23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Key information skills
Your presenters: Juliet Ralph, Judy Reading, Penny Roberts, Gabriella Netting, Roger Mills and Katherine
Melling
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Key information skills and resources include:
• Locating relevant quality information resources
• Effective searching• Evaluating information• Managing your references• Academic integrity • Current awareness services• Oxford Research Archive
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Locating relevant quality information resources
Juliet Ralph
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Finding out about you ... which subject area are you researching in?
A. ScienceB. MedicineC. Social ScienceD. HumanitiesE. Other/Cross-disciplinary
3%11%
16%20%
14%
A B C D E F
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Do you feel confident in locating information about relevant research?
A. YesB. NoC. Not sure
19%
8%
38%
A B C D E F
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If you need to read a book which your supervisor has recommended do you…
A. Ask to borrow it from your supervisorB. Order it from Amazon or a book shopC. Look it up on the library catalogueD. Expect to find it full-text in an e-books
package
6%
48%
3%6%
A B C D E F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Locating books
• Use Library catalogues – OLIS is Oxford Libraries Catalogue
http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/olis/
• Some texts are available as e-books
• If your supervisor is kind enough to lend you his or hers, great.
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Where would you look for a specific journal article?
A. Google or Google ScholarB. Library catalogueC. Bibliographic databaseD. Oxford University e-JournalsE. All of the aboveF. Don't know
13%
28%
8%2%
19%
A B C D E F
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Locating journal articles
• Oxford University e-Journals http://ejournals.ouls.ox.ac.uk/
is the catalogue for our online journals
• For print journals use OLIS
• Google Scholar can be a good short-cut but should be used in conjunction with other resources
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Where would you look to find journal articles on your research topic?
A. Google ScholarB. Bibliographic database eg SCOPUS, CSAC. Library catalogueD. Oxford University e-JournalsE. Other
5%
14%
5%
27%
14%
A B C D E F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
To find journal articles on your research topic:
• Look in a relevant specialist indexing database through OxLIP
• You can use Google Scholar as well but make sure that is not all you use as it has limitations
• Oxford University e-Journals is not good for searching but good when you want to locate a specific article or journal
• The OLIS Library catalogue does not index journal articles but allows you to locate print journals once you know what you want.
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Locating quality resourcesOxLIP (Oxford Libraries Information Platform) is a gateway to hundreds
of electronic resources. See link to electronic resources from University homepage www.ox.ac.uk or go direct to http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/oxlip
catalogues abstracting and indexing services
reference works full-text resourcesstatistical resources government documentselectronic journals quality web resourcescurrent awareness services citation indexesindexes to theses e-booksstatistical databases digitised texts
OxLIP databases are arranged A-Z by title and also organised by subject
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Subject specific resources
• OxLIP is arranged by subject as well as title so to find the resources most relevant to you look under your subject
• Identify your subject librarian from the list at: http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/collections/librarians You can make an appointment for a one-to-one consultation to make sure you are finding all the most relevant material
• Locate relevant library information at: http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/libraries/bysubject/
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Access to OxLIP resourcesNearly all our resources can be accessed from home or from a
networked laptop
If access is needed from a non-University computer:
• You can use your Oxford Single-Sign On username or an Athens password account for many resources.
• Set up an account for the Virtual Private Network to use home PC/laptop. VPN needed for many electronic journals
The OUCS Helpcentre can help you see http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/network/remote
OULS Remote access guide available at http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/guides
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EFFECTIVE SEARCHING
Judy Reading
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
SESSION STRUCTURE
Search preparation
Types of searching
Some classic mistakes
Search management
Putting it into practice
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
WHERE ARE YOU AT NOW?
A. I've got most of my searching ahead of me.
B. I've done some searching, but I need to do a lot more.
C. I've still got a bit of searching to do.D. I've completed all my searching, but
I'm very keen to hear what you have to say anyway!
5%
16%
39%
9%
A B C D E F
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SEARCH PREPARATION
Search terms
Define scope
Identify key resources
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DID YOU DIVE STRAIGHT IN?
A. Guilty as charged.B. Not me I thought about my
searches in advance.C. I did a bit of search
preparation, but not much. 30%
6%
28%
A B C D E F
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SEARCH PREPARATION: KEYWORDS
The information-seeking behaviour
of research students--------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
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SEARCH PREPARATION: KEYWORDS
Information seeking behaviour Research students
Graduate students
DPhil
PRS
Postgraduate students
Contract research staff
Database searching
Search queries
Internet
Search engines
Keywords
Information literacy
Behavior
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Keywords:You have 5 minutes for the following…
•Write a short sentence about your research interest
•Underline the key concepts
•Write down alternative terms for the key concepts
•Discuss what you have written with your neighbour –
make sure you both have some time
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HAVE YOU EVER CREATED A MIND-MAP?
