaiphal etc. to yield shrikhand.
Packing Sizes:
100 ml plastic cups
250 ml plastic cups
500 ml plastic cups
For Party or catering purpose available in loose bulk sale.
Best for occasions like Gudhi Padwa, Raksha bandhan, Dasara, Diwali
etc.
Direct consume with Puri, Chapatti, for better test.
39
AMRAKHAND
Amrakhand is a semi-soft sweetish - sour whole milk product
prepared from lactic fermented curd. The curd (dahi) is partially strained
through a cloth to remove the whey and thus produce a solid mass called
chakka (the basic ingredient for shrikhand). This chakka is mixed with
the required amount of mango flavour, sugar, cardamom, jaiphal etc. to
yield Amrakhand.
Packing Sizes:
100 ml plastic cups
250 ml plastic cups
500 ml plastic cups
For Party or catering purpose available in loose bulk sale.
Best for occasions like Gudhi Padwa, Raksha bandhan, Dasara, Diwali
etc.
Direct consume with Puri, Chapatti, for better test.
40
MALAI PANEER
Paneer refers to the milk solids obtained by the acid
coagulation of boiled whole milk & subsequent drainage of whey. The
acids commonly used are citric in both natural & chemical forms.
Traditionally paneer has been a variety of pressed channa, used
mainly in preparing cooked vegetable dishes like palak paneer, paneer
butter masala etc.
Packing Sizes:
200 gm rotogravure laminated pouch.
500 gm rotogravure laminated pouch.
1000 gm rotogravure laminated pouch
41
DAHI
Matka Dahi is a fermented milk beverage. Dahi originally was
set using mud pots since ancestral days for the purpose of getting that
unique flavour & taste gained due to the porous property of mud pots
allowing filtered air flow. But now a days dahi prepared from milk
faormenting with lactic culture & packed in plastic cups 370 ° C.
Packing Sizes:
100 gm. matka.
200 gm. matka.
100 gm. plastic cup.
200 gm. plastic cup.
400 gm. plastic cup
42
FLAVOURED MILK
Flavoured Milks are milks to which some flavours/ colours and
suger been added.When the milk is used the product should contain a
milk fat % at least equal to the minimum legal requirement for market
milk, but when fat level is lower(1.2%) , the term drink is used.
Packing Size:
200 ml Poly bag
43
LASSI
Lassi is a fermented Milk beverage popular in all parts of India.
The technology of lassi making is however confined to only households.
Lassi has a great potential in the Indian Market.
Packing Size:
200 ml Poly pack
44
JEERA / PLAIN TAAK (BUTTERMILK)
Tak is also called chhas or mattha, refers to desi buttermilk. It
is a popular drink during the hot Indian summers, as it helps reduce body
heat and lower the body temperature. Thus a relaxing drink enjoyed by
everyone.
Packing Size:
200 ml Poly pack
45
TABLE BUTTER
For years together, table butter is being cherished as a tasty
food, popularly eaten with bread. It also forms a good topping on
indegeous food like Pav-bhaji, Thalipith (Pan Cake). Katraj Table Butter
is marketed by Katraj Dairy Manufactured By Dynamix Dairy Industries
Ltd., Baramati, Maharashtra, India.
Packing Sizes:
100 gm.
500 gm.
46
SOFTY ICE- CREAM
This product is marketed in a soft condition and is ready for
consumption shortly after it is drawn from the freezer. Katraj dairy has
soft churner in their milk factory in the Pune city.
Among milk products ice cream is also rich source of calcium,
phosphorus and other minerals of vital importance in building good bones
and teeth.
It is a very desirable food item for growing children and person
who need to put on weight.
It is excellent source of Vitamin A, good source of Vitamin B
& G, Niacin, and Vitamin E. The digestibility & palatability of ice cream
is also very high.
Packing Size:
60 ml cone
47
PEDHA
Pedha is preparred using khoa based material. Khoa is mixed
with suger and then heated in a kadhai made of food-grade metal.After
heating desired flavouring and nuts are added to the pedha mass.
Packing Sizes:
1 kg box
500 gm. box
250 gm. box
48
ICE CREAM
Ice-Cream may be defined as frozen dairy product made by
suitable blending & processing of cream & other milk products, together
with sugar & flavor, with or without stabilizer or color & with the
incorporation of air during the freezing process. According to PFA rules
Ice-Cream is the frozen product obtained from cow or buffalo milk or a
combination there of or from cream and or other milk products with or
without addition of cane sugar, fruit, fruit juices, preserve fruits nuts,
chocolate, edible flavors & permitted food colors.
Nutritive Value; Among milk products, Ice cream is also a
rich source of calcium, phosphorus & other minerals of vital importance
in building good bones & teeth. Being rich in Lactose, Ice-Cream flavor
greater assimilation of calcium in the diet. The protein content of Ice
Cream is also rates high, both in quantity & quality. Ice Cream provides
valuable proteins in a very palatable form. In fact, Ice Cream is most
palatable source of milk protein to the vegetarians. Ice Cream is an
excellent source of food energy. It is a very desirable food item for
49
growing children & persons who need to put on weights. Ice-Cream is a
rich source of many essential vitamins, without which normal health &
growth cannot be maintained. Thus it is an excellent source of vitamin -
A, a good source of vitamin -B (Thiamine) & G (Riboflavin) & a fairly
good source of Niacin, vitamin - E & in fruit Ice Cream of vitamin -C.
The digestibility & palatability of Ice Cream is also vey high.
Flavors;
Packing Sizes:
50 ml plastic cups
100 ml plastic cups
500 ml Family pack
1000 ml Party pack
2000 ml Party pack
4000 ml Bulk pack
50
STERILIZED FLAVORED MILK
Sterilized milk may be defined as milk, which has been heated
to temperature of 1210C for 15 minutes. The Milk fit for human
consumption for at least 120 days at room temperature.
Flavors;
Packing Sizes:
• 200 ml Glass Bottles
51
KATRAJ AQUA (MINERAL WATER)
Katraj Dairy with their well-known products now introducing
mineral water with katraj brand i.e. Katraj Aqua. Water in its purest form
is really a life giving liquid. Katraj Aqua (to live a healthy family life)
gives the assurance that each drop of water that you consume is full of
energy & freshness. Our dairy is also an ISO- HACCP 9001-2008
certified Dairy and it stands testimony to the quality of product. We
strictly follow the quality measures regarding hygiene and quality of
products.
Packing Sizes:
500 ml Bottle - packed in 24 bottles in 1 box.
1 liter Bottle- packed in 12 bottles in 1 box.
52
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Initially, the milk is collected in the collection centers in the
villages. This where all the villagers come and sell their milk to the Katraj
Dairy collection centers. After which, the milk is transported to the Katraj
plant, situated in Katraj, Pune. The milk is transported in special vehicles
designed for the sole purpose of milk transportation.
[MILK TRANSPORTAION VEHICLE]
Once the milk has reached the plant, it is first checked for its
quality. After which it is primarily filtered and added to the holding tanks.
After which the milk is transferred through pipelines to the boiler unit.
53
This is where the milk is the milk is boiled to kill germs and make the
milk last longer, known as pasteurization.
[BOILER ROOM]
Pasteurization refers to the process of heating each & every
particle of milk to at-least 63° C for 30 minutes, or 72° C for 15 seconds
in approved and properly operated equipment. After pasteurization the
milk is gradually cooled to 5° C or below.
[REFRIDGERATION DEPARTMENT]
54
After this process the milk is stored in its specially designed
storage containers. After which it is ready for further processing and
packaging. The milk can be further be utilized in the production of rest of
the products like flavored milk, ice cream, butter, ghee etc.
[STORAGE TANKS]
QUALITY CONTROL
Katraj Dairy is very strict when it comes to the quality of the
milk and its products. It strictly maintains its standard as per ISO
9001:2000 regulations. The work of this department begins, as soon as
the milk enters the gates of the factory. They initially check the quality of
the milk when it is in the milk tanker or milk transportation vehicle. They
do so to ensure that the milk is not spoiled and does not match the
55
standards of Katraj Dairy. This process is carried out to ensure that; bad
milk does not get added to the rest of the milk in the storage units.
