CHAPTER 5
THE RISE TO WORLD POWER STATUS
1865-1914
Five years after the Civil War, the
American Navy had shrunk in size
dramatically.
1871
American Asiatic Naval Squadron
1871
American Asiatic Naval Squadron
In 1881, a treaty
was negotiated
between America
and Korea, the
first such treaty
that Korea had
signed with a
western country.
Brief Threat of War with Spain
1873
The cost of coal caused Congress and
some senior officers to want to revert
to sails, causing existing boilers and
engines to be replaced with smaller
ones or removed.
In Europe,
improvements
were being made
in the construction
of ships.
ARMORED PLATE
TORPEDOES
RIFLED GUNS
Rifled Guns
Guns whose barrels have helical
grooves cut on the inside to give a
projectile a rotary motion and thus
a more precise trajectory
HMS Dreadnought
(pre-dreadnought)
(launched in 1875)
A type of battleship armed with
heavy-caliber guns in turrets:
so called from the British battleship
HMS Dreadnought
Dreadnought
The original or model on which
something is based or formed
Someone or something that serves
to illustrate the typical qualities of
a class; model
Prototype
By 1878, fewer
than 6,000 men
remained in the
U.S. Navy, most
of them foreigners.
Naval officers
often had to learn
many languages
to communicate
with their crew.
The Naval Academy was moved back to
Annapolis in 1865.
ANNAPOLIS, MD
NEWPORT, RI
Atlantic
OceanPHILADELPHIA
NEW YORK
Admiral David Porter LCDR Stephen B. Luce
Admiral Porter and Commander
Luce acquired a brilliant staff
of young administrators and
instructors.
They raised academic standards,
instituted an honor system, set
up programs of athletics, and
encouraged creative expression
and healthy social activities.
A system whereby the students are
put on their honor to observe certain
rules to minimize administrative
supervision and to promote honesty
Honor System
Midshipmen Honor Concept
"Midshipmen are persons of integrity:
They stand for that which is right. They
tell the truth and ensure that the full
truth is known. They do not lie. They
embrace fairness in all actions.
They ensure that work submitted
as their own is their own, and that
assistance received from any source
is authorized and properly documented.
They do not cheat. They respect the
property of others and ensure that
others are able to benefit from the use
of their own property. They do not steal."
• Brilliant Naval
Academy Instructor
from 1875 to 1879
• First American to
win the Nobel Prize
for Physics in 1907
for discovering the
speed of light
Albert Michelson
The U.S. Naval Institute
Established in 1873
The U.S. Naval Institute was established
on the grounds of the Naval Academy.
It was composed of officers and civilian
instructors whose purpose was to:
Advance professional and scientific
knowledge about the U.S. Navy, other
world navies, and the maritime
industry
First published
in 1875, the
Proceedings is
still the foremost
naval and maritime
publication of its
type in the world.
Commodore Luce
was instrumental
in starting training
for enlisted men
in gunnery and
seamanship prior
to transfer to their
first ships.
Commodore Luce
1884
Naval War College
Newport, RI
Mahan was one
of the first
instructors at the
War College.
CAPT Alfred T. Mahan
• Started fleet
exercises as a
means of battle
practice
• Fought tirelessly
for improvements
in ships and gun
designs
Commodore Luce
Captain
Alfred T. Mahan
• President of the
Naval War College
in 1886
• Published writer
of his sea power
findings in 1890,
1892, and 1897
• The foremost
expert on sea
power and naval
strategy
Mahan believed that
the following was
essential to become
a world power or for
national survival:
• Control of the sea
• Fleet of capital
ships
• Overseas bases in
colonies under the
control of the
aspiring powerCaptain Alfred
Thayer Mahan
Mahan’s work received acclaim world-
wide, especially in Europe and the Far
East. It also seemed to justify the new
imperialism that had become rampant
among nations in the last part of the
nineteenth century.