A. YesB. No
38%
27%
A B C D E F
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Library catalogue (OLIS)Books
Journal A-Z (Oxford e-Journals) and specialist and general databases e.g. Science Direct
Journal articles
Organisations, Internet, Mailing lists eg JISCmail
Conferences
Theses Index to Theses, Dissertations abstracts
Reports Internet, Organisations
SEARCH PREPARATION: IDENTIFY RESOURCES
Online or on reference shelvesHandbooks
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
HOW DO YOU USUALLY FIND OUT WHICH DATABASES TO USE?
A. Find out for myselfB. Ask fellow studentsC. Ask academic staffD. Ask a librarian
9%9%9%
42%
A B C D E F
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Everything you will ever need to know while you are researching
for your thesis
Librarian(cross-section)
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Boolean operators
Natural language searching
Record fields
SEARCH TIPS and TECHNIQUES
Citation searching
Metasearching
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NATURAL LANGUAGE SEARCHING
You enter a sentence or a question or keywords
The database uses a programmed logic to determine what results to send back
E.g.
EXAMPLE
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META or CROSS-DATABASE SEARCHING
You may be able to search across collections of databases
You can look directly at retrieved results or explore the specific databases identified as useful
EFFECTIVE SEARCHING
EXAMPLE
Collections include Firstsearch, CSA, Ovid and Web of Science
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
OR
NOT
Information seeking orResearch students
Information seeking notResearch Students
ANDInformation seeking andResearch students
NARROWSSEARCH
BROADENSSEARCH
NARROWSSEARCH
BOOLEAN SEARCHING
EXAMPLE
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THESAURUS SEARCHING
Some databases help you with keywords by providing subject indexes or a thesaurus. It is always worth using these if they are available
EXAMPLE
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EXAMPLE
SEARCH HISTORY
Use the search history to combine terms
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WHEN USING A DATABASE DO YOU...
A. Use the 'basic' searchB. Use the 'advanced' search
31%31%
A B C D E F
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FIELD SEARCHING
Usually the ‘Advanced Search’ option
Allows search of specific database fields
Often can combine field searches using Boolean logic
EFFECTIVE SEARCHING
EXAMPLE
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
OTHER SEARCH OPTIONS
Parenthesese.g. (Telecommunications or Mobile phones) and Hungary
Truncation and Wildcardse.g. educ* will retrieve educate, education, educational
e.g. wom!n will retrieve woman and women
Proximity e.g. climate near change
Limit by date or format
Phrase searching
e.g “Higher education”
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CITATION SEARCHING
A
B(Cites A)
C(Cites A)
K(Cites G)
L(Cites H)
M(Cites I)
N(Cites J)
O(Cites J)
G(Cites D)
H(Cites D, E)
I(Cites F)
J(Cites F)
D(Cites A, B)
F(Cites C)
E(Cites B, C)
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CLASSIC MISTAKES
Simultaneous searching
Not ‘Preferred’ terms
Searching for your research topic and context at the same time
Getting zero results for the first keywords you try
e.g. The effect of the introduction of performance related pay on motivation and morale in the NHS
Ignoring Help
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
SEARCH MANAGEMENT
Search terms
Databases used
Search strategies
Bibliography / In-text referencing
Keep a log
Record all references
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
HAVE YOU LEARNT ANYTHING NEW?
A. Yes, a lotB. Yes, someC. Bits and piecesD. Not a lotE. Nothing
11%
25%23%
9%
A B C D E F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
SEARCH PRACTICE
• Find a partner and a PC• Work through exercise in sheet headed “Effective
searching: step by step”• Try the “Effective searching: time to play suggestions” if
you have time
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Evaluating Web Resources
Penny RobertsRadcliffe Science Library
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
What to use?
• Academic resources– Scirus– Scopus– Google Scholar– Intute
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23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
How concerned are you about Dihydrogen Monoxide in milk?
A. Very concernedB. Slightly concernedC. Not worried at allD. Undecided
9%
22%16%
9%
A B C D E F
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Evaluation checkpoints
• Reliable
• Verifiable
• Current
• Objective
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Evaluate “Ova Prima”• Reliable
– Professional body/research organisation/charity?– URL?
• Verifiable– References?
• Current– Date?
• Objective– Selling something?– Obvious bias?
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
The verdict
A. The site is well referenced, up-to-date and appears reliable
B. The site looks reliable but is biased towards one opinion
C. Unreliable siteD. Undecided
19%13%
25%
6%
A B C D E F
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The sentence
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Reference management software – Endnote/Refworks
Roger Mills
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
How many references do you expect to accumulate during your research?