This department uses the method of ‘random sampling’ for
selection of samples to test. It picks up random samples from all the
batches of products produced. If even one product in the batch is not up
to the mark, the entire batch of the product produced is discarded.
This department uses a variety of testing methods for the
various products that are produced at the plant. They usually check for
pH, fat, acidity, water content, saturation levels, lactic acid, etc. A hew of
the chemicals that they use for testing are given below-
Iodine Solution
Sodium Bicarbonate
Lactic Acid
Diastix
Silver Hydroxide
56
PACKAGING
Katraj Dairy carries out a very simple form of packaging. It is
appealing to the consumer’s eyes even if they are from a metropolitan
city or a local village in Maharashtra. All of their packaging has the local
dilet, ‘Marathi’ on them along with the universal language, ‘English’.
[MILK PACKAGING]
The packaging is done in a very hygienic environment. All the
workers that come in contact with the products have hair caps and gloves
on their hands. They also have a special uniform that has to be worn.
The packaging of all the milk except the flavored milk is done
in polythene bags. The bags are manufactured in other parts of
Maharashtra and are inserted into the packaging machines. The flavored
milk is packaged 200 ml. glass bottles. Ice cream is packaged in plastic
cups as well as cardboard boxes.
57
DISTRIBUTION
Katraj Dairy has a simple of chain distribution. They follow
two chains of distribution,
1. Manufacturer
2. Manufacturer
R
[CONTAINERS IN, WHICH MILK IS DISTRIBUTED]
A list of distributors that are located in and around the city of
Pune, are given on the next page-
58
NAME OF DISTRIBUTOR AND AREA OF DISTRIBUTION
Gurukrupa Associates (Mrs. Deepali V. Bhadale)
Sinhagad Road, Bibavewadi to Swargate
Kaniphnath Milk Agency (Shri. Balasaheb V. Gavhane)
Swargate to Shivajinagar, Ghorpadi, Mundhava, Hadapasar
Shivam Milk Agency (Shri. Sandeep U. Ghate)
Market Yard, Kondhava Gaon,Undari, Satav Nagar Mahadeonagar, Urali devachi
Balaji Milk Agency (Shri. Sanjay R. Ambekar)
Vanwadi gaon, Salunke Vihar, Manish Park
Assa Associates (Shri. Amarpalsing Badh)
Pune Camp, Nana Peth, Bhavani Peth, Koregaon Park
Om Sai Distributors (Shri. Anil S. Londhe)
Yerwada, Kalyani nagar, Vadgaonsheri, Viman nagar, Vishrantwadi, Dhanori
Sidhdheshwar Milk Agency (Shri. Sagar K. Shelake)
Renghill Corner, Bopodi, Khadaki, Dapodi, C.M.E., Sangavi, New sangai
Shevantai Milk Suppliers (Shri. Ravindra D. Takke)
Gokhalenagar, Chaturshrungi Payatha, Paud Phata, Jaibhavani Nagar to Chandani Chowk
Sayali Milk Suppliers (Saui. Vaishali K. Gopalghare)
Yerandavana, Karve Nagar, Varaje, Uttam nagar, Kotharud gaon
Shriraj Milk Agency (Shri. Rajendra J. Bhargude)
Rakshak Nagar, Sathe Pimple, Kalewadi Phata, Wakad, Dange chowk, Tathawade, Ravet, Punawale
Yamuna Traders(Shri. Ramesh B. Kasarwadi, Pimpari, Kalewadi
59
Phanse)
Dattakrupa Enterprises (Shri. Subodh N. Kale)
Vivek Vasahat, Shridhar Nagar, Sudarshan Nagar, Udyog Nagar, Bijali Nagar, Chinchwad Gaon
Vyankatsh Milk Agency (Shri. Rohidas K. Lawande)
Akurdi Gaon, Akurdi-Nigadi Pradhikaran, Dehuroad, Talegaon Dabhade, Kamshet, Lonawala
Rudra Enterprises (Sau. Chhaya C Jagtap)
Sant Tukaram Nagar, Ajamera, Neharu Nagar, Balaji Nagar, Indrayani Nagar, Landewadi, Bhosari Gaon
Kunal Milk Agency (Shri. Rahul D. Takke)
Pashan, Sutarwadi, Bavdhan, Boys Batalian, Aundh gaon
Shri Saikrupa Distributors (Shri. Amod B. Pandhari)
Someshwarwadi, Sanewadi, Parihar chowk, Dattanagar, balewadi, Hinjwadi
Radha Krishna Milk Agency (Shri. Sandip D. Chambhare)
Morwadi, Ajamera, Mohan Nagar, Yamuna Nagar, rupi Nagar, Talawade, Phule Nagar, Chikhali road, Shahu nagar
60
MAINTENANCE OF THE PLANT
A manufacturing unit like the one at the Katraj Dairy plant has
many machines, electrical units, etc., that needs regular maintenance.
Katraj Dairy has a fixed routine that covers all the maintenance-required
units.
[ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT]
Machinery- All machinery requires maintenance. The maintenance
is determined on the number of hours that it has been operated. Based on
this the wear and tear of the various machine parts can be estimated. The
parts that usually require the maximum maintenance are the rollers of the
packaging units. The machines that come in contact with the milk are was
washed with boiling hot water, then with a chemical, then with boiling
61
hot water again and then washed with cold water. This process takes
place everyday with the small holding tanks.
Storage Tanks- There are two types of storage tanks when it comes
to maintenance, the big and the small. The big storage tanks are washed
on weekly bases while the smaller ones are washed on a daily basis. The
process involves, washing with boiling hot water, then by a chemical,
then with boiling hot water again and then washing with cold water.
Electrical Department- The electric department is in charge of all
the electrical lies that run through the entire plant. They usually have a
simple job of just changing the parts that whether down or fuse. A major
problem they face is rodents eating their underground wires, however,
they now run the cables through G.I. pipes. The other equipment that
usually burn out are the M.C.B.’s, wires that fuse, motor pumps, etc.
[MAIN ELECTRICAL POWER HOUSE OF THE PLANT]
62
Refrigeration Unit- This unit is in charge of all the refrigeration of
all the products inside Katraj Dairy. It contains 6 compressors out of
which only 2 operate at a time. Each pair of compressors operates not
more than 6 hours at a time. When the demand for refrigeration increases,
4 compressors run at a time. Ammonia gas is used for refrigeration. If
there is low pressure in the lines of the ammonia gas, Sulphur powder is
added to the gas to help detect any leaks.
Pest Control- Rodents are a problem everywhere. To take care of
them crews of pest control are called every 1-month to spray pesticides to
keep the plant rodent free and hygienic.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The boards of directors have the power of all the decisions that
are to made, in regards to Katraj Dairy. The chairman of Katraj Dairy for
the term between 2009- 2013 is Mr. Shri. Rambhau Sambha Tule.
Mr. Shri.
Rambhau Sambha Tule.
Chairman
CUSTOMER REVIEWS
63
“ It creams better and tastes a lot better than the others” – Anita
Bhoslae
“ Muska forms a lot more easily” – Ranjana Payguday
“ The milk gives our tea a whole different flavor” –Deepa Mistri
CONCLUSION
From this report we can conclude that the set up is not a
mediocre one, but in fact up to global standards. The plant is very
hygienic and well maintained. The idea and implementation of the idea of
unifying the farmers and helping them with their problems is nothing but
noble. All the products that are produced are of immense quality and
standard, because of which their consumer demand is growing day by
day.
Thus analyzing this report, we can say that Katraj Dairy is
definitely up to global standards and has the potential to be one of the
leading giants in the dairy industry.
64
ULTRA TECH
READY MIX CONRETE &
CEMENT BRICKS
65
INTRODUCTION
Our college coordinator Mrs. Pinky Agarwal organized an
industrial visit to Utra Tech- Ready Mix Concrete and Cement Bricks on
the 5th of February 2011. It was a very well organized day trip to the
factory. Where we got a chance to study the various steps and procedures
involved in the production of ready mix concrete (R.M.C) and cement
bricks.
ULTRA TECH- READY MIX CONCRETE AND
CEMENT BRICKS
Ultra Tech Concrete comes from the house of the Aditya Birla
Group. Their vast experience in cement production using state of the art
technology has helped us in meeting requirements of discerning
customers by providing variety of cements to suit different needs. The
group has forayed into forward integration into high quality concrete in
production, delivery and placing.