The policy of extending the rule or
authority of an empire or nation over
foreign countries, or of acquiring and
holding colonies and dependencies
Imperialism
Mahan’s book
on naval history
and strategy was
ordered placed
on every ship of
the German Navy.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
• A young politician
• Supported Mahan’s
ideas
Theodore Roosevelt
In 1872, the French
introduced the use
of steel in ship
construction, and
the British followed
suit.
Other improvements included:
• Armor • Propulsion • Armament
Aware of advances
in naval and other
military technology
through contacts
with Perry, the door
to Western trade was
opened to Japan in
the 1850s.
Commodore
Matthew Perry
Japan had to worry
about China
becoming a naval
power, and Russia
taking control of
the ice-free ports in
the region.
Sino-Japanese War
In 1894-95, Japan defeated China,
forcing the following concessions:
• Withdrawal from Korea
• Ceding of Formosa and the
Pescadores to Japan
• Relinquishing Port Arthur in
Manchuria
To yield or formally surrender to
another: to cede territory
Cede
Sakhalin1904-05
Port Arthur1894-95
Pescadores1894-95
Russia
Manchuria
(China)
Korea Japan
Japan defeated the Russian eastern
fleets, gaining control of southern
Sakhalin.
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
Congress established a Naval Advisory
Board in 1881, and in 1883, authorized
the building of two European design
cruisers.
USS BROOKLYN
In 1886, Congress
authorized the
building of
America’s first
battleships.
USS TEXAS
USS MAINE
The Texas and
Maine provided
a means for U.S.
shipyards to learn
how to build
modern ships.
The requirement
for steel helped
to establish the
American steel
industry.
PITTSBURGH STEEL MILL
NEWPORT NEWS SHIPYARD
By the end of the
1880s, American
shipyards were
producing
cruisers, which
compared
favorably with
any foreign navy.
USS OLYMPIA
USS NEW YORK
The Naval Act of
1890 called for the
construction of
three new battle-
ships plus cruisers,
torpedo boats, and
gunboats.
USS INDIANA
USS OREGON
USS MASSACHUSETTS
In 1892, Congress authorized the
battleship Iowa, heavier and faster
than the Indiana class.
USS Iowa
In 1897, Roosevelt became the
Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
President
McKinley Assistant Secretary
of the Navy, Roosevelt
By 1898, with the Spanish-American
war looming, the United States had
a fleet respectable by any measure.
Cuba was the most important
Spanish colony in the New World.
CUBA
HAVANA
America had over $50 million invested
in the sugar cane plantations and
$100 million in annual sugar trade.
SUGAR CANE
CUBAHAVANA
Support Grows for
War with Spain
Yellow journalism in U.S. newspapers,
including publication of a letter stolen
from the Spanish ambassador
describing President McKinley as
“weak,” further whipped up American
feelings in support of war with Spain.
Misrepresentation in editorial
comment and the presentation
of news, especially in sacrificing
truth for sensationalism
Objective reporting isn’t always a
match for yellow journalism.
Yellow Journalism
USS Maine was sent to protect U.S.
lives and property in Cuba, but ended
up sinking due to an explosion.
USS MAINE
CUBA
Studies in recent years indicate that
the probable cause of the explosion
was a coal dust explosion in a forward
coal bunker.
USS Maine
A large bin or receptacle; a fixed
chest or box: a storage of coal
Coal Bunker
The Spanish denied responsibility, but it
brought us to the brink of war.
Wreck of the USS Maine
Congress Passes Resolutions
• Declaring that Cuba was free and
independent
• Demanding the withdrawal of all
Spanish forces
• Guaranteeing that the U.S. would
not annex Cuba
• Directing the President to use
American Armed Forces to enforce
these resolutions
Assistant
Secretary of
the Navy
Under him, the
Navy prepared
for war.
Theodore Roosevelt
Manila
Bay
Philippines
Dewey was sent to ready the U.S.
Asiatic Fleet for an attack on the
Spanish at Manila.
Commodore
George Dewey
USS Olympia
The USS Baltimore
supplied shells to
Dewey.
The USS Merrimac
was a British-built
collier.
