All
About
Plants!
Ms. Peterson
Plant Science: The study of plants and plant systems
All living organisms depend on plants
Humans: Food, clothing, shelter
Animals: Feed, Shade/Shelter
• Common Name
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Subphylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Variety
Taxonomy: The science, laws, and principles of classification.
Plants are put into categories according to their characteristics
This makes it easier to understand and remember plants by the similarities and differences found in their structures and parts
Common Name: Corn Kingdom: Plant
Phylum: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Subphylum: Angiosperm (seed in fruit)
Class: Monocotyledonae (single leaf seed) Order: Graminales (grasslike families)
Family: Grass family) Genus: Zea (the corns)
Species: Mays (dent corns) Variety: Reid’s yellow dent
Yellow Corn
Common Name: Petunia Kingdom: Plant
Phylum: Embryophyta Subphylum: Angiosperm
Class: Dicotyledonae (two-seed leaf) Order: Tubiflorea
Family: Solanaceae Genus: Petunia
Species: Hybridea Variety: Blue Moon
Primary source of food
Major producers of oxygen
Keep us cool
Renew the air
Slow down the wind
Hold soil in place
Provide a home for wildlife
Beautify our surroundings
Perfume the air
Furnish building materials and fuel
Major Plant Parts
Vegetative Parts:
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Reproductive Parts:
Flowers
Absorb water and nutrients
Anchor plant and support the aboveground part of plant
Store food to be used later
Need to grow constantly for plant to stay healthy
First structure to form from seed
Plant health is closely tied to root health
Primary Root- first root to grow from the seed.
Secondary Roots – grow from primary root
Both have Root Hairs – they help anchor the plant, absorb water & nutrients
Fibrous Root :A system that has no dominant primary root
Taproot: A system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that branch off
Watering properly drastically affects the plant’s health Drainage holes in the pot
Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom encourages plant growth throughout the entire pot
Allow soil to dry slightly between waterings
All stems look very similar, but there are many differences!
Support leaves, and position them so they can receive as much sunlight as possible
Responsible for size and shape of plant
Move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout whole plant
Green stems produce food through photosynthesis
Internal Structures: 3 Types of Tissues used for transport of materials
Xylem, Phloem, and Cambium
Arranged by Small bundles scattered throughout stem
OR
Rings or a ring of bundles
Internal Structures:
Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients
from roots to leaves; located near center of stem
Xylem Up!!
Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in leaf to rest of plant; usually located near outside of stem
Phloem Down!!
Internal Structures:
Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production of new
xylem and phloem. It is found between the xylem and phloem.
Functions
Produce food for the plants
Efficiently collect light and use that light to make energy
Activity #2 Supplies Needed:
1 leaf
1 piece of paper
1 crayon
Instructions Using the crayon and rub the image of the leaf in
the middle of the page.
Leaf Parts
Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose
job is to collect sunlight
Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from
the stem.
Midrib: Main vein running down the center of
the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the
sun.
Vein Patterns
Parallel: Veins never cross; found in monocots
Netted: Veins form a network; found in dicots
Leaf Layers Cuticle: Top
waxy, non-
cellular part of
leaf; prevents
water escaping
Epidermis:
Skin like layer of
cells found on
top and bottom;
protects leaf
Determine the importance of
photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration.
Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which a plant turns light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.
Water + Carbon dioxide Sugar and Oxygen
Palisade layer -- full of cells containing Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts -- where light dependent reaction takes place
Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do! Plants just happen to be lucky enough to have chloroplasts in their cells.
Cellular Respiration: The opposite of photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars down so plants can use them.
Similar to digestion in animals.
Takes place in a place in the cell called the mitochondria.
How are photosynthesis and respiration important to us as human beings?
Loss of water from a plant Lost mostly by the leaves Water goes out of leaves through
stomata Too much water loss damages
plants Every plant is different
The process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow.
Moisture or water
Light
Temperature
Oxygen
A dormant seed contains 10-15% of water and is generally dehydrated. So the dormant seed has to absorb water to become active and exhibit germination. Water makes the seed coat soft, causes it to rupture after swelling and start germination. Water is also needed to bring in the dissolved oxygen for use by the
Light has varied effects on germinating seeds of different plants. Some seeds need light for germination, while in some seeds germination is hindered by light.
Germination can take place over a wide range of temperature(41 - 104o F), but the optimum for most of the crops is between 77o F to 86o F.
In the dormant condition the seeds respiratory rate is very low and so oxygen is required in very small quantities. But for germination, oxygen is needed in large quantities. The seeds obtain this oxygen from the air contained in the soil.Seeds sown deeply in soil, fail to germinate because of lack of oxygen. Ploughing aerates the soil and helps in good germination
Determine the difference between monocots and dicots
Non Flowering Ferns
Cone-Producers (Conifers)
Flowering Monocots
Dicots
Leaves have parallel Veins
Fibrous Roots
Flower parts in 3’s
Seed has one part (cotyledon)
Vascular bundles are scattered
Leaves have branched Veins
Tap Roots
Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s
Seed has two parts (cotyledons)
Vascular bundles are in a ring
Identify flower anatomy and functions
Flower Anatomy - Male
Stamen: Male
part of flower
Filament: Stalk-
like object in the
stamen that holds
up anther
Anther: Sack-
like structure that
contains pollen.
Flower Anatomy –
Female Pistil: Female
part of flower
Stigma: Sticky
part of pistil
receptive to
pollen.
Style: Rod-
shaped middle
part that has a
swollen base
(ovary)
containing eggs
Flower Anatomy –
Female cont. Ovary: Female
reproductive organ
Ovule:
Reproductive cell
which becomes the
seed when fertilized
by pollen.
Flower Anatomy – neither male
or female
Petals: Colorful
leaf-like structures
that attract
animals and
insects
Calyx: When
all sepals are
fused together
Sepals: Green leaves that protect flower before it opens
Peduncle: Stem
Flower Anatomy – neither male
or female
Explain plant life cycle
Annual
Biennial
Perennial
Annual: A plant species that completes its life cycle in one growing season
Seed….mature….reproduce
Some go through their cycle in a few weeks, some take months
Examples: Radishes and mustard plants: 6-8 weeks
Corn and wheat: 3 months
Biennial: A plant that lives two seasons
First season: The plant grows from its seed and reaches maturity.
Second season: Grows a little more and reproduces or makes seeds.
Examples: Cabbage, beets, carrots
Perennial: A plant that lives for more than two seasons. Some may live for many.
As a result, they are often very large
Examples: Pine trees, Oak trees, Sycamore trees