Ultra Tech has developed expertise to meet national and
international standards in meeting customer expectations.
Aditya Birla Group, of which Ultra Tech Cement is a part, has
10 integrated plants, 7 split grinding units and 5 bulk terminals, including
one in Sri Lanka. Ultra Tech is India’s largest exporter of cement and
clinker. Total cement capacity of the Aditya Birla Group is 36.25mnT pa.
Their Ultra Tech Concrete plants are present in Mumbai, Pune,
Nasik, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Surat, Gurgaon, Noida, Jaipur, Chandigarh,
Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cochin, Vizag, Ludhiana, Kolkata and
many more are coming up.
66
ULTRA TECH- READY MIX CONCRETE
WHAT IS READY MIX CONCRETE?
Ready mix concrete is basically a homogenous mixture of
cement, sand, aggregate of rock, flash and water. It is better concrete than
regular concrete mixed on site as the proportions of the material are exact
and have a better setting time. Thus giving it longer life and better
sustainability.
[READY MIX CONCRETE PLANT]
67
WHAT SETS ULTRA TECH- READY MIX CONCRETE ABOVE
THE OTHER?
Concrete is most vital material in modern construction. It has
versatile properties like easy mouldability, high compressive strength and
long lasting durability. These properties of concrete have made it most
popular construction material for all types of civil engineering works. The
latest developments in concrete technology have made it possible to use it
in intricate and architecturally complex structures, requiring high degree
of performance and aesthetic appearance.
In addition to normal concrete, other varieties in use are, high
strength and high performance concrete, self-compacting, lightweight,
high density, fiber reinforced, polymer, colored concrete etc.
The ingredients of good and bad concrete are the same. The
difference lies in the technology used for production, transportation and
placement. The making of concrete is an art as well as a science. Science
because all the ingredients are proportioned as per the standard codes of
practice to get the targeted strength & durability, and an art because in
addition to accurate proportioning, quality of concrete depends on the way
it is mixed, placed, compacted, finished, cured and protected. Ready mix
Concrete (RMC) technology results in a perfect blend of the Art and
Science.
In all the developed as well as most of the developing nations, use of
RMC for construction has made it possible to achieve speed and quality.
The advent of commercial RMC in India is about a decade old, but in
recent years it has become the preferred choice of architects, engineers
and consumers.
Ultra Tech Concrete is committed to provide customized high quality
RMC for ensuring speedy construction.
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HOW CAN YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE AND WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONRETE?
There are various types of concrete’s that are required for
different purposes of construction. The different types of concrete depend
various factors like-
Mixture
Compacting time
Water ratio
Chemicals
Setting time
You can tell the difference by of different types of concrete by
different testing methods like-
Sieve Analysis-
It is used for checking samples of the material to be utilized and whether it
follows the 15 norms.
Tube testing-
It is used for testing the strength of the product.
You can also tell the difference by a simple on site method. To
do so, you must hold the concrete in your bare hands and see if the
69
concrete mixture is separating, if does then it is of a lower quality. If the
mixture stays intact then it is considered to be a higher quality. Further
more, based on the looks of the color, texture and visibility of the mixture,
one can determine the quality of the mixture. However, this method
requires years of on site experience with concrete.
HOW IS READY MIX CONCRETE MENUFACTURED?
• The raw materials (sand, aggregate, cement) through automatic the
mixing machine become ready-mixed concrete.
• Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled
operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated
equipment and methods.
[CONCRETE MIXING PLANT]
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PLACING OF CONCRETE
Well-designed Ultra Tech Concrete is pumped from the transit
mixer to the location where it is being placed through concrete pumps with
horizontal and vertical pipelines. The flexible hose pipe attached at the end
of pipe line makes the pouring convenient at the point of placing, thus
reducing shoveling / dragging and avoiding segregation.
In Ultra Tech Concrete, qualified and experienced Application
Engineers are exclusively dedicated to each pumping operation who provide
advice regarding placing, compacting, finishing and curing of concrete.
Application engineers provide following services:
• Advice on correct alignment of shuttering and formwork before concreting
operation starts
• Coordination for pumping operation and actual requirement of concrete
• Coordination with plant for requirement of number of Transit Mixers
• Checking the quality of concrete in terms of workability and feedback to
plant for any rectification, if required
• Advice regarding maintaining correct thickness of slab, compaction,
finishing, protection and curing
• Advice on precautionary measures during rainy season and for hot
weather concreting
• Assistance in testing of concrete at site
TECHNOLOGY
• Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) offers high-tech solutions to the needs of
71
the public works and construction industries. It allows these industries to
build ever-longer bridges, ever-higher buildings, tunnels, dams, etc.
• The basic process for making ready-mixed concrete has not changed for
the past 60 years: dry raw materials are measured, loaded into a bin,
mixed, placed into a truck, and water is added (sometimes the order of the
last two steps is interchanged).
IS THERE ANY CERTIFIED STANDARD FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF READY MIX CONCRETE?
The answer is yes; it does have certified standards that are
followed by all Ultra Tech- Ready Mix Concrete plants. They all have to
follow the ISO 9001:2000 standards of production.
WHY IS READY MIX CONCRETE BETTER THAN
CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE?
There are two main reasons why ready mix concrete is better
than conventional concrete made on site-
1. Speed - Time plays an important factor when it comes to the
construction industry. Conventionally, concrete will require a
minimum of 10 minutes to be made and this will be made in a small
quantity. Whereas ready mix concrete will be on the site all ready to
be used. Thus no time is wasted in making the mixture on site.
2. Quality - Quality of construction also plays a very important role in
the field of construction. Conventionally, the mixture of concrete is
72
estimated on the bases of ‘Ghamela’. However, this method cannot
grantee a continuous and good quality of concrete. Whereas, ready
mix concrete is computerized and can produce the exact quality of
concrete required for different types of construction requirements.
WHAT IS THE COST OF READY MIX CONCRETE AND HOW IS
IT MEASURED?
Ready mix concrete is measured on the basis of meter cube.
Before and after entering the manufacturing site, the concrete
transportation vehicles are weighed. The gross average weight minus the
current weight gives the net weight of the vehicle. Thus giving the weight
of the concrete. After which the meter cube of concrete is measured.
[CONCRETE TRANSPORTATION VEHICLE BEING WEIGHED]
The cost of concrete keeps on varying as per the demand.
However, the rate of the ready mix concrete on the day we had visit the
site was, Rs. 3500/- per meter cube.
73
ULTRA TECH- CEMENT BRICKS
Ultra Tech- Cement Bricks are manufactured in the same
manufacturing plant as the Ultra Tech- Ready Mix Concrete plant. The
mixture of the cement bricks is very different from the above ready mix
concrete. The process of manufacturing these bricks is very different as
well. Ultra Tech- Cement Bricks follow the ISO 9001:2000 standards of
production and do not compromise on their quality.
74
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The manufacturing process at this plant is a fully automated
one. Hence the process is not very complicated. Cement bricks are made
up of a homogenous mixture of cement, crushed sand, flash, cement and
chemicals.
To start of with the machine is filled with four different types of
crushed sand and flash in its inlet containers.
[TO THE LEFT YOU SEE THE FOUR INLET CONTAINERS & TO
THE RIGHT YOU SEE THE CONVEYOR BELT INPUT]
After which, this material is transferred to the main conveyor
belt through the primary conveyor belt. The quantity of the material is let
out of the storage containers as per the commands or type of cement brick
75
required to be manufactured. This then gets transferred to the main
machine via the main conveyor belt. The main machine is hooked up with
special pipelines to the cement containers, chemical container and water
tank. The machine then pulls in the required amount of chemicals, water,
[CEMENT STORAGE CONTAINER & MAIN CONVEYOR BELT
AND MAIN MACHINE]
cement, and other materials from the main conveyor belt. After which the
materials are hydraulically compressed, after which it under goes
vibration treatment and is hydraulically compressed again. Because of this
process of vibration and hydraulic compression, the cement brick because
three times stronger than a conventionally produced brick. Further more it
is faster as it produces three cement bricks in one batch.
Once this process is completed the bricks are stacked up in
drying stands and put for drying in the sun. This process is called
‘Curing’. This process also requires the cement bricks to be cared for.
