All

About

Plants!

Ms. Peterson

Plant Science: The study of plants and plant systems

All living organisms depend on plants

Humans: Food, clothing, shelter

Animals: Feed, Shade/Shelter

• Common Name

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Subphylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

• Variety

Taxonomy: The science, laws, and principles of classification.

Plants are put into categories according to their characteristics

This makes it easier to understand and remember plants by the similarities and differences found in their structures and parts

Common Name: Corn Kingdom: Plant

Phylum: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Subphylum: Angiosperm (seed in fruit)

Class: Monocotyledonae (single leaf seed) Order: Graminales (grasslike families)

Family: Grass family) Genus: Zea (the corns)

Species: Mays (dent corns) Variety: Reid’s yellow dent

Yellow Corn

Common Name: Petunia Kingdom: Plant

Phylum: Embryophyta Subphylum: Angiosperm

Class: Dicotyledonae (two-seed leaf) Order: Tubiflorea

Family: Solanaceae Genus: Petunia

Species: Hybridea Variety: Blue Moon

Primary source of food

Major producers of oxygen

Keep us cool

Renew the air

Slow down the wind

Hold soil in place

Provide a home for wildlife

Beautify our surroundings

Perfume the air

Furnish building materials and fuel

Major Plant Parts

Vegetative Parts:

Roots

Stems

Leaves

Reproductive Parts:

Flowers

Absorb water and nutrients

Anchor plant and support the aboveground part of plant

Store food to be used later

Need to grow constantly for plant to stay healthy

First structure to form from seed

Plant health is closely tied to root health

Primary Root- first root to grow from the seed.

Secondary Roots – grow from primary root

Both have Root Hairs – they help anchor the plant, absorb water & nutrients

Fibrous Root :A system that has no dominant primary root

Taproot: A system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that branch off

Watering properly drastically affects the plant’s health Drainage holes in the pot

Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom encourages plant growth throughout the entire pot

Allow soil to dry slightly between waterings

All stems look very similar, but there are many differences!

Support leaves, and position them so they can receive as much sunlight as possible

Responsible for size and shape of plant

Move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout whole plant

Green stems produce food through photosynthesis

Internal Structures: 3 Types of Tissues used for transport of materials

Xylem, Phloem, and Cambium

Arranged by Small bundles scattered throughout stem

OR

Rings or a ring of bundles

Internal Structures:

Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients

from roots to leaves; located near center of stem

Xylem Up!!

Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in leaf to rest of plant; usually located near outside of stem

Phloem Down!!

Internal Structures:

Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production of new

xylem and phloem. It is found between the xylem and phloem.

Functions

Produce food for the plants

Efficiently collect light and use that light to make energy

Activity #2 Supplies Needed:

1 leaf

1 piece of paper

1 crayon

Instructions Using the crayon and rub the image of the leaf in

the middle of the page.

Leaf Parts

Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose

job is to collect sunlight

Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from

the stem.

Midrib: Main vein running down the center of

the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the

sun.

Vein Patterns

Parallel: Veins never cross; found in monocots

Netted: Veins form a network; found in dicots

Leaf Layers Cuticle: Top

waxy, non-

cellular part of

leaf; prevents

water escaping

Epidermis:

Skin like layer of

cells found on

top and bottom;

protects leaf

Determine the importance of

photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration.

Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which a plant turns light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.

Water + Carbon dioxide Sugar and Oxygen

Palisade layer -- full of cells containing Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts -- where light dependent reaction takes place

Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do! Plants just happen to be lucky enough to have chloroplasts in their cells.

Cellular Respiration: The opposite of photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars down so plants can use them.

Similar to digestion in animals.

Takes place in a place in the cell called the mitochondria.

How are photosynthesis and respiration important to us as human beings?

Loss of water from a plant Lost mostly by the leaves Water goes out of leaves through

stomata Too much water loss damages

plants Every plant is different

The process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow.

Moisture or water

Light

Temperature

Oxygen

A dormant seed contains 10-15% of water and is generally dehydrated. So the dormant seed has to absorb water to become active and exhibit germination. Water makes the seed coat soft, causes it to rupture after swelling and start germination. Water is also needed to bring in the dissolved oxygen for use by the

Light has varied effects on germinating seeds of different plants. Some seeds need light for germination, while in some seeds germination is hindered by light.

Germination can take place over a wide range of temperature(41 - 104o F), but the optimum for most of the crops is between 77o F to 86o F.

In the dormant condition the seeds respiratory rate is very low and so oxygen is required in very small quantities. But for germination, oxygen is needed in large quantities. The seeds obtain this oxygen from the air contained in the soil.Seeds sown deeply in soil, fail to germinate because of lack of oxygen. Ploughing aerates the soil and helps in good germination

Determine the difference between monocots and dicots

Non Flowering Ferns

Cone-Producers (Conifers)

Flowering Monocots

Dicots

Leaves have parallel Veins

Fibrous Roots

Flower parts in 3’s

Seed has one part (cotyledon)

Vascular bundles are scattered

Leaves have branched Veins

Tap Roots

Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s

Seed has two parts (cotyledons)

Vascular bundles are in a ring

Identify flower anatomy and functions

Flower Anatomy - Male

Stamen: Male

part of flower

Filament: Stalk-

like object in the

stamen that holds

up anther

Anther: Sack-

like structure that

contains pollen.

Flower Anatomy –

Female Pistil: Female

part of flower

Stigma: Sticky

part of pistil

receptive to

pollen.

Style: Rod-

shaped middle

part that has a

swollen base

(ovary)

containing eggs

Flower Anatomy –

Female cont. Ovary: Female

reproductive organ

Ovule:

Reproductive cell

which becomes the

seed when fertilized

by pollen.

Flower Anatomy – neither male

or female

Petals: Colorful

leaf-like structures

that attract

animals and

insects

Calyx: When

all sepals are

fused together

Sepals: Green leaves that protect flower before it opens

Peduncle: Stem

Flower Anatomy – neither male

or female

Explain plant life cycle

Annual

Biennial

Perennial

Annual: A plant species that completes its life cycle in one growing season

Seed….mature….reproduce

Some go through their cycle in a few weeks, some take months

Examples: Radishes and mustard plants: 6-8 weeks

Corn and wheat: 3 months

Biennial: A plant that lives two seasons

First season: The plant grows from its seed and reaches maturity.

Second season: Grows a little more and reproduces or makes seeds.

Examples: Cabbage, beets, carrots

Perennial: A plant that lives for more than two seasons. Some may live for many.

As a result, they are often very large

Examples: Pine trees, Oak trees, Sycamore trees