A. Less than 100B. 100-500C. 500-1000D. Over 1000
2%8%
25%28%
3%
A B C D E F
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Answer
• If more than 100 well worth using reference software to organise them
• If over 1000 don’t even think of organising them manually!
• So what does managing my references involve?
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Do the Hokey-Cokey
• You put your right arm in,
• You put your right arm out,
• In, out, in, out, shake it all about.
• You do the Hokey Cokey
• And you turn around.
• That’s what it’s all about!
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
You put your right arm in
Problem:• References come in all shapes and sizes
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
E-mails
Databases
Alerts
Articles
Library catalogues
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It can all get a bit…
overwhelming
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
You put your right arm out
Problem:
• There are many ‘proper’ different ways of quoting references
• E.g. different journals require different styles
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Harvard: • AHERNE, J., SVERDRUP, H., FARRELL, E. P. & CUMMINS, T.
(1998) Application of the SAFE model to a Norway spruce stand at Ballyhooly, Ireland. Forest Ecology and Management, 101, 331-338.
Numbered:• 1. Aherne, J., et al., Application of the SAFE model to a
Norway spruce stand at Ballyhooly, Ireland. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998. 101(1-3): p. 331-338.
Author-date:• Aherne, J., H. Sverdrup, et al. (1998). "Application of the SAFE
model to a Norway spruce stand at Ballyhooly, Ireland." Forest Ecology and Management 101(1-3): 331-338.
Nature:• 1 Julian Aherne, Harald Sverdrup, Edward P Farrell et al.,
Forest Ecology and Management 101 (1-3), 331 (1998).Science:• 1. J. Aherne, H. Sverdrup, E. P. Farrell, T. Cummins, Forest
Ecology and Management 101, 331 (Feb., 1998, 1998).
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In, out, in, out, shake it all about
Problem:• Every time you need to change
format, you need to re-type
• Sorting and selecting references takes time
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You do the Hokey Cokey
Solution:• Get some specialist software to
do it for you – Reference Management Software
• Then you’ll be dancing for joy…
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What is reference management software?
• A software package that allows you to:– Import references from a variety of sources– Edit, sort and share them– Output them in a variety of formats– Select references to incorporate citations in a
word-processed document and format them automatically
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
What packages are available?
• The University supports:– EndNote (Thomson Scientific)– RefWorks (Proquest-CSA)
• Thomson also produce:– Reference Manager– ProCite
• Which are very similar to EndNote
• LaTeX users may wish to use BibTeX (free)• Also take a look at Zotero (free Firefox add-in)
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Do you think you will use reference management software?
A. YesB. NoC. MaybeD. I already use EndNoteE. I already use RefWorksF. I already use another package
5%6%
34%
3%
14%
A B C D E F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
How do I choose?
• EndNote Desktop:– must be installed on your own machine– Costs c.£80 from OUCS Shop
• RefWorks– web-based (in USA)– Use on any machine with internet connection– Free while you are a member of the University
• EndNote on the Web– limited functionality– works best alongside EndNote Desktop– Free while you are a member of the University
• See comparison table of features on handout
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
EndNote/RefWorks comparisonCompare features:
EndNoteWeb
EndNoteDesktop
RefWorks
Save references + + +
Organize & edit references + + +
Storage capacity (number of references) 10,000 unlimited unlimited
Import from many databases and OPACs + + +
Cite & format papers with bibliographies + + +
Create & save advanced searches + create (not save)
Customize views & displays + +
Edit reference import filters & output styles +RefWorks staff can add or edit import filters on requestUsers can edit output styles
Use term lists for auto-entry + +
Cite tables, figures, & equations + +
Work Offline (anytime/anywhere) + Write papers offline only
Local Personal Files and Documents + +
High Performance Desktop Environment +
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And you turn around…
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Direct export
Search within
Save & import
Type in/Cut&Paste
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Typical record form
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Sort options
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Automatically-generated bibliographies
.txt, .rtf., .html…
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<< Temporary code in { }
Formatted document
<< Bibliography at end
<< Citation in text
Working document
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WARNINGIF YOU DO THIS
YOU MUST DO THIS
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
What do I do next?
• Do the practical exercise on EndNote this afternoon (RefWorks very similar process)
• Courses in EndNote and RefWorks run regularly at OUCS, book online
• Get advice from your subject librarian any time
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
That’s what it’s all about!