Depending on the weather and heat the cement bricks are treated with
chemicals. Further more, the bricks are kept wet perpetually as cement
absorbs a lot of water and heat. Thus the more water it gets, the better it
sets and the better it sets, the stronger it gets. Once the cement brick is
completely cured, a finished product is born.
76
HOW CAN YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT BRICKS AND WHAT ARE
THE DIFFERENT TYPES AND SIZES OF CEMENT BRICKS?
There are various types of cement bricks that are required for
different purposes of construction. The different types of concrete depend
various factors like-
Quality of Mixture
Hydraulic Pressure
Water ratio
Chemicals
Curing time
Quality of Cement
You can tell the difference by of different types of cement
bricks by different testing methods like-
Sieve Analysis-
It is used for checking samples of the material to be utilized and whether it
follows the 15 norms.
Tube testing-
It is used for testing the strength of the product.
77
You can also tell the difference by a simple on site method. To
do so, you must hold the cement brick 5 feet of the round and drop it. If
the brick crumbles, then it is considered to be bad quality; if the brick just
breaks into a few pieces, then it is considered to be medium quality; if the
brick just forms a crack or breaks into only two pieces, then the brick is
considered to be good quality and if the brick remains completely intact,
then it is considered to be of a superior quality. Further more, based on the
looks of the color, texture and visibility of the mixture, one can determine
the quality of the cement brick. However, this method requires years of on
site experience.
The different sizes that were produced at this Ultra Tech plant,
are as follows-
3.5 inches
5.5 inches
7.5 inches
WHY ARE CEMENT BRICKS BETTER THAN CONVENTIONAL
BRICKS?
There are two main reasons why cement bricks are better than
conventional bricks-
1] Speed - Time plays an important factor when it comes to the
construction industry. Conventionally, bricks are made out of clay
and are baked on the out skirts of the cities or in villages. This
process is a lot slower because the numbers of wet brick moulded
are limited to the number of workers on the site. Further more, the
78
time required to arrange these bricks and bake them is a very time
consuming process.
2] Quality - Quality of construction also plays a very important role in
the field of construction. Conventionally, bricks are made out of
clay. Hence the type of clay utilized in the production of these
bricks is very critical. Further more, depending at what heat, how
long the bricks have been baked and the position of the brocks in
the arrangement of bricks plays an important factor in the
manufacturing of bricks conventionally. Because of which there can
never be a set standard and quality of production. Whereas, cement
bricks are produced by automated machines and can produce the
exact quality cement bricks required for different types of
construction requirements.
CONCLUSION
Ultra Tech’s research in the field of Ready Mix Concrete and
Cement Brick production is definitely seen in the quality of its finished
material. Hence it is easy to understand why their customers choose only
ultra tech.
Thus we can conclude by saying, ready mix concrete and
cement bricks are the construction materials of today and tomorrow.
Leading the construction companies to come up with better quality
structures in less time.
79
DEEPAK
NITRITE
LIMITED
80
INTRODUCTION
We organized an industrial visit to Deepak Nitrite Limited on
the 3rd of March 2011.
"We began with the goal of being self reliant. But destiny took
us beyond boundaries. It is our duty to imagine limitless possibilities and
then achieve it.'' D.C. Mehta, Managing Director
Deepak Nitrite is a leading manufacturer of organic, inorganic,
fine and specialty chemicals and a world leader in 2,4 and 2,6 Xylidine.
Working with our partners, customers, we seek to find better ways to
meet market demands, using innovative processes and methods. Our
people, our technologies and our years of expertise unite to deliver
superior products and services that improve life.
Deepak Nitrite is the preferred business partner of chemical
majors worldwide in Pharma, Rubber, Colorants and Imaging chemicals.
Headquartered at Pune, we are a multi-division and multi-product
company that has manufacturing facilities at Nandesari, in Gujarat and at
Pune, Roha and Taloja in Maharashtra and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh,
all of them complying with ISO 9001:2000 standards.
We are poised to take on the opportunities offered by
globalization, increasing shareholder value, improving opportunities for
our employees, driving greater innovation and seeking sustainable
solutions for the world. We are a signatory to the Responsible Care
initiative and are committed to ethical business practices.
81
FACILITIES
Their head office is in Baroda, with the corporate office in
Pune.
They have five manufacturing facilities at different locations in
the Western part of India that have a logistic advantage being within six
hours from a major port.
82
The company manufactures Inorganic, Organic and Fine &
Specialty chemicals. There are two units in the state of Gujarat and three
units in the state of Maharashtra. The Inorganic Chemicals are produced
at one of the facilities in Gujarat while the Organic and Fine & Specialty
chemicals are produced at the other facilities. One of the facilities is
devoted to the processes Hydrogenation and Reductive Alkylation.
Each of the facilities has DCS controlled operations. The
company's main strengths are Nitration, Chlorination and Hydrogenation.
The manufacturing facilities produce a range of chemicals that
cater to a spectrum of industries like Pharmaceuticals, Colorants,
Agrochemicals, Cosmetics, Water Treatment & Corrosion Prevention,
Rubber and Refineries.
A regular review of the Safety measures and HAZOP study is
undertaken to ensure that the plants and those working there are
protected.
83
MILESTONES
In a short span of 30 years DNL has steadily climbed the steps
of excellence and is continuing in its efforts to reach the top and be the
best. Mentioned on the next page are some of its milestones:
Beyond 2000 Diversification and Consolidation in related
product areas
Acquired Aryan Pesticides Ltd, DASDA
business of Vasant Chemicals Ltd.
1996 Catalytic Hydrogenation plant commissioned
1993 Merit Certificate from CHEMTECH Foundation
1991 Nitro Aromatics plant commissioned
1984 DNL acquires Dyestuff and Intermediates Unit
1982 DNL Promotes Deepak Fertilizers & Petrochem.
Ltd.
1974 P.C. Ray award
1972 Sodium Nitrite Plant commissioned
1971 DNL went Public
1970 DNL Promoted
84
OUR HOST FOR THE DAY
We Interacted with Maulik Mehta who is part of the leadership
team at Deepak Group and presently looks after the production facility
for DASDA at Hyderabad and Raigad, which comes under the Deepak
Nitrite Limited.
“Anything rather everything that you see around you which is
white has DASDA in it” announced Maulik Mehta as he progressed to
showing us the facility at Raigad. Maulik Mehta is the son of Deepak
Mehta who is the Chairman and Managing Director of Deepak Fertilizers
and Petrochemicals. The twenty something scion is part of the leadership
team at Deepak Nitrite, a subsidy of Deepak Fertilizers and
Petrochemicals and looks after the Production facility for DASDA at
Hyderabad and at Raigad. Maulik Mehta completed his schooling from
85
Pune, his graduation at the University of Liverpool specializing in
Business and did his masters in Organizational Psychology.
PROCESS
Deepak Nitrite manufactures DASDA that is used in the
manufacture of Optical Brightening Agents (OBA). OBAs are consumed
by the paper, textile and detergent industry. DASDA is a chemical which
is procured from Peranitra Nitra Tolene(PNT).There is a 3 stage process
which is associated with it.
1st - Sulphonation
2nd - Oxidation
3rd – Reduction
This process is a highly volatile process and requires a lot of
constant monitoring. It also requires a lot of precision to produce the best
quality DASDA in the world.
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THE KEY ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION
The Key elements to making DASDA are PNT, Devon, Soda
Ash, Iron, and Caustic Acid. PNT, Devon and the nitrates are produced
in-house. The only element that is procured from outside is the Sulphuric
Nitrite which is purchased from B.A.S.F in Germany.
THE GREEN FACTOR
Deepak Nitrite’s plant at Raigad has an annual production
capacity of 1000 tones of DASDA per year. It’s the only plant that is
pollution neutral eg. Negligent waste. This is something, which makes the
company hold their head high. The Waste, which is produced, is let out
into the river as it is H20 (water). Mr. Mehta did mention that the plant at
Raigad could recycle the water by heating it and converting it to water
vapor. They are in process of building a plant, which can triple the
production to over 4000 tones of DASDA.
THE CUSTOMERS
The DASDA is sold to the suppliers all over the world. Deepak
Nitrate as of 2011 is the best producer of DASDA in terms of quality.