A ship for carrying coal
Collier
Because Cuba would be a primary
objective of the war and Puerto Rico
a close second, the bulk of the U.S.
fleet was concentrated in the Atlantic.
The first or highest rank or
importance in one’s efforts,
actions, or goals
Primary Objective
The USS Oregon was ordered to
travel 15,000 miles by way of Cape
Horn to help the U.S. fleet at Cuba.
USS Oregon
USS OREGON
ROUTESAN
FRANCISCO, CA
JUPITER
INLET, FL
BARBADOS
PERU
BRAZIL
CHILE
Commander of
the Spanish
Home Fleet
Admiral Cervera
Cervera was ordered to destroy the U.S.
fleet at Key West and to blockade the
American coast.
Commodore Schley and the Flying
Squadron were based at Norfolk to
provide protection against attack.
USS MASSACHUSETTS
USS BROOKLYN
USS TEXAS
Sampson was
ordered to Key
West to ready
an offensive
against Cuba
and Puerto Rico.
Rear Admiral Sampson
Admiral Sampson set up a blockade of Cuba,
and Admiral Cervera sailed from the Cape
Verde Islands to help defend Puerto Rico.
Admiral Sampson Admiral Cervera
Cervera knew his ships and
crews were in a poor state. He
believed that he was sailing
into destruction.
Some European countries
believed Spain would win in a long war.
Alfred Thayer Mahan predicted
that America would win in
“about 3 months.”
When declaration of war reached
Commodore Dewey in Hong Kong, he
was given 24 hours to get underway
to the Philippine Islands and commence
operations against the Spanish fleet.
USS OLYMPIA USS BALTIMORE
Philippine Islands
Philippine Islands
Manila Bay
Cavite
Montojo’s fleet consisted of the
cruiser Reina Christina and six other
light cruisers and three gunboats, all
in poor condition.
Admiral Patricio Montojo
With no chance to win a sea battle,
Montojo anchored under the shore
batteries at Cavite, south of Manila.
Reina Christina
Battle of Manila Bay
Manila
Bataan
Cavite
Dewey’s Route
Battle of Manila Bay
Dewey proceeded to within 5,000 yards of
the enemy and gave the famous command,
“You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.”
USS Olympia
After a few hours of oval-shaped
firing runs past the Spanish ships,
the Spanish fleet was in shambles.
The Spaniards’ lack of training, inferior
firepower, and poor ammunition led to
their defeat.
USS Olympia
The Americans, who had drilled
regularly at gunnery, had made some
170 hits on the Spanish vessels.
One year after Dewey’s win over the
Spanish, Germany bought these island
groups and many more from Spain.
Marshalls
Carolines
Marianas
Philippines
China
Indonesia
En route to the Philippines, the USS
Charleston stopped at Guam and
claimed the colony for the U.S. without
firing a shot.
USS Charleston
GUAM
On 13 August 1898, 11,000 U.S.
Army troops arrived in Manila Bay.
The Spanish colonial government
surrendered after a token resistance.
Though not directly involved in
the war, the Hawaiian Islands had
become very important as a base
for operations in the Philippines.
HAWAIIAN
ISLANDS
PHILIPPINES
In 1894, President
Grover Cleveland
denied Hawaii’s
request for
annexation.
In 1900, Hawaii
became a U.S.
territory, and in
1959, it became
our fiftieth state.
The U.S. believed that Cervera would
head straight for San Juan, therefore
Sampson lifted the Cuban Blockade
and headed for San Juan.
CAPE
VERDE
ISLANDS
PUERTO RICO
KEY WEST
SAN JUAN
Martinique notified the U.S. forces of
Cervera’s passing after refusing him
entry for fuel. Cervera refueled at
Cura ao, then sailed on to Cuba.Ç
Martinique
Curacao
CUBA
The flying squadron was ordered
from Norfolk to Key West to meet
Cervera.
Schley
Cervera eluded the split U.S. fleet and sailed
into Santiago. The USS Oregon, after its
circumnavigation of South America, stood a
chance of facing the Spanish fleet alone.