I think the Hokey Cokey is…
• A satire on the Catholic Mass• A description of the reference management
process• I’ll tell you afterwards
2%5%
16%16%14%
A B C D E F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Academic Integrity
Gabriella NettingRadcliffe Science
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Academic integrity means honest and responsible scholarship
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How do you achieve this?• Know the rules
Academic Integrity in Research: Code of Practice and Procedure http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/ps/staff/codes/air.shtml
Plagiarismhttp://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/index.shtml
• Keep accurate records
• Incorporate ideas of others without plagiarism
• Find your own style and use appropriate academic writinghttp://www.lang.ox.ac.uk/eas/essentials_ofacwriting2007.html
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
What is plagiarism?
• Plagiarism is the copying or paraphrasing of other people’s work or ideas into your own work without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition.
• Collusion is another form of plagiarism involving the unauthorised collaboration of students (or others) in a piece of work.
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
What is plagiarism?• Plagiarism is the copying or paraphrasing of
other people’s work or ideas into your own work without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition.
• Collusion is another form of plagiarism involving the unauthorised collaboration of students (or others) in a piece of work.
http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
How do you avoid it?
Always acknowledge
when using someone else’s:
• Ideas, opinions, theory, technical or artistic work, illustrations, electronic information,etc.
• Facts which are not universally known
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
How do you do it?
• Use direct quotes • Summarise (you express the main idea only)
• Paraphrase (you rewrite something with the intention of making it clearer )
and remember to:
use citations within the text for all three!
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Some of the following examples constitute plagiarism, some do not.
University of Leeds:
http://www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk/polls/poll_result.php
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Cutting and pasting a paragraph by using some sentences of the original but omitting
others and putting them in different order, no quotation marks, in-text acknowledgement,
inclusion in the reference list.
A. Yes, it is plagiarism.B. No, it is not plagiarism.C. Undecided.
8%
22%
20%A
B
C
D
E
F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Paraphrasing a paragraph with substantial changes in language and organisation, in-text acknowledgement and inclusion in the
reference list.
A. Yes, it is plagiarism.B. No, it is not plagiarism.C. Undecided.
2%
58%
3%A
B
C
D
E
F
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Copying a paragraph and making small changes (e.g. replacing a few verbs, replacing an adjective
with a synonym). The source is given in the
references.
A. Yes, it is plagiarism.B. No, it is not plagiarism.C. Undecided.
8%
11%
41%A
B
C
D
E
F
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Why reference?
• To avoid plagiarism
• As courtesy to the author
• Useful for you and your tutor
• To add credibility
• To show the quality of resources you used
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Referencing conventions
• There are many different styles (e.g. Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver, Chicago, MLA, APA etc.)
• Find out which one your are required to use and be consistent throughout
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Examples for journal article:
• APA style:Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
• Chicago style:Wilcox, Rhonda V. 1991. Shifting roles and
synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (2): 53-65.
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Examples for journal article:
• APA style:Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
• Chicago style:Wilcox, Rhonda V. 1991. Shifting roles and
synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (2): 53-65.
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Test yourself at:
http://tallcourses.conted.ox.ac.uk/plagiarism/xhtml/Test/Test.html
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Current awareness services
Katherine Melling
23 April 2008 Oxford University Library Services
Have you set up alerts of any kind for your research topic?
A. YesB. NoC. Not sure
2%
36%28%
A B C D E F
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Journal Table of Contents Services eg ZETOC
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You can save and run your search again in CSA whenever you like or set up search alerts.
Search History
Alerts
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Saved alerts in CSA
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Citation alerts
Citation alerts
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Jiscmail allows you to find mailing lists relevant to your research
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Have you heard of RSS feeds?
A. YesB. NoC. Not sure
2%6%
23%28%
A B C D E F
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RSS feeds• RSS allows you to subscribe to updates from favourite
websites and other e-resources see http://www.intute.ac.uk/rss.html or
http://www.thes.co.uk/rss/• Some databases (Zetoc, Web of Science, Scopus give
option of alerts by RSS feed)• Saves cluttering up your email• To set up RSS feeds you need a reader.• It is simple to subscribe to a free web reader e.g. Google
Reader, Bloglines, My Yahoo!• Refworks will receive RSS feeds
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Google Reader will manage your RSS feeds
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Zetoc offers TOC by RSS feed
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How much of the presentation on current awareness services was new to
you?
A. AllB. A lotC. A littleD. None 20%
36%
6%
A B C D E F
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In conclusion
• We’re here to help• Contact your subject librarian
http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/collections/librarians
• Lots of information and guides on the OULS website http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/
• WISER programme see
http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/training
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Overall how useful have the information skills presentations been for you this
morning?
A. Very useful B. Quite usefulC. Not useful
2%
39%
20%
A B C D E F