They are surpassed by China in terms of Pricing. Though the amount is
Negligible the Chinese are able to manipulate the market as they have a
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very large production capacity. Though, the Chinese Producers take over
2 months to deliver DASDA due to logistical disadvantages, Deepak
Nitrite can do it 2 days at any given time. Deepak Nitrite Sells DASDA to
Europe, South America, Asia. Deepak Nitrite enjoys healthy relations
with most suppliers. The market for DASDA is very open as most
suppliers rely on more than one producer for their supply. They received
a major jolt in 2006 with the acquisition of the largest producer of
DASDA in the world – Vasant Chemicals.
Vasant Chemicals enjoyed a 24% share of the market for
DASDA. With all the highs being given, we noted Mr. Mehta shrug as he
informed us though they are maintain extremely good relations with
many suppliers they never get into a long term contract with any supplier,
when we enquired how long he was talking we were astonished to learn
he said 6 months.
Deepak Nitrites gets into contracts only for orders given on the
spot and no long-term commitment. But, on the other hand, they grantees
to deliver anywhere in the world within 2 days. Thus beating China, their
competitor who takes very long for deliveries.
CONCLUSION
At the end of an enriching experience that we received by
visiting the facility of Deepak Nitrite in Raigad, We understood the way
the white was produced, by the addition of a chemical element called
DASDA. We understood how the market has evolved in different
situations.
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BAKER
GAUGES
89
INTRODUCTION
We organized an industrial visit to Baker Gauges Pvt. Ltd. on
the 3rd of March 2011. It was a very well organized day trip to the factory,
where we got a chance to study the various steps and procedures involved
in the production of precision gauges.
OUR TOUR GUIDE- MR. TAIZOON BAKER
[MR. TAIZOON BAKER, DIRECTOR]
We were given the privilege of being shown around and
articulated about the various elements involved in a business such as
Baker Pvt. Ltd. by one of their Directors itself, Mr. Taizoon Baker. He
has done his schooling from St. Vincent’s High School, his undergraduate
in business from the University of Pune and his masters from United
Kingdom. He joint his family business shortly after that, and has been
working for the past 5 years.
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BAKER GAUGES- PAST TO PRESENT
Baker gauges was established in 1962, HIP division of Baker
Gauges India Private Limited in collaboration with Horst man Gauge and
Metrology of England, started with the manufacture of plain and thread
plug gauges for the very first time in India.
This experience of over a decade in manufacturing gauges
instilled the confidence to venture into another collaboration in 1972 with
Thomas Mercer again of England. This was for the manufacture of Dial,
Air and Electronic Gauges.
Baker pioneered this process in India. Fired with a ‘passion for
precision’ today Baker leads in India’s catering to the needs of the
Engineering metal working industries, not only in India but also now all
over the world. This consistency in precise manufacturing has won us the
Awards for Export excellence consistently for over 18 years.
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Performance of both divisions has resulted in consistent
exports, which today are to over 50 countries worldwide. Today both
divisions are certified to ISO 9001 - 2008 Quality Management Systems
and have independent calibration laboratories with over 100 cubic meters
of precisely controlled environment NABL (National Board for
Certification of Calibration Laboratories) accredited complying to ISO
17025 standard. Our calibration equipment consisting of SIP, IBB Laser
Twin check and Carl Zeiss horizontal metro scopes, IAC &Talyrond form
testers, Talysurf surface analyzer etc are periodically calibrated by laser
interferometer by NPL Delhi. Similarly our standards are traceable to
International as well as National standards.
WHAT IS THEIR AIM?
Their aim has been sophistication & honing our skills in this
technology. Having a state of the art infrastructure that consists of latest
special CNC and other special purpose machines, modern surface
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treatment plant, complete heat treatment facility and of course our
greatest asset, experienced personnel – a combination required for
producing this niche product.
THEIR VISION?
Gauge manufacturing is a passion first and then a business. A
business, where there is confluence of technology and artisanship. These
are the people who understand a micron because of their passion for
precision.
Having established in 1962, the company made foray into
overseas market for the first time by dispatching its consignment to
Canada in 1978. Much water has flowed under the bridge since then. Till
date, the company has won the coveted export excellence award of the
Government of India for the past 18 consecutive years in the precision
instruments category all types.
THEIR PRODUCTS
1) DIAL GAUGES -
Dial Gauges are one of the most commonly used instruments in
all types of metal working industry. At the BMI division of Baker Gauges
India Private Limited, three main types of dial gauges - plunger type,
lever type and back plunger type - are manufactured. BAKER dial gauges
are a combination of excellent metrological attributes, superior raw
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materials and workmanship. To meet diverse requirements of customers,
wide variety of dial gauges in different readings, different travels,
different mounting styles and conforming to different National &
International calibration standards are produced.
[PLUNGER TYPE OF GAUGE]
2) MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS-
Under this category they have two types of instruments:
Vernier Callpers -
Vernier Calipers are available in two types - one with fine
adjustment and one without fine adjustment Robust, Hardened and
Ground stainless steel jaws and beam. Supplied in a sleek plastic box.
With calibration certificate giving specified and actual values.
Dial Callpers -
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Dial Calipers with clear high contrast readable dial. Clear,
Easy to read graduated dial with Adjustable Bezel. Robust, Hardened and
Ground stainless steel jaws and beam. Supplied in a sleek plastic box.
With calibration certificate giving specified and actual values.
3) AIR GAUGES-
For years, they have seen successful uses of air gages. They
have seen them being used to measure diameters, tapers, straightness and
even little bitty holes. Air gauging has always proven to be an excellent
choice for fast, easy-to-use and reliable, high performance dimensional
gauging. Simple & easy to use with high proven reliability, it forms an
important part of manufacturing.
Over the years, air gauging has remained basically the same:
steel plugs or rings with precision orifices that result in a pressure verses
distance curve when in use. As the orifice is restricted, flow is reduced
and pressure builds up in the system.
This principle is used to monitor the distance between the air
jet (orifice) face and the part surface.
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[BAKER PFL AIR PLUG GAUGES AND SETTING
RINGS]
Baker Gauges has been manufacturing and supplying air
gauges now for the past three decades. After this long experience we can
without any doubt state that today also Air gauging has high applicability
and suitability - reliability wise, speed of gauging wise and most
importantly in today’s competitive world, cost wise. As tolerances have
gotten tighter on the shop floor, air gauging is often the only way to make
the check fast and easy for the operator.
Baker Gauges offers a wide range of Air gauging for internal as
well as external dimensions, relational parameters like face run outs,
straightness, taper, multiple bore & shaft diameters.
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[AIR RING AND SETTING RINGS AIR CALLPERS & SETTING
DISCS]
Baker PFL.
Air plug Gauges and setting rings.
Air ring and setting rings.
Air Callpers and setting Discs.
4) ELECTRONIC GAUGES-
Today all the quality management systems are asking for “feel
of the pulse of the manufacturing process”.
Electronic gauges provide this with their ability to offer best of
both the worlds i.e. They excel in meeting conventional requirements of
gauging like precision, accuracy, flexibility and stability and at the same
time, they offer facility to capture & dump data in a computer for further
processing and analysis.
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Twin Channel Electronic Comparators.
Microprocessor based twin channel electronic comparators
Electronic probes
Add-on modules.
5) SPECIAL GAUGING-
Gauging is essential to any production – Today it forms an
integral part of the manufacturing activity. When done inline to
production, as a part of the process, time spent is not at all significant.
The operator operates the gauge or the gauging machine just like his
machine. This is a cell concept that also ensures quality of all parts
produced and also immediate feedback to the operator in case correction
is required. Now a days manufacturing technology is changing to increase
the speed and efficiency of the process and to complement the Gauging
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technology also. Not all parameters essentially need gauging –
parameters, which are responsible for functional reliability, need to be
checked and this is the job of their Technical Service Department does –
“Application Engineering” - to give the Customer an optimized gauging
solution.
Over the years, they have manufactured customized gauging
for a set of components so many times, that they have today become
industry standard, like the connecting rod fixture to measure bend, twist
and center distance, fixture to measure center distance between crank pin
and journal of two wheeler crankshafts, match gauging to find out the
interference or clearance between mating parts , taper gauging fixtures
etc. This has been achieved through in depth Application Engineering
exercises that they have carried out to understand the component and the
manufacturing processes. This gave them the cutting edge needed to
deliver total solutions to the satisfaction of the Customer. As a part of
continuous technology development, the company also has developed
expertise in computerized gauging with semi-auto and fully automatic
machines.