USS Oregon
To sail around; make the circuit of
by navigation
Circumnavigation
Cuba had three ports large enough to
accommodate Cervera’s fleet. Cervera
chose Santiago. Sampson blockaded
Cienfuegos.
Cienfuegos
Havana
Santiago
Commodore Schley’s fleet found the
Cristóbal Colon at the Santiago harbor
entrance and bombarded her at extreme
range.
Cristóbal Colon
When Admiral Sampson arrived with
his fleet and the USS Oregon, he
formed a close blockade of the port.
Santiago Harbor
Santiago
The largest battleships were put in
the middle with the smaller ships on
the outside.
To solve a coaling problem, U.S.
Marines from the Oregon captured
Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo
Bay remains a key U.S. base.
Guantánamo BaySantiago
An Army force
of 16,000 under
Major General
Shafter landed
in Daiquiri 16
miles east of
Santiago
without
opposition.Major General
William Shafter
Major General Shafter had his
orders, but he had his own ideas
how to conduct the operation.
SAN
JUAN
HILLKETTLE
HILL
EL CANEY
The Spaniards
made a strong
stand at El Caney,
inflicting nearly
1,500 casualties.
Roosevelt's Rough Riders
African-American Cavalrymen
During this battle, Roosevelt’s Rough
Riders swarmed up nearby Kettle Hill
on foot.
Roosevelt had
resigned his post
as Assistant
Secretary of the
Navy to get into
battlefield action.
Lieutenant Colonel
Theodore Roosevelt
Shafter, shocked by his losses and ill
with fever, considered retreating to
escape from the Spanish forces.
Army Troops in Cuba
Shafter called upon
the Navy to force
the entrance to
Santiago Harbor.
Shafter
Sampson
Sampson, onboard
the New York and
upset over the
request, sailed to
meet Shafter. The
Massachusetts left
to refuel, further
weakening the
blockade.
USS Massachusetts
USS New York
Spanish authorities
ordered Cervera to
escape. Cervera
thought that the
surrender of his
fleet would damage
the morale of
Spanish forces and
Spain’s reputation
in EuropeAdmiral
Pascual Cervera
Cervera’s flagship fled Santiago
harbor followed at 10-minute
intervals by the rest of his fleet.
Infanta Maria Teresa
The American fleet was caught by
surprise but quickly recovered. The
Americans were underway toward
the harbor entrance as the Spaniards
exited.
USS Brooklyn
Amid much confusion, the Spanish fleet was
able to leave the harbor. But soon, the
faster speed and superior firepower of the
American ships turned the Spanish ships
into blazing torches.
As the cruiser Brooklyn and battleships
Texas and Oregon cut down the Spanish
cruiser Vizcaya, one captain yelled, “Don’t
cheer boys, the poor devils are dying.”
Vizcaya
Spanish Cruiser
Schley and Sampson bitterly disputed
who deserved credit for the victory.
Schley Sampson
The entire action took just over 3 hours;
one American was killed and another
wounded. Spanish losses were heavy.
END OF THE WAR
In 2 months, American forces had:
• Destroyed two Spanish fleets
• Forced the surrender of Santiago
• Sent forces to Puerto Rico
• Captured San Juan
• Planned to attack Spain
• Signed a peace treaty with Spain
After the Battle of Santiago de Cuba,
Spain recognized the independence of
Cuba.
PUERTO
RICO
CUBA
HAVANA
Santiago
San Juan
Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the
Philippines, and Guam to the U.S.
PUERTO
RICO
PHILIPPINESGUAM
Lessons Learned from the
Spanish-American War
• Military and political leaders had to
understand the principles of naval
warfare.
Lessons Learned from the
Spanish-American War
• Military and political leaders had to
understand the principles of naval
warfare.
• The Navy had to be a mobile
organization supported from overseas
bases
Lessons Learned from the
Spanish-American War
• Military and political leaders had to
understand the principles of naval
warfare.
• The Navy had to be a mobile
organization supported from overseas
bases
• A sound amphibious doctrine had to
be developed.
