Applications of NASA NO2 and SO2 Products
NASA Remote Sensing Training
LADCO, March 12-15 , 2012
ARSET
Applied Remote Sensing Education and Training
A project of NASA Applied Sciences
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)
Retrieval ProductsColumn Amounts-Ozone (O3)-Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)-Sulfur Dioxide: (SO2)-OthersAerosols
One of four sensors on the EOS-Aura platform (OMI, MLS, TES, HIRDLS)
An international project: Holland, USA, Finland Launched on 07-15-04
Courtesy of OMAR Torres
3
Trace Gases and Applications
• Monitoring point source pollution trends
• Estimating trace Gas Emissions Inventories
• Satellite derived surface NO2 mixing ratios
• Estimating the ozone production rate (not covered in this course, but included in presentation)
Continuous Emission Monitoring System -- Absolute Changes
OMI Trop. NO2 -- % change
July 2008 vs. July 2005NASA Funded Project (PI: Ken Pickering, co-I Ana Prados)
PA: +11%KY: + 7%Based on EPA NOx Budget TradingProgram Progress Reports
Large decreases in Central U.S due to point source emission controls
July 2005 NO2 Height of marker proportionalto NEI-2002 NOx emissions
Source: OMI NO2 from NASA AVDC; EGU locations from USA EPA
NO2 Trends: Regions of Interest over China
Zhang et. al., GRL, 2009
Satellite NO2 trends over China
• OMI Instrument detects emerging “hot spots” due to new coal plant construction
• Increase in satellite NO2 in these source regions from 2005 to 2007
Zhang et. al., GRL, 2009
2005 2007 Ratio:2007/2005
East
Central
West
Using SO2 to monitor point source pollution trends
OMI data indicate a 40% decline in SO2 pollution from the largest US coal power plants
V. Fioletov, C. McLinden , N. Krotkov , M. Moran , K. Yang, Estimation of SO2 emissions using OMI retrievals, 2011, GRL, under review
2005-2007 2008-2010
1) OMI can see individual SO2 emission sources in the US 2) There is a high correlation (~0.9) between SO2 emissions and OMI data 3) OMI confirms a decline in SO2 emissions as a result of pollution control
measures
0.0-0.3 0.3 0.6 DU
US Source #1.Bowen Coal Power Plant, Georgia (3500 MW), SO2 emissions: 170 kT in 2006
“In 2008, the mammoth construction program yielded the first scrubbers, sophisticated equipment that will reduce our overall systems emissions by as much as 90 percent”
Georgia Power website
2005-2007 2008-2010
0.0-0.3 0.3 0.6 DU
V. Fioletov, et al., 2011
Observed increases in 2005-2006 due to additional coal plantsDecreases in 2008 due to implementation of FGD (flue gas desulphurization) controls
2005 2006 2007 2008
Can et. al., GRL, 2009.
SO2 Power Plant Emissions in China
12
Trace Gases and Applications
• Satellite derived surface NO2 mixing ratios • Estimating trace Gas Emissions Inventories
• Monitoring point source pollution trends
Estimating Satellite Based Surface NO2
NO2 Column
S → Surface Concentration
Ω → Tropospheric column
In Situ
GEOS-Chem
Model Profile
OM
MO S
S
Method: Solar backscatter
Scattering by Earth surface and atmosphere
l2l1
Courtesy of Randall Martin
Ground-Level Afternoon NO2 Inferred From OMI for 2005
Lok Lamsal
Also available atat: http://fizz.phys.dal.ca/~atmos/
Note: this is a research product and not an official NASA product
15
Trace Gases and Applications
• Satellite derived surface NO2 mixing ratios • Estimating trace Gas Emissions Inventories
• Monitoring point source pollution trends
NO2 Emission Inventories are Notoriously Difficult to Determine
Satellite Observations of NO2 for Emission Inventory Development
Satellite Tropospheric NO2 (1015 molec cm-2) NOx emissions (1011 atoms N cm-2 s-1)
Martin et al., 2006
Inverse Modeling
Application of Satellite Observations to NOx Emission Inventory updates
Use Chemical Transport Model (CTM) to Calculate Local Sensitivity of Changes in Trace Gas Column to Changes in Emissions
Local sensitivity of column changes to emissions changes
Fractional Change in Emissions
Fractional Change in Trace Gas Column
Lamsal et al., GRL, 2011
Forecast Inventory for 2009 Based on Bottom-up for 2006 and Monthly OMI NO2 for 2006-2009
Temporary Dataset Until Bottom-Up Inventory Available
ΔE = B ΔΩ
OMI Derived Fractional NO2 Emissions Changes in North America
(2010 NO2– 2005 NO2)
Lamsal et al., GRL, 2011Also available at: http://fizz.phys.dal.ca/~atmos/
Note: this is a research product and not an official NASA product
20
Trace Gases and Applications
• Satellite derived surface NO2 mixing ratios • Estimating trace Gas Emissions Inventories
• Monitoring point source pollution trends
• Estimating the ozone production rate
Using satellite based formaldehyde and NO2 for
estimating ozone production potential
• Isoprene and HCHO are VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and precursors to tropospheric ozone formation
• HCHO is a product of isoprene oxidation
• Variation in the concentration of HCHO
can serve as a proxy for variation of isoprene
HCHO (Formaldehyde)
VOC/NOx ~ HCHO/NO2
NOx + VOCs → Ozone
OMINO2
OMIHCHO
h
NOTE 1: HCHO/NO2 gives info on the sensitivity of PO3, not the ozone concentration!NOTE 2: HCHO/NO2 = FNR = Formaldehyde to NO2 Ratio
*Based on Sillman [1995] Martin et al. [2004]
OMI HCHO/NO2 as an Indicator of the Instantaneous Ozone Production Rate (PO3)
• If HCHO/NO2 is low, reduce anthropogenic VOCs.• If HCHO/NO2 is high, reduce NOx.
VOC/NOx ~ HCHO/NO2
Courtesy of Bryan Duncan
VOC controls O3 prod. NOx controls O3 production
Lots of Isoprene =NOx controlsLow VOCs =
VOC controls
transition
OMI HCHO/NO2 Ratio August 2006
Courtesy of Bryan Duncan
Southwest US Northeast US
LA
SanFrancisco
Las Vegas
CentralValley
Toronto
DCPhilly
NYC
Richmond
Boston
Phoenix
TROPOMI will have even finer horizontal resolution.
VOC controls O3 prod. NOx controls O3 productiontransition
OMI captures gradient from downtown to suburbs to rural areas!
Image courtesy of Bryan Duncan
OMI HCHO/NO2 Ratio August 2006
Summary: Formaldehyde Air Quality Applications
• The OMI FNR (Formaldehyde to NO2 Ratio) appears to be a credible air quality indicator for ozone production and is consistent with in situ observations.
• The fine horizontal resolution of OMI allows us to see the gradient in the FNR from urban to suburban to rural areas.
• Assuming that CMAQ results for southern California apply to the entire U.S., the OMI FNR indicates:
Ozone production became more NOx-limited over the U.S. from 2005-2007 because of substantial NOx emission reductions.
Ozone production should be more NOx-limited during heat waves in regions with high biogenic emissions.
Courtesy of Bryan Duncan