From, years of experience, they have identified some good
gauging practices while handling customized gauging projects.
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Special Gauging fixtures.
Contact Gauging.
6) AIR ELECTRONIC GAUGING SYSTEM-
Air Electronic Converter Module and 2045 Electronic column
unit- Combined advantages of non-contact air sensing and high precision
electronics. RS232 data output available for further processing like
machine control through relay output or for SPC. Can be supplied with
analogue, column or digital readout units. Has visual indication - Yellow,
Green and Red lamps directly indicate 'oversize'- 'OK'- 'undersize'
conditions. Audio indication for out of tolerance condition is possible.
Availability of multiple magnifications (ranges).
Air Electronic 2045 AE unit- Air Electronic Column Unit
with Microprocessor. Built in Air to Electronic converter, allows it to be
used as Air Electronic read out unit with enhanced capability. Slim design
makes it very convenient for multi-gauging - can banked within a small
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space. Working on the differential principle and virtually maintenance
free. Can be adapted for single parameter, match gauging or relational
gauging applications in a multi-gauging environment.
Air Gauging
Automated Air Gauging
7) MASTER SETTING RINGS/DISCS-
Used for setting any kind of internal or external measuring
instruments like horizontal comparators, dial bore gauges etc. Made from
oil hardening non-shrinking gauge steel, hardened and tempered to 60-62
HRC. Subzero treated at -80ºC for long-term dimensional stability.
Actual dimensions duly etched. Calibrated at 20ºC under Standards Room
Conditions against Nationally/Internationally traceable masters.
Certificate of calibration is provided along with each master traceable to
national length standards.
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[MASTER SETTING RINGS/DISCS]
PROCESS
The process for manufacturing for each product is different. As
the products produced are precision products, each micrometer counts.
However, the process in general is a three-stage process.
High Precision CNC – In this stage of production the components
required for the assembly are crafted from solid metal bars with the help
of the computerized high precision CNC machines.
Assembly- In this process, the components manufactures from the
CNC machines are put together. This is a very delicate process where the
slightest micrometer counts.
Calibration- In this process, all the assembled products are
calibrated to the highest precision. This is the process, which either
makes or breaks the products.
Testing- In this process the assembled product is vigorously tested
to make sure that products are calibrated to the highest precision.
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THE CUSTOMERS
This highly prestigious company has customers from all over
the India as well as globe. A few countries that are customers for this
company are given below-
Japan
Germany
United States of America
Korea
China and so on.
NATIONAL SALES AND DISTRIBUTION
• Network of eight Branches and Dealers all over India to
provide prompt and efficient service.
• All products are supplied with calibration certificates giving
actual values traceable to National or International Standards at
no extra cost.
• Qualified and trained Sales Engineers placed all over India to give
solutions for various gauging applications.
• Customer Support Services - After Sales Service through one window is
the basis on which our Customer Support Services is set to operate The
Customer Support Services (CSS) department provides the
communication link to our Customer for information on Deliveries,
Customer Complaints, Product Service needs and Customer's Calibration
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requirement.
• Service Technicians at all Branches for quick after sales service and
maintenance of our products.
• Technical S ervices dept to give cost effective solutions to various types
of gauging applications.
• Efficient sales and marketing dept to support branches, actual users and
dealers all over India.
INTERNATIONAL SALES AND DISTRIBUTUION
CONCLUSION
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Today, after 48 years of experience in manufacturing various
types of gauges and instruments in the field of Dimensional Metrology
Baker gauges has come a long way in perfecting this precision
technology. Today the group of companies produces a wide range-right
from a simple gauge or an instrument to the higher end masters and
gauging machines and by far stands at being the largest manufacturer of
Gauges and measuring instruments in the country.
THE
GUEST
LECTURES105
MERGERS
&
ACQUISITIONS
BY;
VIVEK SADHALE
106
INTRODUCTION
Mr. Vivek Sadhale conducted a guest lecture on ‘Mergers &
Acquisitions’ in our third semester. He is a company secretary and head-
Legal. He is responsible for corporate secretarial, legal, corporate
governance issues at Persistent Systems, which is one of the leading
outsourced software product development company with a turnover of
about U.S. $125+ million and a staff of about 5000+.
Mr. Vivek Sadhale brings over 14 years of extensive
experience with an expertise spread over numerous fields including
successful completion of I.P.O., top venture capitals and private equity
funding, mergers and acquisitions, joint venture agreements, handling
work with reputed Indian business men and multinational organizations.
He is also well versed with the finance field and treasury function. One of
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his significant contributions was in establishing and implementing
‘Employee stock option’.
MERGERS AND AMALGAMATIONS
According to section 2(1A) of the Income Tax Act of 1961,
mergers or amalgamations is defined as the merger of one or more
companies with another company or the merger of 2 or more companies
(called amalgamations) to form a new company (called amalgamated
company) in such a way that all assets and liabilities of the amalgamating
company or companies becomes assets and liabilities of the amalgamated
company and shareholders holding not less than nine tenth in value of the
shares in the amalgamating company or companies, becomes
shareholders of the amalgamated company. Mergers may take place in
the two following forms;
1] Mergers through Absorption-
Absorption is a combination of two or more companies into an
existing company. In this type, all the companies except one loose their
identity in a merger through absorption. Example, absorption of Tata
Fertilizers Ltd. By Tata Chemicals Ltd.
2] Mergers through Consolidation-
In consolidation, combination of two or more companies into a
new company takes place. In these companies are legally dissolved and a
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new entry is created. Example, consolidation of Hindustan Computers
Ltd., Indian Software Companies Ltd. and Indian Reprographics in 1986
into a new entity called H.C.L. (Hindustan Computers Ltd.).
The various types of mergers are as follows;
1] Horizontal Merger-
If two or more firms dealing in similar lines of activities
combine together.
2] Vertical Merger-
If two or more firms involved in different stages of production
or distribution combine.
3] Conglomerate Merger-
Combination of two or more unrelated firms combine.
Example, the Walt Disney Company and the American Broadcasting
Company.
ACQUISITION
The art of acquiring effective control, by one company over
assets or management of another company without any combination of
companies is called acquisition. Thus acquisition of two or more
companies may remain independent and separate legal entities. However
there may be change in the control of the companies. Example, Google
taking over You- tube.
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WHY SHOULD MERGERS OR ACQUISITIONS BE
CARRIED OUT?
According to Mr. Vivek Sadhale, there are various valid
reasons for doing so-
Limit competition.
Utilize underutilized market power.
Overcome problems of slow growth and profitability in an
industry.
Achieve diversification
Increasing income with proportionally less investment.
Utilize underutilized resources like human, physical and
managerial skills.
Maintaining or accelerating a company’s growth particularly when
the internal growth is constrained due to paucity of resources.
Circumvent government regulations.
Enhancing profitability through cost reductions.
Diversifying the risk of the company.
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Reducing tax liability, because of the provisions of setting of
accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation of a perpendicular
company against the profits of another.
Creating company’s goodwill.
Other motives;
a) Eliminating the financial constraints.
b) Deploying surplus cash.
c) Enhancing debt capacity.
d) Lowering the financial costs.
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR MERGERS AND
ACQUISITIONS
To pave the way for acquiring a company to gain more market
share and further create a more efficient operation out of the
combined companies by closing high cost plants and eliminating
surplus capacity industry wide. For example, the merger of
Daimler Benz and Chrysler.
To expand companies geographic coverage.
To extend the companies business into new product categories. For
example, Pepsi acquiring Quaker Oats.
To gain quick access to new technology and avoid time consuming
research and development. For example, Cisco systems purchasing
75 technological companies. Intel as well, made 300 acquisitions
since 1997 to broaden its technology.
HOW ARE MERGERS AND ACQUSITIONS CARRIED
OUT?
111
According to Mr. Vivek Sadhale, there are a number of
strategies and planning techniques that are involved in carrying out
mergers or acquisitions. Some of the major pointers are as follows-
Planning-
The acquisition firm should review its objectives of
acquisitions in interest of its strengths, weaknesses and corporate goals.
