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1.61.6 Do all areas sufferDo all areas suffer from tectonicfrom tectonic hazards in thehazards in the same way?same way?
Part APart A
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What has been done to minimize losses caused by tectonic hazards?
These five conditions help reduce losses
during tectonic hazards.
Monitoring and warning systems
Hazard-proof structures
Land use planning
Education and drills
Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams
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6 Other measures
Earthquakeinsurance
US $100,000
Insurance Co.
Disaster aid
Emergency funds
Insurance
Other measures include:
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In Part B, we will explore the effectiveness of these
measures in different countries.
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A For earthquakes1 Monitoring and warning systems
Scientists predict earthquakes by the following ways:
Analyzing past records of earthquakes
Using seismographs to monitor earthquakes
Relying on satellites to detect slight movement in the ground
Using seismograph for detecting movement below the earth’s crust(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)
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A For earthquakes1 Monitoring and warning systems
Can scientists
really predict earthquakes?
Can scientists
really predict earthquakes?
Scientists use the information obtained to predict:- the time and place of occurrence, and- the scale of possible earthquakes.
Recent successful example:The strong earthquake near Sumatra in March 2005Impact:Fewer deaths than expected
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B For volcanic eruptions1 Monitoring and warning systems
Instruments are installed to detect the following signs of imminent activity from the volcano:
The seismic activityThe seismic activity
Changes in the temperature Changes in the temperature and the pressure levels in and the pressure levels in the volcanoesthe volcanoes
The composition of gases The composition of gases emitted from the cratersemitted from the craters
The tilting and swelling The tilting and swelling of the volcanoof the volcano
The level of ground waterThe level of ground water(Credit: Lyn Topinka/USGS)
Aerial view, the Three Sisters volcanoes in Oregon, the USA
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B For volcanic eruptions1 Monitoring and warning systems
Helicopter dropping off a portable telemetered stations in the crater of Mount St. Helens (Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)
(Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)
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B For volcanic eruptions1 Monitoring and warning systems
GPS (Global Positioning System) stations have been installed on or around volcanoes to measure any deformation of the ground surface that might accompany an intense swarm of earthquakes
(Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)
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B For volcanic eruptions1 Monitoring and warning systems
Can scientists
really predict volcanic
eruptions?
Can scientists
really predict volcanic
eruptions?
Scientists predict eruptions by:
Successful example:The eruption of MountSt Helens in the USA in 1981Impact:It helped minimize loss of life.
observing the signs from the volcanoes;
studying the history and the geological structure of the volcanoes
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C For tsunamis1 Monitoring and warning systems
Sensor for detecting vibrations on the sea floor
Data are sent to the buoy station
Data are transmitted to the satellite
Data are transmitted to the tsunami warning centres
Scientists monitor tsunamis by buoys, satellites and ocean-bottom tsunami gauges.The gauges can detect the height of waves in the oceans.
NOAA website explaining how a tsunami
warning system worksPlease click to browse online
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C For tsunamis1 Monitoring and warning systems
In addition, international/regional/ local tsunami warning
systems have been set up in these places:
The Pacific Ocean
The Indian Ocean
Chile
Peru
Japan
Thailand
Indonesia
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A For earthquake-prone regions2 Hazard-proof structures
The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, the USA
What is the special function of the
outstanding look of this building?
What is the special function of the
outstanding look of this building?
The building has adopted earthquake-proof designs.
It helps reduce the number of injuries and deaths in earthquakes.
(Credit: Charles E. Rotkin/Corbis)
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A For earthquake-prone regions2 Hazard-proof structures
What are the characteristics of earthquake-proof
buildings?
What are the characteristics of earthquake-proof
buildings?Height is strictly controlled
( Hard / Soft ) storey
Steel frames are used instead of just concrete and stone
Foundation is sunk deep into the bedrock
Houses are built with ______-proof technology and ______-resistant material
Reinforced steel
foundation
shockfire
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B For eruption-prone regions2 Hazard-proof structures
Measures to reduce losses from lava flows
In eruption-prone regions, roofs are specially designed.Structures are established to keep lava flows away from settlements.
Lava flowLava flow
Channel is built to Channel is built to divert lava flow divert lava flow from settlementfrom settlement
Barrier is erected Barrier is erected to stop the lava to stop the lava flowflow
Steep-sided roofs Steep-sided roofs to shed the ashto shed the ash
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Which design is more suitable for places that may
be struck by tsunamis?
Which design is more suitable for places that may
be struck by tsunamis?
B For eruption-prone regions2 Hazard-proof structures
Design A Design BWhat are special about tsunami-proof designs for buildings and coasts?
What are special about tsunami-proof designs for buildings and coasts?
Sea walls are used to protect the coast against tsunamis.
Ground floor is used as car parks. This allows water to pass through more easily when the big waves come.
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B For eruption-prone regions2 Hazard-proof structures
The following structures are established to protect people against tsunamis in Japan:
A sea wall in Shizuoka, Japan, with gate. The gate will close if a tsunami is anticipated
Elevated platform used for tsunami evacuation in Okushiri Island, Japan(Credit: Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis)
(Credit: International Tsunami Information Centre)
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Implement the following land use policies in tectonic hazard-prone areas:
Avoid building facilities with potential dangers
Impose laws governing the height and structure of buildings
Establish an evacuation route with adequate road signs at the urban-planning stage
EXIT
3 Land use planning
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A For earthquake-prone regions3 Land use planning
Describe the land use characteristics at the Osaka Castle area in Japan.
Describe the land use characteristics at the Osaka Castle area in Japan.
Emergency evacuation map of Osaka Castle area, Japan
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A For earthquake-prone regions3 Land use planning
Schools are designed as evacuation or shelter centres
Schools are designed as evacuation or shelter centres
(Credit: Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis)
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B For volcanic areas3 Land use planning
Volcanic hazard-zone maps are drawn to show the areas that may possibly be affected by lava flow and mudflow during volcanic eruptions
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B For volcanic areas3 Land use planning
It helps prepare emergency evacuation plans and avoids structures to be constructed along these routes
Which two volcanoes may
cause more serious
hazards?
Which two volcanoes may
cause more serious
hazards?
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C For tsunami-prone areas3 Land use planning
Sea
Highest water level recorded in past
tsunamis
A channel to hold incoming water
Settlement on highland
Coastal evacuation road
Monitoring station(tsunami proof)
Beach
Woodland reserves
How can such design reduce losses caused by tsunamis?
How can such design reduce losses caused by tsunamis?
Reduce the speed and energy of an advancing tsunami
Prepare routes for mass evacuation to
higher ground
In hazard-prone areas:• Lower the
population density• Avoid economic
development
Monitor tsunamis at the frontline
As a buffer
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4 Education and drillsEducation helps raise public awareness of tectonic hazards
ExampleExample
Japan
Students are taught about what they should do ( before / during / after ) a hazard.
Regular large-scale earthquake drills for the general public are also held.
An earthquake drill held in Japan(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)
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5 Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams
A German rescue team used advanced equipment to detect the presence of survivors in the 1999 Turkey earthquake
Advantages of having well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams:
Fewer people killed by disease, starvation, dirty water, etc. after hazards
Injured people have a better chance of being saved
(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)