Lessons Learned from the
Spanish-American War
• Military and political leaders had to
understand the principles of naval
warfare.
• The Navy had to be a mobile
organization supported from overseas
bases
• A sound amphibious doctrine had to
be developed.
• Gunnery and fire control techniques
had to be improved.
The new Pacific possessions posed
many problems.
The most perplexing issue was how
to defend the Philippines against a
militaristic, expansionist Japan.
In 1899, Spain sold all her remaining Pacific
possessions, nearly 1,000 islands.
The Congress accepted as a national
goal, the building of the U.S. Navy that
would be second only to Great Britain.
U.S. Navy Strength vs. Other Navies
1900
Germany JapanGreat
Britain
United
States
31,750
22,49218,151 16,158
Theodore Roosevelt
was chosen to run
for Vice President
with McKinley, and
when McKinley was
assassinated in
1901, he assumed
the Presidency.President McKinley
Roosevelt
was openly
enthusiastic
toward the idea
of a large Navy.
President Roosevelt
In 1903, the Navy began building two
capital ships (large warships) a year.
This continued for the next 15 years.
USS Alabama
(BB 8)
In 1905, the
battleships
Michigan
and South
Carolina
were built
with 12-inch
guns
arranged in
two pairs of
turrets fore
and aft.USS South Carolina
USS Michigan
The British battleship Dreadnought had ten 12-inch
guns in 5 turrets, and turbine engines with a
maximum speed of 21 knots. She was considered
the standard for all future battleships.
HMS Dreadnought
A type of battleship armed with
heavy-caliber guns in turrets; so
called from the British Battleship
Dreadnought, launched in 1907,
the first of its type
Dreadnought
All battleships with smaller guns that
preceded the HMS Dreadnought came
to be called predreadnoughts.
HMS Dreadnought
In 1912, the British pioneered the
use of oil instead of coal for fuel.
HMS Queen Elizabeth
In 1900, Roosevelt urged the Navy
to buy its first submarine.
USS Holland
In 1903, the Wright brothers had their
first successful flight at Kitty Hawk.
Orville
Wright
Wilber
Wright
KITTY
HAWK
KITTY
HAWK
NORTH CAROLINA
In 1910, Ely flew an airplane off a
platform built on the bow of the
cruiser USS Birmingham.
Eugene Ely
Ely made the first
arrested shipboard
landing on the
USS Pennsylvania
using lines strung
across the deck.
USS Pennsylvania
USS Birmingham
American Sailors were well educated
and became very proficient in the
new technology. Enlistments and
reenlistments were high.
A whole new generation of shipyard
constructors who specialized in warship
building, backed by the steel industry,
emerged.
1903 - the British agreed to a settlement
of the Alaskan-Canadian boundary
favorable to the U.S. and conceded
exclusive control of a proposed canal
across Panama.
Alaskan
Canadian
Boundary
Panama
GERMAN
CHALLENGES
Bombarded the
Venezuelan coast
Confrontations
in Samoa
Challenged Dewey
in Manila Bay
The 1904 Roosevelt
Corollary, an
extension of the
Monroe Doctrine,
prohibited foreign
interference in the
Americas.
President Roosevelt
A corollary (an immediate
consequence) to the Monroe
Doctrine, asserting that the U.S.
might intervene in the affairs of
a Western Hemisphere republic
threatened with seizure or
intervention by a European
country
Roosevelt Corollary
An immediate consequence or
easily drawn conclusion
A natural consequence or
result
Corollary
Sino-Japanese War
1894 - 1895
• Showed the weakness of the Chinese
government
• Movement of European powers into
the Pacific region
• Spheres of influence established
Any area in which one nation
wields dominant power over
another or others
Sphere of Influence
In 1899, Hay drafted
a paper calling for
assurances from
each power that
China would be
open to the trade
of all friendly
nations, a policy
to be known as
the “open door
policy.”Secretary of
State Hay
Hay’s policy was
not final.
In 1900, to protect
their interests, a
group of Chinese,
called Boxers, led
a campaign to rid
China of foreigners
by force.