Search and Screening-
Search focuses on how and where to look for suitable
candidates for acquisitions. The screening process short-lists the
candidates from the lot.
Financial Evaluation-
Financial evaluation of a merger is needed to determine the
earnings and cash flows, areas of risk, the maximum price payable to the
target company and the best way to finance the merger.
WHY DO MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS FAIL?
All mergers and acquisitions are not always successful. Most
of the time they fail (90%) or create more problems for the companies.
Combining the operations of two companies, especially large and
complex ones, often entail formidable resistance from rank and form
organization members, hard to resolve conflicts in management styles and
corporate cultures. Cost saving, expertize sharing, enhancing competitive
capabilities, etc. may take longer to actually materialize, if they ever do.
A few of the problems that usually arise are mentioned below-
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Due to increased size, resources may not be utilized efficiently and
may lead to mismanagement.
Goodwill of each firm in the market may be lost due to the changed
identity.
Organizations may become unmanageable after the merger due to
the individual problems of the merger companies.
The process of merging is not so simple, it requires the approval of
a majority of shareholders of the company.
MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN INDIA
In today’s corporate world, the process of mergers and
acquisition has gained substantial importance. This process is being used
extensively for restructuring business organizations. After liberalization
and economic reforms, a lot of challenges were faced in the Indian and
international organizations. Increased competition in the global market
has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as
strategic choices. A few key factors are mentioned below-
Government policies, which are favorable.
Economic stability.
Additional liquidity in corporate sector.
Dynamic attitude and risk taking by the Indian entrepreneurs.
A few notable mergers and acquisitions are given below-
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Tata Steel acquired Corus Group plc. The acquisition deal
amounted to $12,000 million.
The acquisition of Daewoo Electronics Corp. by Videocon
involved transaction of $729 million.
Hindalco acquired Canada based Novelis. The deal involved
transaction of $5,982 million.
Ranbaxy Labs acquired Terapia SA. The deal amounted to $324
million.
Suzlon Energy acquired Hansen Group through a deal of $565
million.
HPCL acquired Kenya Petroleum Refinery Ltd. The deal amounted
to $500 million.
VSNL acquired Teleglobe through a deal of $239 million.
CONCLUSION
Mergers and acquisitions are a crucial part of the business
world. However, before jumping into a merger or acquisition, companies
have to analyze their decision from each and every perspective, as this
venture may lead to a situation that may make or break the merger or
acquisition. Companies have to invest a large part of their capital for this
purpose. However, 90% of mergers and acquisition result into failure due
to lack of information, too many assumptions, or wrong decisions by
management. Therefore, the appropriate information needs to be gathered
before hand, each aspect needs to reviewed and analyzed, and everything
should be carried out systematically and patiently to avoid unstudied
commitments or uncalculated risks.
114
BY;
MRS.MANISHA GUTMAN
115
INTRODUCTION
Mrs.Manisha Gutman conducted a seminar on social
enterprises, an ethical business on the 13th of January 2011. She is the
co- founder of a profit making enterprise called Eco -exist. The
organization was established in 2006. Eco- exist is a social enterprise
whose mission is to promote environment sensitive products through
socially sensitive means. They believe in living with co- existence and
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harmony of all living beings on our planet Earth. Every human being
should love, care and protect nature. The frog, the company’s mascot
stands for the creature for balancing the ecosystem.
WHAT IS A SOCIAL ENTERPRISE?
Social enterprises are social mission driven organizations,
which apply market-based strategies to achieve a social purpose. The
movement includes both non-profits that use business models to pursue
their mission and for-profits whose primary purposes are social. Their
aim – to accomplish targets that are social and/or environmental as well
as financial – is often referred to as the triple bottom line. Investment in
social enterprises is often now referred to as "blended value investment."
Many commercial businesses would consider themselves to have social
objectives, but social enterprises are distinctive because their social or
environmental purpose remains central to their operation.
Thus we can say, a regular enterprise is one that has an
objective of achieving monetary gains while a social enterprise has an
objective of social and environmental gain.
What is eCoexist? An NGO or a company?
Ecoexist is a social enterprise. This concept, which is fairly
new to India, has been defined in several ways. Here is the one from
Wikipedia that clearly applies to us. 'Social enterprises are social mission
driven organizations which trade in goods or services for a social
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purpose. Their aim to accomplish targets that are social and
environmental as well as financial is often referred to as having a triple
bottom line. Social enterprises are profit-making businesses set up to
tackle a social or environmental need. Many commercial businesses
would consider themselves to have social objectives, but social
enterprises are distinctive because their social or environmental purpose
is central to what they do.Rather than maximizing shareholder value, their
main aim is to generate profit to further their social and environmental
goals. Therefore some commentators describe them as 'not-for-profit' as
their profits are not (at least primarily) distributed to financial investors.
Others dislike the term as it suggests they have an unbusiness like
attitude. An ingenious solution to this quandary is to call them for 'more-
than-profit' (a term used at the Social Enterprise Institute Conference,
Heriot-Watt University, in 2003).'
THE TEAM OF ECO- EXIST
Lolita Gupta -
Lolita is a educationist who after several years of primary
school teaching, handles all the aspects of operations at eco- exist. Lolita
believes that eco- exist brings her unexpected new opportunities to learn.
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[ABIDA KHAN, LOLITA GUPTA & MANISHA GUTMAN]
Abida Khan-
Several years of experience of working with an NGO called
'Saathi'. Working with them, she has learned a unique set of skills and
acquired the endurance required to train women in new skills outside
their comfort zone. Abida has also acquired a highly refined sense of
aesthetics and design. She spends most of her time with women prisoners
at the Yerwada Jail, teaching them patchwork.
Natalie Leek-
Based in Cleveland, Ohio, Natalie Leek has been one of the
first ones to believe in the mission of eco- exist. She can be contacted for
119
enquiries about their work and to see samples of their products in the
United States of America.
Bhushan Krishnan-
[ BHUSHAN KRISHNAN, MANISHA GUTMAN & LOLITA GUPTA]
K C Bhushan, alumni of IIT and IIM, created and managed his
own IT software company called Cashtech which employed 400 people,
for several years before selling it to turn to more socially sensitive
activities. Currently he is on the team of MUKTA, an NGO that addresses
issues around AIDS, and continues to be on the advisory board of
Cashtech. His training and experience, give him strong business skills,
while holding deep social and environmental values. Bhushan, has been
advising eCoexist on development of a business plan and unfoldment of
its vision. His experience in running his own company provides us
invaluable grounding in management and financial strategies.
Mona Doctor-
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[ NATALIE LEEK, MONA DOCTOR & MANISHA GUTMAN]
Mona Doctor, has been an independent businesswoman for
past two decades, owning and directing a large printing firm in Mumbai.
She holds a Diploma in Natural Resource Management and has worked
with the Friends of the Earth in the UK. She is a member of the Executive
Council of the Trusteeship Foundation, an organisation that promotes the
concept of Trusteeship amongst the business world and helps produce a
news magazine called Gandhi Today. She comes from a family of
freedom fighters and has had close contact with Gandhian philosophies
and principles.
Sunil Jalihal-
Sunil Jalihal, is an entrepreneur and green products, organic food
enthusiast. IT professional by training, he worked for CMC, Wipro, and
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Hewlett-Packard before co-founding a few technology start-ups in the
telecom, mobile data services space. His earlier start-ups have been
venture funded by JP Morgan Chase, Reuters Greenhouse Fund, and Intel
Capital among others. He has a keen interest in art, HR and community
concepts, green architecture and gourmet food. He is currently co-
authoring a book – Romancing The Chilly and running MobiMedia a new
technology start-up in Pune. He believes in “bringing together people
with passion and energy to create sustainable products and concepts”.
There are many more team members and volunteers who have
helped eco- exist to reach its position. Volunteers like Daisy Wadia,
Alison Down, Sheefalika Misra, etc are few of the members helping
make a difference.
THE PRODUCTS OF ECO- EXIST
The organization recommends four products:-
1] The Natural Holi Colors-
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These natural holly colors are made with all natural products,
which protect people from getting skin disorders. These colors are made
of the flowers, which are used in various festivals like 'Ganesh Chaturti'.