This was known as
the Boxer Rebellion.
A member of a Chinese secret
society that carried on an
unsuccessful uprising, 1898-1900
(Boxer Rebellion), principally
against foreigners, culminating in
a siege of foreign legations in
Peking that was put down by an
international expeditionary force
Boxer
Russia took
advantage of
the Boxers to
tighten their
grip on Port
Arthur, occupy
Manchuria, and
dominate Korea.
Russia
Port Arthur
Korea
Manchuria
(China)
The Japanese
government asked
Roosevelt to end
the Russo-Japanese
War of 1904-05.
The Treaty of
Portsmouth’s
provisions soured
relations between
Japan and the U.S.
Tsushima
Straits
Russia
Port Arthur
Korea
Manchuria
(China)
Result of the mediation by President
Theodore Roosevelt, disappointed the
Japanese, who were subsequently
outraged by segregation of Oriental
children in San Francisco schools.
Treaty of Portsmouth1905
In the diplomatic crisis that resulted,
the U.S. Joint Board made preparations
– subsequently embodied in the
Orange Plans – for defending the
Philippines from Japanese attack, and
Roosevelt sent the U.S. battleship fleet
around the world, partly to impress the
Japanese with American military power.
Treaty of Portsmouth1905
Treaty of Portsmouth
1905
Russia surrendered
to Japan its lease to
Liaoyang and Port
Arthur, ceded the
southern half of
Sakhalin, evacuated
Manchuria, and
recognized Korea
as a Japanese sphere
of influence.
In 1906, the San
Francisco school
board segregated
the children of
Japanese immigrant
laborers, increasing
tension between
Japan and the U.S.
Old African proverb, “Speak softly and
carry a big stick.”
The Great White Fleet was Roosevelt’s
“big stick.”
Painted white, the Great White Fleet
sailed a 14-month world voyage to
symbolize peace and strength.
The Great White Fleet
1907
The cruise provided good training and
showed that there was a great need for
bases and coaling stations worldwide.
The Navy began to consider the
Japanese a threat against American
interests in the western Pacific.
In 1911, a series of color-coded war plans
was developed by Navy and Army
planners for future conflicts with Japan.
A dangerous journey of thousands of
miles around South America by sea
would be replaced by a 50-mile canal
across the Isthmus of Panama.
A narrow strip of land, bordered on
both sides by water, connecting
two larger bodies of land
Isthmus
In 1855, the Americans built a railroad
across the isthmus for shipment of
goods between the oceans.
In 1881, a French
company headed by
Lesseps started the
ill-fated Panama
canal project. It was
mismanaged, and
illness killed 22,000
workers. Ferdinand de Lesseps
Mahan revived the
idea of a canal in his
writings on sea
power. It was clear,
the U.S. must have a
canal or two
separate navies. MAHAN
In 1903, the U.S. purchased the Panama
canal construction rights, equipment,
and railroad from the French.
The people wanted a canal for jobs
and revolted against Colombia.
Gulf of
Mexico
Pacific
Ocean
PANAMA
COLON
COLOMBIA
The USS Nashville was sent to Colon
to maintain “perfect neutrality and
free transit of the isthmus.”
USS Nashville
The Panamanians’ fight for freedom
from Colombia was supported by
U.S. warships and troops.
U.S. Marines from the USS Dixie acted
as a police force to assist the new
government.
USS Dixie
On 6 November 1903, the U.S. formally
recognized the Republic of Panama
as a sovereign nation.
A treaty signed 15 days after the
revolution gave the U.S. a canal
zone 10 miles wide for $10 million
and $250,000 annual payments.
The Panama Canal was returned to
Panamanian control on 31 December
1999.
In 1904, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and
39,000 daily workers began work on the canal
that was eventually completed in 10 years.
The engineers built Gatun Lake,
85 feet above sea level.
Three sets of locks, each 1,000 feet long
and 110 feet wide, help raise ships to the
lake water level to transit the isthmus, and
then lower the ships to sea level again.
Lock Under Construction
The Panama Canal was completed
August 1914, just as the First World
War began in Europe.