2] Natural Clay-
'Ganesh Chaturti' is festivals, which is been celebrated, by most
of the Indians and the Ganesh Idols are made of Plaster of Paris, which
pollutes the rivers, as it is not soluble in water. Eco- exist introduced
Ganesh Idols made of natural clay, which is eco friendly.
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3] Recycled Paper-
The eco- exist reuses paper for making A4 size, recycled
paper, tissue napkins and tissue rolls.
4] Cloth Bags-
As we all know that plastic bags are affecting the environment,
therefore eco- exist has introduced cloth bags, which help in saving the
environment.
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THE NETWORK OF ECO- EXIST
Eco- exist works with a network of environmental and social
organizations, corporates and government organizations to achieve its
goals. They include:-
1] Environmental Groups-
Kalpavriuksh environment action group
Toxics link
Oikas, Pune
Earthworms, Goa
Centre for environment education, Pune
2] Social Development Groups-
Kriti, Delhi
Sena Sahyog
Akansha, Mumbai
Rotary Club of Pune Central
Disha
3] Corporate Groups-
Infosys
Seimens
Cybage
Suzlon
Thermax
4] Government Organizations-
Yerwada central jail, womens cell
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Maharashtra pollution control board
They also have several stores that support them by stocking
their products. The stores include-
The Bombay store, Mumbai, Pune & Banglore
Spencers Hypermart, Mumbai & Pune
Either Or, Pune
Nilaya, Pune
Big Bazar, Pune
Temple Tree, Pune
WHAT DOES ECO- EXIST BELIEVE IN?
1] The Environment-
Eco- exist would like to revive the awareness of the beauty and
power of nature into everyday urban lives. They believe that when the
human heart inspires the love for nature, it would naturally want to
protect it. They help people to recognize the deep impact that their
choices have on the environment.
2] Social Justice-
Eco- exist believes that harmony within oneself and with each
other leads to a harmony with the environment. They strive towards this
harmony by process of inclusion and sharing. All their work is joyful as
they believe in celebrating and enjoying life.
3] Craft and Livelihood-
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Eco- exist believes in creating beauty by reviving crafts that
originally used natural materials. They also promote technologies and
new materials that are eco- sensitive. All the products provide a source of
livelihood to socially unprivileged groups.
CONCLUSION
From the seminar we learnt that the motive of running a
business should not be just profit and its maximization, but it should also
have social responsibility. Businessmen should also direct a part of their
profits for social welfare. The company should produce such goods which
are eco friendly. Every human being should love, care and protect the
environment, as our choices have a direct impact on the environment and
our very existence depends on the environment. As a youth of India we
should understand our responsibilities towards the environment and other
human beings so that we can lead our country onto a path of green
progress and green development.
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MARKETING LECTURE
BY;
MR. T. G. PARAM
INTRODUCTION
A lecture, ‘Role of Marketing for Growth of Industry’ was
organized on the 18th of January 2011 by Mr. T. G. Param. He spoke
about the various aspects of marketing and how each of them function in
the real world.
Mr. T. G. Param is an engineer from I.I.T. Madras and has also
received his PGDM from I.I.M Calcutta. He has about 30 years work
experience in various countries like India, Canada and Brazil. He was the
CEO of a plastic manufacturing company in Brazil and vice- president of
a trading company in Toronto, Canada. He has also worked in India in the
areas of marketing, research and advertising. He has spent the last 20
years working abroad. He was a visiting faculty for the I.I.M’s and
currently is part of the faculty at Symbiosis, Pune.
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MARKETING SCENARIO PRE- LIBERALIZATION
According to Mr. T. G. Param, India, prior to liberalization had
very few industries. As a result of which, consumers were left with very
few or no choices even in basic products like automobiles, mopeds,
telephones, cement, housing, television channels, etc. As people were left
with a very minimal margin of choice, industries had the ball in their
court and found it very easy to manipulate the market. They didn’t have
to carry out any marketing besides ‘the word of mouth’, because of
which, very comfortable margin of profits were earned to benefit on.
MARKETING SCENARIO POST- LIBERALIZATION
According to Mr. T. G. Param, liberalization is responsible for
what marketing is today in India. After liberalization there was an
emergence of a number of companies [ Indian as well as MNC’s] as a
result there was an explosion of products and brands. There were a
number of choices in front of consumers. As a result of this companies
faced immense pressure of competition and the only way to survive in
this competition was through marketing.
WHAT IS MARKETING IN THE TRUE SENCE?
According to Mr. T. G. Param, marketing was not just limited
to buying and selling of goods but it is a very broad term that includes
sales, advertising, brand management, (consumer or behavior), research
or logistics, packing, prices, new product development or its
conceptualization. All these are also called the elements of marketing.
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THE ELEMENTS OF MARKETING
1] SALES-
It is the most essential part of marketing after 1930, certain
social and economic changes took place which resulted in a shift from
agriculture to industry, transport and communication systems developed
and mass production became the order of the day. This resulted in an
increase in competition. In this century, it is no longer possible to sell
everything that is manufactured. Hence the manufacturers were forced to
increase their sales. For this he had to have an effective sales organization
choose the right channel of distribution, sales promotion etc.
2] ADVERTISING-
Advertising media is a mean through which advertises
communicate their message to prospects to influence them to purchase
their products or services advertised. There are various media of
advertising that can be used like ‘The Press’, which includes television
and radio advertising cable and cinema advertisements. It is a
communication medium for the producers. There is a huge career in
advertising mostly in MNC’S. Advertisement of a product is what molds
the image of the product in the mind of most consumers. Hence, must be
handled with care.
3] MARKET RESEARCH-
Market Research is the systematic and exhausting search for and
study of facts relevant to any problem in the field of marketing. Market
research helps management to take decisions on the basis of research
findings. It’s not restricted to a particular type of problem, but rather, can
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help in finding a solution to any type of problem faced by the marketing
department.
4] BRAND MANAGEMENT-
Brand management is the most concrete job in marketing. It is
also responsible for strategy planning, advertising, promotion, and
profitability of a brand. Procter & Gamble in the United States of
America started this concept and it is a very strong in fast moving
consumer goods (FMCG’s).
5] OTHER MARKETING ELEMENTS-
In consumer behavior, the consumer’s tastes or preferences are
been taken into consideration. The packaging design has to be thought out
in a manner that will make the consumer want to purchase your product.
The pricing is also a key factor to a product. Depending on the class of
the product it can be classified into the high market or not. Thus also
making it a very key factor.
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SKILLS REQUIRED FOR MARKETING MANAGERS
The requirements for being a good marketing manager, one
need to have an MBA qualification and should have good communication
skills. One needs to have the ability to interact with people, a lot of
energy, willingness and creative thinking. One should have the spark in
their soul that makes them able to sell any product, anywhere, anytime.
This ability is what separates the managers from the MANAGERS!
CONSUMER TOUCH POINTS
This is the biggest challenge for most of the producers and
marketing managers, is how to convince the consumer that their product
is right for them. How to make the consumer believe that without the
purchase of that product life will end. It is very crucial that the producers
maintain consistency in the quality and standards of their products and
their name for attracting the consumers.
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MASTER CONCLUSION
From this project, we have learned a lot about the business
world, which has definitely broadened our horizons to set and achieve
more challenging goals.
The theory chapters have given us a detailed study about
industry and its types. Because of which our vision towards a business is
clearer and gets us sub consciously analyzing every business. Thus
getting us to think like real businessmen.
The industrial visits have given us an inside on the various
elements that take place in a production-based industry. Thus teaching us
all the procedures that take place before a good is finally transformed into
a finished good. It also gives us an idea of what types of markets there are
in the real world. Thus giving us different perspectives when we look at
the industrial world.
The guest lectures by the reputed speakers have painted
beautiful pictures about the topics that they spoke about. They gave us the
bright and dark side of all the various elements that are out there in the
business world.
Thus I can conclude by saying, my personal outlook towards
the business world has definitely changed for the better and given me
more confidence of what to expect when setting my feet into the real
business world.
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BIBLOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com
www.ultratech.com
www.katrajdairy.com
www.deepaknitrite.com
www.ucla.edu/business
www.google.com
www.google.com/images
www.bing.com
www.ecoexist.com
www.bakergauges.com
Philip Kotler
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