The Navy now had
its priceless canal.
All of Mahan’s
criteria for America
to become a major
world power through
sea power had been
met.
The Rise to World Power Status
1865 - 1914
1865
1873
1884
1890
1898
1907
1907
1914
~ Civil War ended
~ Naval Institute established
~ Naval War College established
~ Mahan publishes Sea Power study
~ Spanish-American War
~ HMS Dreadnought launched
~ Voyage of Great White Fleet
~ Panama Canal opened
What country built the Panama
Canal?
The United States
What country built the Panama
Canal?
Who led the Rough Riders into
battle in the Spanish-American
War?
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore
Roosevelt
Who led the Rough Riders into
battle in the Spanish-American
War?
Who was in charge of the
naval blockade of Cuba
during the Spanish-American
War?
Admiral William T. Sampson
Who was in charge of the
naval blockade of Cuba
during the Spanish-American
War?
Where was the USS Maine
when it was destroyed?
In the harbor at Havana, Cuba
Where was the USS Maine
when it was destroyed?
Whom did the Spanish
government send to the
Caribbean islands to defend its
colonies and destroy the
American fleet?
Whom did the Spanish
government send to the
Caribbean islands to defend its
colonies and destroy the
American fleet?
Admiral Cervera
What is the title of Admiral
Mahan’s book published in
1890?
The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History, 1860-1783
What is the title of Admiral
Mahan’s book published in
1890?
TRUE or FALSE. From the end
of the Civil War until the 1880s,
the U.S. fleet was decreasing in
size while other world navies
were making technological
progress.
TRUE or FALSE. From the end
of the Civil War until the 1880s,
the U.S. fleet was decreasing in
size while other world navies
were making technological
progress.
TRUE.
At the end of the war with
Spain, what possessions did
the Spanish government turn
over to the United States?
Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippine Islands
At the end of the war with
Spain, what possessions did
the Spanish government turn
over to the United States?
What country launched the
prototype of a modern
battleship in 1873?
Great Britain
What country launched the
prototype of a modern
battleship in 1873?
Why was the USS Maine sent
to Cuba?
To protect American citizens
and businesses because of
the Spanish-Cuban unrest
Why was the USS Maine sent
to Cuba?
Name the commodore who
led the battles in the
Philippine Islands against
Spain.
Commodore George Dewey
Name the commodore who
led the battles in the
Philippine Islands against
Spain.
Who was the Assistant
Secretary of the Navy at the
beginning of the war with
Spain?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who was the Assistant
Secretary of the Navy at the
beginning of the war with
Spain?
Who impressed upon
America that national
survival depended upon
control of the seas?
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Who impressed upon
America that national
survival depended upon
control of the seas?
Name three battleships that
were authorized for
construction in 1890.
a. USS Indiana
b. USS Oregon
c. USS Massachusetts
Name three battleships that
were authorized for
construction in 1890.
What publication (journal) is
still the foremost naval and
marine publication of its
type in the world?
The U.S. Naval Institute
Proceedings
What publication (journal) is
still the foremost naval and
marine publication of its
type in the world?
What was Commodore
Winfield Scott Schley’s role
in the war with Spain?
He headed one of the
squadrons in the Caribbean.
What was Commodore
Winfield Scott Schley’s role
in the war with Spain?
Who convinced the
Secretary of the Navy to
establish the Naval War
College in Newport, Rhode
Island?
Who convinced the
Secretary of the Navy to
establish the Naval War
College in Newport, Rhode
Island?
Commodore Stephen Luce
What was the name of the
Navy’s first submarine?
The USS Holland
What was the name of the
Navy’s first submarine?
What was the name of the
fleet that President
Roosevelt sent around the
world in 1907?
What was the name of the
fleet that President
Roosevelt sent around the
world in 1907?
The “Great White Fleet”
Who provided the basic
philosophy for America’s
naval policy?
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Who provided the basic
philosophy for America’s
naval policy?
In what year did the Panama
Canal open?
1914
In what year did the Panama
Canal open?